QUIZ 2

Which of the following statements is true regarding the operational definition of variables?

A variable must have an operational definition to be studied empirically.

Juan, a professor of leisure, is developing a measure of skills needed for successful performance at a job. Juan includes items the job supervisor feels are relevant for the job. What type of validity would this procedure best represent? Question 29 options: concurrent validity convergent validity discriminant validity face validity

FACE VALIDITY

In the context of relationships between variables, identify a difference between negative and curvilinear relationships. Question 10 options: In a negative relationship, the causal variable is always dependent, whereas in a curvilinear relationship, the causal variable is independent. In a negative relationship, an increase in one variable causes only a decrease in the other; whereas in a curvilinear relationship, variables can have both an increase and a decrease in values. A negative relationship has more than one extraneous variable associated with it, whereas a curvilinear relationship has only one associated extraneous variable. A negative relationship is represented by an increasing-trend line on a graph; whereas a curvilinear relationship is represented with a straight line on a graph.

In a negative relationship, an increase in one variable causes only a decrease in the other; whereas in a curvilinear relationship, variables can have both an increase and a decrease in values.

Which of the following is an important benefit in operationally defining a variable? Question 7 options: It ensures accuracy of conclusions about cause and effect. It helps researchers to communicate their ideas with others. It enables researchers to generalize the findings of a study to other settings. It enables scientists to discuss concrete concepts in abstract terms.

It helps researchers to communicate their ideas with others.

What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative methods of describing behavior? Question 15 options: Quantitative research emphasizes collecting information from a few individuals, whereas qualitative research emphasizes collecting data from a higher number of individuals Quantitative research draws conclusions based on interpretations of the investigator, whereas conclusions in qualitative research are based upon statistical analysis of data Quantitative research focuses on people describing their world in their own words, whereas qualitative research focuses on people describing their experiences under experimental conditions Qualitative research focuses on people behaving in natural settings, whereas quantitative research focuses on specific behaviors that can be easily counted

Qualitative research focuses on people behaving in natural settings, whereas quantitative research focuses on specific behaviors that can be easily counted

Which of the following is true of the nonexperimental method? Question 32 options: It eliminates the influence of all potential confounding third variables on the dependent variable. Both variables can be directly manipulated and controlled to arrive at results. The problem of direction of cause and effect is not the most serious drawback to this method. With this method, one variable is manipulated and the other is then measured.

The problem of direction of cause and effect is not the most serious drawback to this method.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of field experiments? Question 9 options: The independent variable is studied in an artificial environment. Randomization of confounding variables becomes complex. It is difficult to establish operational definitions. The researcher loses the ability to directly control many aspects of the situation.

The researcher loses the ability to directly control many aspects of the situation.

Which of the following refers to the extent to which the measurement or manipulation of a variable accurately represents the theoretical variable being studied? Question 26 options: construct validity face validity internal validity external validity

construct

Janice is interested in knowing how extraversion affects an individual's behavior in different recreational situations. She develops a test to measure an individual's extraversion in novel situations. Items on the test constitute all possible constructs that define and determine all the variables associated with extraversion. In this case, the test most likely has Question 14 options: content validity alternate forms reliability concurrent validity interrater reliability

content

Exercise is a measure of physical fitness. However, exercise also correlates with good health, which is also a measure of physical fitness. This type of correlation between two measures of the same construct is an example of ___. Question 19 options: internal validity convergent validity divergent validity face validity

convergent validity

A numerical index of the strength of relationship between variables is called a ________ coefficient. Question 13 options: correlation linear random biaxial

correlation

A researcher has developed a measure of a person's ability to detect colors. He finds the measure is not related to a person's spelling ability, which is an unrelated construct. This finding is an example of Question 33 options: face validity convergent validity discriminant validity concurrent validity

discriminant validity

________ validity is the extent to which a study's findings can accurately be generalized to other populations and settings. Question 27 options: Linear Internal Construct External

external

If a measure is reliable, then a researcher should find a___. Question 25 options: low amount of true score. correlation coefficient of zero. high positive correlation coefficient between scores on the measure. negative linear relationship between the two variables being studied.

high positive correlation coefficient between scores on the measure.

Alfred and Frida are movie reviewers for a local newspaper. After watching the same movie, they both rate 5 stars for the movie. Based on their ratings, it can be concluded that there is Question 18 options: high interrater reliability high test-retest reliability low convergent validity low reactivity

higher interrater reliability

A study has high ________ validity when strong inferences can be made that one variable caused changes in the other variable. Question 17 options: internal construct inferential reliable

internal

________ is the extent to which raters agree in their observations. Question 12 options: Rater-based reliability Split-half reliability Alternate forms reliability Interrater reliability

interrater

Two researchers observe aggressive behaviors displayed by preschool children. The first researcher records a large number of aggressive acts displayed within a one-hour period. The second researcher also records many aggressive acts during the same period. Since both researchers agree in their observations, it can be inferred that the research has _______________. Question 20 options: consistency reliability. test-retest reliability. item-total reliability. interrater reliability.

interrater reliability.

For a measure of intelligence to be reliable, it must contain relatively low Question 21 options: true score coefficient validity measurement error

measurement error

The management at Burgerjoy, a small restaurant, finds that the lower the price of hamburgers, the more the hamburgers sold. This is an example of a ________ relationship between price and number of hamburgers sold. Question 35 options: positive linear negative linear nonlinear curvilinear

negative linear

In the context of variables and measurement scales, categorizing automobiles as American-made or foreign-made is an example of the use of a(n) ________ scale Question 24 options: nominal interval ordinal ratio

nominal

According to the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, a correlation of 0.00 shows that the two variables are___. Question 16 options: not related positively related strongly related negatively related

not related

Which of the following statements is true of face validity? Question 8 options: It is sufficient to conclude that a measure is valid It is based on future behavior or outcomes It is not very sophisticated It is also known as content validity

not sophistacated

In the context of relationships between variables, increases in the values of one variable are accompanied by increases in the values of the second variable in a ________ relationship. Question 36 options: negative linear curvilinear positive linear nonlinear

positive linear

When the conclusions of research are based on the interpretations of the investigator, ________ research has likely been employed. However, if the conclusions are based upon statistical analysis of data, ________ research has likely been employed Question 23 options: observational; nonobservational qualitative; quantitative quantitative; qualitative nonobservational; observational

qual, quan

Alan is attentive to customers when a researcher is present to observe behaviors in the hotel where he works, but he is inattentive when the researcher is absent. In this scenario, Alan's behavior exemplifies Question 11 options: reliability reactivity validity consistency

reactivity

Alan is attentive to customers when a researcher is present to observe behaviors in the store where he works, but he is inattentive when the researcher is absent. In this scenario, Alan's behavior exemplifies Question 37 options: reactivity reliability consistency validity

reactivity

________ refers to the consistency or stability of a measure of behavior.

relaibaility

Mike takes his temperature with a thermometer three times over a 20-minute period and observes the following measurements: 98, 106, and 89 degrees. In this context, Mike concludes that the ________ of the thermometer is ________. reliability; low validity; high variability; low reactivity; high

reliability, low

In the context of the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, the closer a correlation is to 1.00, the ________ is the relationship between the two variables.

stronger

________ is assessed by measuring the same individuals at two points in time. Question 34 options: Test-retest reliability Alternate forms reliability Interrater reliability Split-half reliability

test-retest

A ________ is anything that changes and can be measured. Question 31 options: variable parameter module system

variable