Quiz # 2

Understanding the stock issues for each type of proposition helps you make your own arguments, evaluate the arguments of others, and respond to arguments.

True

Use rhythm to enhance vividness of your discourse.

True

Use statistics sparingly.

True

Expressive:

communicate feelings, attitudes and emotions.

Informative: .

communicate information and knowledge.

Quantitative significance is?

concerned with how much has been effected? (factual argument)

Phonological:

concerned with how sounds are used to form words.

Use vivid language through imagery includes what characteristics?

concrete words, Generate imagery, rhythm

Keep in mind that

language helps in shaping understanding and meaning for your listeners

Directive:

language is used to ask questions, give orders, or make requests

Two types of inherency are?

structural inherency and attitudinal inherency.

Peer testimony comes from?

the "average" person.

I can't support Representative Frey's proposal for campaign finance reform. After all, he was kicked out of law school for cheating on an exam

Ad hominen fallacy

A simile is?

An explicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common and uses a simile contains the words "like" or "as."

Stock issues are?

Arguments that naturally recur in disputes over propositions of policy."

An example of Antithesis is?

Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country

I don't see any reason to wear a helmet when I ride a bike. Everyone bikes without a helmet

Bandwagon fallacy

Our school must either increase tuition or cut back on library services for students

Dilemma or either-or fallacy

Consistency Is?

Evidence should agree with other sources and should be consistent with itself.

Recency is?

Evidence should be based on the most current information available.

What is a good listener?

Get rid of distractions. Develop good note taking skills. Develop good "attending behavior." Suspend judgments. Use paraphrasing techniques. Use good probing questions.

What are the stock issues for propositions of policy?

Harm Significance Inherency Plan Solvency Advantages

What are the 4 stylists techniques for Rhythm?

Parallelism, Repetition, Alliteration, Antithesis

An example of Alliteration is?

Peace is essential for progress, but progress is no less essential for peace.

What are the 4 rules of Language?

Phonological, Syntactic, Semantic, Pragmatic

Metaphors are?

a implicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common

Syntactic:

arrangement of symbols.

Denial is?

attempting to show that that the conclusions given by the advocate are erroneous.

Critical listening is?

the ability to evaluate the reasoning, logic, and quality of information, ideas, and arguments that a person hears

Alliteration is?

Repeating the initial consonant sound in close or adjoining words.

Repetition is?

Repeating the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences

An example of Parallelism is?

Rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, man and women—it is ever the same, each soul must depend wholly on itself.

Non sequitur is?

This occurs when an arguer makes a claim that is unsupported by the evidence. (doesn't relate to claim)

Qualitative significance shows that?

the harm has severe detrimental effects on whoever is harmed. (value argument)

Assumes that taking a first step will lead inevitably to a second step and so on down the slope to disaster.

What is Slippery Slope?

A generic term that indicates an error or weakness in an argument or thought process

What is a Fallacy?

Forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two exist.

What is a False dilemma (either-or)?

Introduces an irrelevant issue in order to divert attention from the subject under discussion

What is a Red Harring?

The real problem is not eliminating handguns; the real problem is that pawnshops that sell guns are controlled by the Mafia

What is an example of a Red Harring?

It's clear that our schools can't educate children well, because my niece went to school for six years and she still can't read at her grade level

What is an example of a generalization?

Tony is an awful musician and is not sensitive enough to chair such an important committee

What is an example of an Ad Hominem?

A rebuttal is?

a counter-argument, an argument offered in response to an argument

Opposition would show that the plan is unworkable.

true

We can't assume that a plan will resolve the entire problem.

true

Vivid language

use of metaphors, similes, other stylistic devices

Two types of statistics are? Descriptive which describe something or Inferential which collect data from a sample and then generalized to a larger population.

Deceptive and Inferential

Solvency addresses?

How much of the problem will be solved by the plan?" Some solutions don't solve all of the problem.

What are the 3 functions of Language?

Informative, Expressive, Directive

Significance does what?

Shows how bad the harm is.

Walking into my grandparent's home when I was a child was like being wrapped in a giant security blanket"

Simile

Relevance is?

The facts and evidence presented should be relevant to the claim that is made

Answer a question that was not asked, if that makes more sense to you.

True

Answer only those parts of the question that you believe deserve an answer.

True

Refutation is?

a thoroughly successful rebuttal, one that clearly demonstrates a flaw in in the original argument

Turning the tables is?

a turnaround" used in which it means taking a negative position and making it a positive one

Statistics are Defined as?

are summarized data that measure the size or magnitude of something, demonstrate trends, or show relationships

Identifying irrelevancies is?

arguments which are not relevant to the issue being considered.

Acceptance is?

being convinced or adopting

Define and determine what the argument is about is also known as?

beware of obfuscation

Reducing to absurdity is?

extending the analysis to the point where the conclusion is absurd or otherwise unacceptable.

Semantic:

governs meaning of words.

Evaluate the reasoning is also known as?

grounds

Brief examples do what?

offer a single illustration of a point

Rebuttal is?

offering counter arguments

Exposing inconsistencies is?

positions taken and conclusions drawn are inconsistent with each other.

Pragmatic:

what uses and interpretations are appropriate in a certain context

Inferential Statistics are?

which collect data from a sample and then generalized to a larger population.

Objectivity is?

Evidence should be drawn from sources who hold a fair and undistorted view on a question or issue.

What are the two types of testimony?

Expert and peer

Which of the following is a pseudo stat?

"According to Esquire magazine, February, 1964, Judy Garland sang "Over the Rainbow" 1,476 times."

What is an example of Brief example of a single illustration?

"Women are not allowed to attend school. You can be jailed for owning a television. Religion can be practiced only as their leaders dictate. A man can be jailed in Afghanistan if his beard is not long enough."

What are the 4 steps of the Refutation process?

"critical listening",Critically evaluating arguments, Formulating a response, and Presenting the response.

Statistics are used to?

"quantify ideas."

Access is?

Evidence should be drawn from sources who have observed first-hand the matter being disputed.

What are two fallacies of evidence?

Begging the question and Non sequitur

Hypothetical examples are?

Can be either brief or extended. Make use of an "imaginary situation" rather than real. Makes use of imagery with your listeners.

Accuracy is?

Citations should be complete and the sources of evidence fully identified.

Expertise is?

Evidence should be drawn from sources having a background of knowledge in relevant information.

Reliability is?

Evidence should be drawn from sources that have proven to be correct many times in the past.

One nonsmoker, interviewed at a restaurant, said, "I can eat dinner just fine even though people around me are smoking." Another, responding to a Los Angeles Times survey, said, "I don't see what all the fuss is about. My wife has smoked for years and it has never bothered me." We can see that secondhand smoke does not cause a problem for most nonsmokers

Hasty generalization.

Antithesis is?

Juxtaposing contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.

A set of words and the rules that govern the connection of those words

Language is?

A shared symbol system

Language is?

Extended examples are?

Longer and more detailed than the brief example. Usually has a plot and is more vividly descriptive. Usually contains an opening, complications, a climax, and a resolution.

Guidelines for using examples are?

Make sure your examples are relevant to your argument or point you are trying to make. Use examples in which your listeners can identify with. Use examples to help in clarifying, reinforcing and personalizing ideas.

"The car is a lemon"

Metaphor

The eyes are the window of the soul"

Metaphor

The steps for preparing to respond to questioning are?

Never answer until you understand the question. Take your time. Recognize that some questions don't deserve answers. If the questioner interrupts allow it. Don't elaborate if it won't help you

There can be no doubt that the Great Depression was caused by Herbert Hoover. He became President in March 1929, and the stock market crashed just seven months later

Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc or false cause

It's ridiculous to worry about protecting America's national parks against pollution and overuse when innocent people are being endangered by domestic terrorists

Red herring fallacy

If we follow the school board to spend money remodeling the gymnasium, next they will want to build a new school and give all the teachers a huge raise. Taxes will soar so high that businesses will leave and then there will be no jobs for anyone in this town

Slippery slope fallacy

The steps for Presenting the refutation are?

Start out by identifying the point to be refuted. Tell how you will refute the point. Present evidence to refute the point. Show how the evidence refutes the point. Explain the significance of the refutation.

In the data, the reasoning process, the language, or the strategic or psychological basis of the argument

The source of a fallacy may be found where?

Begging the question is?

This assumes as evidence for an argument the claim that is being made. Ex. "the soul is immortal because it lives forever"

Arguments that address "all" of the stock issues usually are stronger than those that don't.

True

Ask permission to elaborate if it will help you (If permission is denied, remain silent).

True

Attitudes are unlikely to change unless some kind of legislative action takes place

True

Attitudinal inherency is concerned with the attitudes that people hold that cause the problem.

True

Complicated statistics should be rounded off.

True

If given an opportunity to repeat your argument, accept it in full.

True

Opposition would indicate that there is really nothing wrong.

True

Physical and systematic causes can create problems within the status quo. Such things as laws, regulations, and judicial decisions can have an effect on a status quo.

True

Remember that during your refutation you will have a chance to explain or discount the effect of your answers; don't try to do this during questioning as it only makes you appear to be whining.

True

Replace the tendency for excitement with good communication skills.

True

Statistics should be explained to your listeners (consider using a visual aid)

True

Take good notes during the process.

True

The advocate tries to demonstrate that something is wrong that needs to be fixed.

True

The problem(s) can be existing now or in the future.

True

The problem(s) can be within people, animals, psychological, economic, environmental, organizations, etc . . .

True

Competence in language includes what characteristics?

Use "concrete-specific" language rather than abstract. Use clear familiar words. Eliminate "linguistic clutter." Use appropriate words. Avoid language scapegoating. Avoid ambiguity (equivocation) of words. Beware of static language.

Parallelism is?

Use of similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences

An example of Repetition is?

We will not tire, we will not falter, and we will not fail

Are concerned with the literal meaning of a word (dictionary)

What are Denotative meanings?

Are implied or emotional meanings of words

What are connotative meanings?

Assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

What is Bandwagon?

Assume that because one event comes after another, the first event must necessarily be the cause of the second.

What is Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc or false cause?

A person who reaches a conclusion from too little evidence or nonexistent evidence.

What is a generalization?

An attack on the person for discussion of the real subject under discussion

What is an Ad Hominem (Mudslinging)?

Most people agree with me that we spend too much time worrying about Medicare

What is an example of Bandwagon?

Either more people should start volunteering their time to work for their community, or your taxes will increase

What is an example of False Dilemma?

"The decline of morals in this country is caused by excessive government spending."

What is an example of Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc or false cause?

Passing federal laws to control the amount of violence on television is the first step in a process that will result in absolute government control of the media and total censorship over all forms of artistic expression

What is an example of Slippery Slope?

Inherency is?

What is causing the harm in the status quo

As a way to identify fault in other's arguments as well as our own.

Why do we use fallacies?

By exposing fallacies in arguments it helps build strong sound reasoning.

Why does it help to know what fallacies exist?

Major types of Evidence are?

brief, extended and hypothetical, Statistics, Testimony (Peer and Expert)

Concrete words

call up mental impressions through sight, smell, and taste.

Minimizing or mitigation is?

implies that a conclusion (claim) may be correct but denies its significance in relation to other facts or other arguments.

Generate imagery through?

metaphors and similes.

Repudiation is?

not considering the argument at all

Expert testimony comes from?

professionals in a particular field.

Two types of significance are?

qualitative and quantitative.

Consideration is?

reflect on possibilities

A good critical listener is able to?

separate facts from inferences, evaluate the quality of the evidence, and evaluate the underlying logic and reasoning well

Deceptive Statistics are?

which describe something or