Quiz 2 Primary Versus Secondary, databases

Public health require how many countries to participate?

1

PH Services usually use data to

1.Monitor health status for community health assessment 2.Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems 3.Develop policies to support individual & community health efforts 4.Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, quality of personal & population-based services Research for new insights & innovation solutions to health problems

International health is between how many countries?

2

General circulation models often measure in

4-dimensional Time and Space Atmosphere and Oceans

Toxicant:

A toxic substance arising naturally or from the activities of human beings but NOT from living cells

Toxin:

A toxic substance produced by a living organism

Modeling in Toxicology and Environmental Health: Acute Exposure Models measures and predicts...

Acute release of toxic substance into the environment with potential adverse impact on human health

2014 Stage 2

Advance clinical processes

GIS is for

Analyze relationships among: Environmental factors Socioeconomic factors Disease outcomes

Ultimately, it is hoped that the meaningful use compliance will result in:

Better clinical outcomes Improved population health outcomes Increased transparency and efficiency Empowered individuals More robust research data on health systems

Immunization Information Systems (IIS)

Confidential, computerized, and population-based Collect and merge vaccination data Data from vaccination providers Point of care: immunization history for vaccine schedule

Procedural Knowledge

Conventional computer programs Complex knowledge but will not change a lot Temporal logic to determine when a dose is due: dates, minimum ages, and several wait-intervals

2011-2012 Stage 1

Data capture and sharing

Example of community level data

Data on lead levels in the soil at various sites within a community

Tabular Knowledge

Forecasting params in tables Minimum acceptable age Minimum recommended age Minimum wait intervals from previous dose

Chronic Exposure Models use what kind of models?

General Circulation Models

Rule-Based Knowledge

IfThen for clinical logic When a dose should be given Which tabular params applies Which vaccine brand or preparation should be recommended

Meaningful Use Defined Meaningful use is using certified electronic health record (EHR) technology to:

Improve quality, safety, efficiency, and reduce health disparities Engage patients and family Improve care coordination, and population and public health Maintain privacy and security of patient health information

2016 Stage 3

Improved outcomes

Acute Exposure Models use what kind of techniques?

Lagrangian estimation techniques

Databases:

MS Access, Postgres SQL, TOXLINE,

Computerized information systems for environmental health benefit

Practitioners of environmental health Clinical toxicologists

Basis for Comparison Primary Data Secondary Data Process

Primary Very involved Secondary Quick and easy

Basis for Comparison Primary Data Secondary Data Meaning

Primary data refers to the first hand data gathered by the researcher himself. Secondary data means data collected by someone else earlier.

Basis for Comparison Primary Data Secondary Data Specific

Primary: Always specific to the researcher's needs. Secondary: May or may not be specific to the researcher's need.

Basis for Comparison Primary Data Secondary Data Available in

Primary: Crude form Secondary: Refined form

Basis for Comparison Primary Data Secondary Data Cost effectiveness

Primary: Expensive Secondary: Economical

Basis for Comparison Primary Data Secondary Data Accuracy and Reliability

Primary: More Secondary: Relatively less

Basis for Comparison Primary Data Secondary Data Source

Primary: Surveys, observations, experiments, questionnaire, personal interview, etc. Secondary: Government publications, websites, books, journal articles, internal records etc.

Basis for Comparison Primary Data Secondary Data Collection time

Primary:Long Secondary: Short

Basis for Comparison Primary Data Secondary Data When

Real time data Past data

vital statistics have

Several datasets Each set has multiple fields NVSS standardized core data elements All states use ICD10 for CoD

Community-level data:

ambient conditions that may influence health

Secondary Data is the readily available form of data collected from various sources like

censuses, government publications, internal records of the organization, reports, books, journal articles, websites and so on.

General circulation models can predict

climate changes

Secondary data implies second-hand information which is already

collected and recorded by any person other than the user for a purpose, not relating to the current research problem.

Acute Exposure Models: Predict dispersion of particles of sizes with

defined distributions, based on their original states of motion, size, and other parameters

Primary data is data originated for the first time by the researcher through

direct efforts and experience, specifically for the purpose of addressing his research problem. Also known as the first hand or raw data.

Secondary data offer several advantages as it is

easily available, saves time and cost of the researcher.

Modeling in Toxicology and Environmental Health Use mathematical

exposure models

whats the difference between global health and international health

global is equity for all and international is equity for another poor country.

example of primary health data

individual patient record entered into hospital EHR

Aggregate data :

information that has already been processed.

global health encourages what kind of work?

multidisciplinary work

public health determine

necessary processes and mechanisms for: communication, intervention, dissemination of information amongst PH partners

Modeling in Toxicology and Environmental Health Use knowledge about situations that are similar but

not identical to those about which we know

international health encourages what kind of work?

not multidisciplinary

HPAC can predict the concentrations of an agent within relevant areas

of 3-dimensional space as a function of time

LHD stands for

public health department

Primary data collection is quite expensive, as the research is conducted by the organization or agency itself, which requires

resources like investment and manpower.

If: Hib.prior = 1 and not Hib_inactive and Hib1_age_in_months ≥ 12 and Hib2_final_parameters_met then: due.Hib2_final If: Hib.prior = 1 and not Hib_inactive and Hib1_age_in_months < 12 and Hib2_final_parameters_met then: due.Hib2 If: Hib.prior = 1 and not Hib_inactive and Hib1_age_in_months ≥ 12 and not Hib2_final_parameters_met then: next.Hib2_final If: Hib.prior = 1 and not Hib_inactive and Hib1_age_in_months < 12 and not Hib2_final_parameters_met then: next.Hib2

rule based knowledge

Secondary data objective and the method adopted for acquiring data may not be

suitable to the current situation.

Primary data can be collected through various methods like

surveys, observations, physical testing, mailed questionnaires, questionnaire filled and sent by enumerators, personal interviews, telephonic interviews, focus groups, case studies, etc.

data types

text, numeric, date/time

HPAC can model with

typical", current, or near-term weather

In primary data collection The data collection is

under direct control and supervision of the investigator.

Seecondary Data has some disadvantages associated with this, as the data is gathered for the purposes other than the problem in mind, so the

usefulness of the data may be limited in a number of ways like relevance and accuracy.