Quiz #3

Treaty of Versailles European consequences

Germany in debt with Allied powers, forced to give up territories, radical political arise in Germany, redrew European borders.

Harlem Renaissance -

Section of New York City in the northern part of Manhattan; one of the largest black communities in the U.S. African Americans intellectuals (national center), W. B. Dubois emphasized importance of self-improvement and integrated African Americans into all aspects of the nation's life. Marcus Garvey said African Americans should develop separately from the larger society, called for African unity and the continent of Africa free from colonial domination. Both held separate objectives and disliked between one another.

Treaty of Versailles Non-European consequences

United States enters depression when trying to help Germany with war debt, doesn't enter League of Nations, tension with Russia, mandates in the Middle East, China seeks help from Japanese agrresion.

Fundamentalism -

originally an early 20th century Protestant Christian religious movement that emphasized the literal truth of the Bible and opposed efforts to reconcile the Bible with scientific knowledge; applied today to any religious movement based on uncompromising adherence to a set of principles.

Selective Service Act -

· All men between the ages of 18 and 45 are ordered to register with their local Selective Service Board. · Twenty-four million American males are going to register. And of those, twenty-four million, two million eight hundred thousand will be drafted.

The Texas Matanza (slaughter) -

· Anglo Americans led by the Texas Rangers are going to embark on an effort to kill anyone they think is involved in this plan. · Of course, there will be no presentation of charges, no trial. They will just be murder. Outright murder, how many Mexican Americans are killed? The estimates range from slightly over one hundred to as high as five hundred. · There's still research being done on exactly who was murdered, but this will be known as the Texas Matanza for the Texas slaughter and refers to the killing of Mexican Americans during this period of time. ·it is one of the most disgraceful moments in Texas history as a result of this. · An investigation will be convened in Austin that leads to the Texas Rangers being reduced to a small organization. · No longer will they have independent companies that will be reduced to a force of 50 men assigned primarily to investigative duties, which is what it is today. The investigation will be led by Senator Canales. A famous name and valley political history. And I believe we still have a few members of that family in office to this very day. · Mexico will end this conflict in 1916, the border raids will end with the recognition of Carranza's government by the United States.

The Central Powers -

· As a result of the British blockade, our trade with Germany and Austria, these are the central powers, so-called, because they're in the center of Europe, will drop to almost nothing. · The central powers consisted of Germany Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire.

Technological Changes -

· By 1929, there were 23 million automobiles on the road, one automobile for almost every family in the United States. · The automobile moves from being a curiosity to a common possession and this is principally because of Henry Ford's invention of the Model T · He made the Model T as cheap as he possibly could so as many people as possible could buy it. · A Model T cost about three hundred dollars. Mr. Ford said, you could get it in any color you wanted as long as it was black. · What was important was that it offered an unprecedented degree of individual mobility and a physical independence. · People can now buy houses many miles from a city and still drive to it and are going to expect roads to be built so they can take their cars somewhere. · Whole new industries are going to spring up tire factories, service stations, selling gasoline and an entire branch of the construction industry comes in to being. · that is the branch of the construction industry building roads for automobiles. · Now, the automobile factories of this era were very different than the ones in our own time. The parts arrive at the factory and they are put together on an assembly line but back then, the idea was that every part of the car would be made from scratch by the automobile company. · The point to remember here is that the automobile becomes a very common appliance and that with 23 million automobiles, nearly every family will own one. · The radio is a very important invention for the first time in American history. · It becomes possible for tens of millions of people to receive the same information at the same time in every corner of the nation and this new means of communication is going to have an enormous capacity for good as well as for evil on the positive side. · Radio allows people to share in great events, as well as something as common as the Sunday baseball game. · Millions of people would tune into their radios and listen to their favorite team's baseball game on the negative side. · The radio was also going to be a very powerful means for spreading stereotypes and prejudices and ignorance. · Movies also come into their own and as we all know, they create role models and they consequently have an enormous influence on public behavior. · Now, much of what was put on the screen during this time, the 1920s and 30s angered many people who felt that their moral values were being assaulted by these movies. · That was the situation in the 1920s and 30s. · Hollywood becomes a synonym for the U.S. film industry, which then, as now, will be denounced for the violence and sexuality portrayed in the films but back then, in the 1920s, as now, people still go to the theaters in the tens of millions. · Airplanes were primarily a military concern and they were rather flimsy contraptions · The first combat aircraft were made with wooden frames and there was canvas slung over the wooden · They couldn't fly very far, and they couldn't go very fast but as we move into the 1920s and 30s, the idea of commercial air travel is going to become a reality - Airlines, Northwest Airlines and Eastern Airlines. · Major importance, the major importance is that it shrinks the distance as measured by time between

Emiliano Zapata -

· He is the leader of the agrarian rebel faction. · His goal is expressed by the motto of his movement, which is yet to live in a thought land · First and foremost, Emiliana Zapato wanted every square inch of land that had been taken from Mexicans under the Diaz administration returned to the people from whom it had been taken. · Secondly, he wanted a full set of civil liberties as set forth in the 1857 constitution to be reimplemented to be brought back, all of the repression of President Diaz was to be undone. · Zapata for various offenses committed as Diaz was sentenced to serve in the Mexican army in Sonora and the far north west of the country where the army was trying to subdue the Yuki's Indians · And upon his release, he became chairman of the Village Defense Committee and was soon going to be leading a great army. · There were the agrarian rebels under Zapata. Within the cities, we will have socialist factions organizing in the factories.

A.P. Giannini -

· He was the son of Italian immigrants who had settled in San Francisco and he noticed fairly early on that the banks in San Francisco were not interested in these immigrants. · By large, they were working class people and the banks preferred to go after the business of the middle class, the upper middle class and the affluent. Giannini, however, decided that banking services should be available to everyone. · he founded a bank with just one branch. He called it the Bank of Italy, and sought to address the needs of these Italian immigrants. · He eagerly solicited deposits from workers and other folks who had only small accounts but once involved in the banking system, would later apply for mortgages. · They would apply for other loans. And Mr. Giannini, his bank prospered. It grew from being one small branch to many branches, and it is to date the third largest bank in the United States. · The Bank of America, Giannini did four bank accounts, what Henry Ford did for cars. He transformed what had been something that a minority of the population had to a very common possession. · Giannini was not the only person who attempted to address the financial needs of communities that were not being served.

Railway Labor Act -

· In 1927, Congress passed a bill that would have allowed the federal government to buy surplus farm products. · And with the surplus taken off the market, farm incomes would have gone up. Well, Coolidge was a farmer. Wasn't he going to support this? No, he vetoed it first when Congress passed it in 1927. Then vetoed it again in 1928. · It established collective bargaining for employees. · Every time the railroads had gone on strike during the 1800s · The U.S. economy had ground to a halt. We had no massive trucking industry at this time · Airfreight had not yet developed. When American goods moved from point A to point B, they moved by railroad. · President Coolidge signed this law acknowledging collective bargaining for railway workers as a reality simply because he did not want the country to go through any more railway strikes.

National War Labor Board -

· It is going to encourage collective bargaining. · The US government is now encouraging unionization and it is going to encourage management to bargain with the labor unions. · Well, with the government now on the union's side, what's going to happen? With the government now on the union side, union membership is going to increase. · From two and a half, two point seven million in 1916 to four million in 1920. Now the board supports the idea of an eight-hour day. in return for this, the unions are expected to agree to a non-strike pledge. · They won't go on strike during the war. Why would management cooperate with this? Very simply because government business is quite profitable. · The US government is now telling American basic industry to produce flat out at full speed.

Venustiano Carranza -

· Led faction in the rebellion against Diaz · Carranza was the owner of many great estates or haciendas in northeastern Mexico, as well as a number of industrial enterprises. · He was most frequently seen and very well-tailored, three-piece suits and was the governor of the state of Coahuila · Wanted a Mexico that was very different than Zapata's. · His vision for Mexico was of a modern, industrialized urban nation. · He believed that the country's future lay in the cities and in industry and technology, not in the countryside and with its peasants. · Carranza is going to unite with Madero and an emerging military leader in the north of Mexico.

Francisco (Pancho) Villa -

· Pancho Villa will unite with Madero. Together, they will inflict two defeats on General Diaz. · Meanwhile, further to the west and Chihuahua Pancho Villa, who has been temporarily governing the state, will also raise a force. · believed that Mexico should be an agriculturally centered country, that the place of residence of the majority of its citizens, and that its way of life should be primarily agricultural. ·he felt that cities and industries were vital and necessary, but their main purpose should be to support majority of the population that was still living in the country. · He was also a very competent military commander and so the forces of Veha and so popped up and Carranza are going to form up and begin fighting generals where by this time, however President Taft has long been out of office and the new man in power is Woodrow Wilson, a man who is regarded by historians as one of the better American presidents as a general rule and regarded by me as someone deserving of a much lower state.

Fourteen Points -

· President Wilson's objectives were fourteen but there were three significant ones. He wanted to abolish secret treaties between nations. · He also felt that all people had a right to national self-determination that meant that people of every nationality had a right to their own nation and he also felt that there should be a League of Nations, an international body of nations with the power to impose settlements and prevent war. · What were the consequences of the treaty? Well, most of what the French and British wanted, the French took back Alsace and Lorraine, the German army was reduced to one hundred and ten thousand men. · The Germans were prohibited from building submarines or having an air force. · The German high seas fleet was sailed. When the Germans sailed their own fleet into British waters where they sunk, it just opened. · Germany was forced to assume responsibility for starting the war, that a set of massive war reparations were imposed on Germany, which they had no cause of paying. · No chance of paying.the French took Alsace and Lorraine and also occupied additional territory and Germany's colonial empire was taken apart and the Austro Hungarian empire, which had in one form or another existed for centuries, was dissolved.

The Bolshevik Revolution

· The Bolsheviks seized power in Russia. Simply stated, these were communists and one of their first objectives was to take Russia out of the war. · Their opponents, the Germans and the Austria, Hungarians, had no objection to one of their opponents leaving the war and a treaty · Bolsheviks are going to seize power at first in the capital of St. Petersburg and then in Moscow. · Their objective was to set up the world's first communist state.

Espionage Act -

· The Espionage Act of 1917 declared that anyone who used disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive language (scurrilous is another word for lying) unsubstantiated accusations. · The Espionage Act of 1917 said that anyone using disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive language about the Constitution, the government, the American uniform or the flag was committing a federal offense. · The government was to prosecute about two thousand one hundred people for violation of the Espionage Act of 1917

National Origins Act -

· The National Origins Act essentially has two distinct sections. · The first one limited the total number of immigrants in any year to one hundred and fifty thousand. · That's a drop of about 82 percent from the eight hundred and fifty thousand immigrants who came over in 1921. · the first provision of the National Origins Act drastically reduces the number of immigrants coming into the country. · More controversially, this act was also going to regulate the origins of these immigrants, specifically the number of immigrants from any particular nation. · As a percentage of this, one hundred and fifty thousand immigrant totals could not exceed the proportion of citizens from that nation who were the proportion of citizens from that nationality who were already residing in the United States.

the Sedition Act -

· The Sedition Act refined the definition of the offense. · Anyone who willfully uttered, printed, wrote or published anything that was disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive about the Constitution, government, uniform or flag was committing a federal offense. · So if you inadvertently said something disloyal or profane, you would not be prosecuted. · However, the Sedition Act also added additional offenses that were punishable by law during wartime. · There were two of them. First, anyone who advocated curtailing production of war related materials, of war related products and anyone who tried to limit the sale of government war bonds was declared an individual who had committed a federal crime. · Against whom? Are these additional? Acts directed during the war. · There were a number of folks who advocated that non-cooperation with the war effort should take the form of not producing goods destined for the armed forces. · And the Sedition Act of 1918 was designed to punish people who said protest the war by slowing down production. · The Sedition Act of 1918 also was designed to prosecute people who tried to limit the sale of government war bonds. · The Sedition Act of 1918 said if you take any action that tries to limit the sale of those bonds or any action that tries to limit war production, you have committed a federal offense. The maximum penalty was a ten thousand dollar fine and 20 years in prison. · The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918. A total of eight hundred seventy-seven people were convicted. The most famous person convicted was Mr. Eugene Debs.

1919-1920 Strikes -

· Their arguments, simply stated, is going to be, look, prices have increased by one hundred percent. · Our members in many instances have not had a raise and consequently their standard of living has actually declined. · This is going to lead to a wave of labor strikes during 1919 and 1920. · Perhaps the most famous of these took place at the United States Steel Works in Gary, Indiana. · Gary is a suburb at the southern end of the Chicago region and at the time, it had one of the largest steel complexes in the world. · The management was highly unsympathetic. They used both company security forces and troops that were furnished by co-operative authorities and the government. · The strike was broken during this strike. 18 workers were going to die, and hundreds were going to be beaten in spite of this. · There were some successes the labor unions had. For example, in Colorado and Arizona, striking Mexican American miners succeeded in forcing management to abolish the Lourie set of wages that had been paid to Mexican Americans. · They had gone on strike for equality with Anglo American workers, and they won. · Overall, however, these strikes are not going to succeed and as a result, many workers are going to enter the decade of the 1920s with lower salaries than they had five or six years before, after those salaries are adjusted for the effects of inflation.

Red Scare -

· There will be a red scare and here we have to go back to the Russian Revolution that took place in 1917, that Russian revolution overthrew the provisional government of Alexander Prensky and replaced it with a communist state. · The communists swiftly proceeded to create what they called a dictatorship of the proletariat and there was widespread concern in the United States that there might be a similar attempt here. · Of course, we need to note that many factory owners and many managers found this particular fear, arguing that all unions couldn't be trusted and that there really were communists everywhere. · Socialists would be denounced as enemies of the United States and a variety of punitive actions would be taken. The attorney general of the United States, A. Mitchell Palmer, launched raids to arrest radicals whom he said were suspected of stockpiling arms and explosives. · About 5000 people were arrested during this Red Scare. · Most of them were released. The only folks who were not released were 800 foreign born radicals. These were folks who did not yet have U.S. citizenship and they were deported.

Eighteenth Amendment -

· This amendment banned the manufacture, sale and transportation of alcoholic beverages. · This amendment would not be long lived. It was repealed 14 years later in 1933. · I'd suggest that this is part of a larger trend in progressivism remember that progressives sought to correct the evils that they saw in society.

Nineteenth Amendment -

· This amendment guaranteed the right of women to vote so the efforts that had begun by the suffragists at the Seneca Falls convention in 1848 finally reached a milestone with these American women will receive the right to vote and they consequently can now bring much greater political pressure to bear for changes in other aspects of American life. · Doesn't mark the end of the struggle for gender equality that continues in our own time, but the 19th Amendment marks a very significant milestone along the path. ·in the 1920s, the behavior of many American women is going to change, between 1920 and 1940, some 5 million single women are going to enter the workforce and they will do so to earn their own money rather than having to marry and depend upon a man. · In doing so, they're not only going to break away from the path that had been dictated by the cult of domesticity, but they're going to acquire lifestyle options. · They can now rent their own apartment, or buy a house · They will now take greater social privileges. They'll go off to restaurants and bars alone, as do men. ·the symbol of this new woman was going to be the flapper, flappers were young women who went out at night to dance, went to restaurants alone and had a particular sort of dress that left a good part of their arms exposed, which is something that many of the prudish people of the era would not do. · They did not wear their skirts down to their ankles or close to their ankles. · The Charleston was quite popular at this time. ·More broadly, both single and married women, we're going to begin asserting greater control over their sexual roles. · They were going to reject the notion that women ought to welcome every pregnancy and that instead women should have various forms of birth control available to them, including abortion. One of the leading representatives of this movement was Margaret Sanger. · She passed out birth control literature on street corners and was subsequently arrested for doing this. · Up until recently, she had been regarded as a pioneer in the struggle for greater rights. · However, since then, some writings had been discovered which indicate that she was, to put it politely, a racist.

Great Migration -

· This term refers to the migration from the states of the former Confederacy to the north of some six million African Americans. · Begins in 1916 and concludes in 1970. · Stopped the greater economic opportunity to be found in northern cities, also hoped that their reception and their treatment would be less hostile than it was in the South. · substantial numbers of African American arrived in Detroit and in Chicago and in Omaha. · Race riots broke out. Perhaps the worst one occurred in the city of Tulsa, Oklahoma. · There, a 1924 race riot left 40 members of both races dead, hundreds of people injured, and 1400 businesses owned by African Americans burned to the ground. · In spite of that violence, the African American migration was going to continue. · Immigration is going to become a central focus in American politics now during the World War. · Immigration had dropped to a very small number of folks, and there were two reasons for that. · First, most of the men who would have been interested in bringing their families to the United States were now in the armies of their respective government. · Remember, we've got tens of millions of men who were civilians and they're now in arms. · Secondly, much of the war is going to be ineffective German submarine fleet. · Europe has in many regards been devastated and there will be a surge in the number of immigrants coming to the United States once the Treaty of Russia is signed. ·In 1919 we see an increase there will be four hundred and thirty thousand immigrants who come to the United States in 1920 and 850000 in 1921 ·Many Americans do not want them here for a variety of reasons. · The majority of these immigrants were from Southern and Eastern Europe and many Americans thought these people were too foreign to assimilate. · Among these immigrants were Russians, Poles, Hungarians, people from a variety of southern European, of South Eastern European nationalities, as well as Turks and Jews so we have people who are going to encounter considerable hostility in trying to migrate to the United States. ·Added to that, there is going to be the old fear that more immigrants will mean more people competing for the same number of jobs. ·In response to these pressures, the Congress is going to pass the National Origins Act in 1924.

War Industries Board -

· a government organization and basically what they are going to be in charge of is persuading companies to meet production goals, to allocate raw materials, to develop new products and streamline operations. · All of this is done in the interests of producing goods for the war again, the War Industries Board exists to persuade companies to meet production goals to allocate raw materials. To develop new products related to be waging a war, of course. · And to streamline their operations. voluntary compliance. · what if they don't voluntarily cooperate? And the answer to that question is very simple the federal government will threaten to take over the company. · War Industries Board effectively means that the United States now has a command economy.

The Riddle of the Trenches -

· for about three years, neither side, neither British nor French or German, will figure out how to escape trench warfare. · The deadly question was how to get away from a type of warfare that is killing hundreds of thousands of our citizens and for three or four years, nobody can come up with an answer. · And so, year after year, they takes offense, it's taken place and the casualty tolls are going to go from the hundreds of thousands all the way up into the millions. · what is the American response going to be? We're, of course, aware that a war is going on and many folks are fascinated by what's taking place. But the United States is formally neutral. We don't want to get involved in this fighting. · There were new tactics to solve the riddle of the trenches. These included a brief artillery bombardment rather than a lengthy one in an effort to achieve surprise and these tactics also included infiltrating small groups of highly trained soldiers into weak points in the enemy's line.

Dawes Plan -

· involved a two and a half billion-dollar loan to Germany to develop the German economy. · In return, the Germans were to repay two billion dollars of the 33 billion that they followed, the British and the French. · And this way, the British and the French would repay the debts that they owed us. · The Dawes plan was a plan authored by the United States to revive the German economy. · It consisted of loaning Germany money for redevelopment of the German economy so that the Germans could repay the debts they owed to the British and the French. · Under the Treaty of Versailles the British and the French would then repay the debts that they owed to us. · This was an effort to help others repay money that they owed us.

Isolationism -

· isolationism was defined as isolating the United States from developments occurring in the larger world. · It is, as is the case with many political labels, one that is contested to this day, · isolationists were primarily people who wanted to turn their backs on the military struggles taking place in the rest of the world. · isolationism from military and political affairs, such as the American refusal to join the League of Nations, did not mean that we were economically isolating ourselves. · As a matter of fact, during this period of time, American economic expansion abroad is going to continue, and that international commerce is going to remain an essential part of American businesses vision of what the world should be.

Lost Generation -

· the lost generation was a term that referred not to an entire generation but to a small group of American writers who left the United States and went to Paris because they thought that the United States was just too boring and too bland for them. · And some of these authors later became very famous. For example, Ernest Hemingway went to Paris for a while in a bar · Books = A farewell to arms. The old man and the sea to have to have not the snows of Kilimanjaro. The sun also rises · For example, F. Scott Fitzgerald was another American who lived in Paris, but he returned to the United States. Among his famous novels are Tender is the Night, The Great Gatsby and the Beautiful and the Damned.

The Allies -

· the major allies were France, Great Britain, the United States, Russia, Italy, and Japan

Francisco Madero -

·He is the man who will unite all of the Mexican opposition in a successful effort to drive President Diaz from office. · The Maderos were among the most fluent land owners and factory owners of northern Mexico. · Francisco was the product of a marriage between two of these great families · These were local or regional power brokers who had land significant physical force at their disposal and a great deal of money. · And Madero in particular, was a source of opposition because he believed that Mexico should not only be a place in which Mexicans exercised dominant economic power, but also a place in which we have a full set of civil liberties, should be a modern country. · On his estates, Madero also implemented some other ideas, for example he believed that every Mexican should have a clean and decent house. · His estates workers housing was built and met these criteria but he was never someone who really wanted to change the fundamental order of society. · There was, in fact, a famous clash, a verbal clash that took place between Madero and Zapata. The two of them met on a street, and Zapata pointed at Maduro's watch and said, Cinema Devro if someone stole your watch and you saw them walking down the street with that watch, what would you demand? And he said, I demand my property back. And I'd also pay me. I'd also demand they pay me for use of that watch. And Zapata said, well, fine, you feel the same way about your gold watch that we feel about our land and we want it all back. · That was an indication of a clash that would not be resolved, Madero may have believed in civil liberties. But like many Hacienda owners, he didn't believe in giving away land. And consequently, Zapata would go into rebellion after the Mexican revolution's first phase. In that first phase, some spota is going to unite with Madero.