Quiz #4-Mirrors Lie

A range of factors that affect dissatisfaction

-Biopsychosocial -Physical characteristics -Sociocultural influences -interpersonal experiences -individual psychological characteristics -development of body concerns

Body dissatisfaction can occur with one's

-Body shape -weight -various body parts -facial parts -fitness -strength -skin -size -shape

Cultural connection to body dissatisfaction

-Chinese -Iranians -Croatians -African Americans have high rates of body dissatisfaction.

Early childhood and pubertal period

-Early childhood=body ideals -Pubertal period=body changes

Prevention strategies for eating disorders

-Early screening of eating disorders -Paying attention to risk factors -Treatment should start as early as possible -Family based treatment (for social support and contributing factors.)

Preoccupation with dieting can increase what three eating disorders

-Eating disturbances -body disatisfaction -Bulimia symptoms.

Risk factors associated with an increased risk of eating disorders development for Type 1 Diabetic youth are

-Female -High BMI -Poor Self esteem/body image -Impaired family functioning -Less social support and management of diabetes -History of diet/depression

For breast milk, what three main flavors can the baby detect?

-Garlic -Vanilla -Alcohol, as compared to the formula fed food.

Body image ideals for boys and girls

-Girls=More thinner -Boys=More muscular.

Poor glycemic control results in

-Hyperglycemia -Poor storage of glucose -increase in glucose in Urine -weight loss due to purging of glucose.

Dangers associated with eating disorders in Youth with Type 1 diabetes

-Intentional omission of Insulin delivery

Groups of people who influence children's acceptance of eating new foods

-Parents/Caregivers -Peers Example: Mothers who eat fruits and veggies=Daughters eating fruits and veggies. -Children who dislike a certain veggie will influence their peers to not eat a certain veggie.

Parental influences in eating and maternal control are influenced by the following

-Societal factors (Thiness over thickness) -How much is eaten -What is eaten.

Is there more research that needs to be studied for the following factors

-Sociocultural factors (being overweight) -obesity. It provides a modest effects for breastfeeding.

Girls thought losing weight will help them be thinner, happier, healthier, and better looking if they

-Vomited -fasted -crash dieted -use laxatives

Young girls even get surgeries such as

-liposuctions -nose reshaping -breast reshaping -breast augmentation/reduction -facial implants -ear surgery -eyelid surgery -hair removal -acne treatments

Early onset of childhood Anorexia prevalence

0.1-0.2%, and there is more awareness of the disorder because of better accessibility to services and more awareness.

Childhood development of body image

1. 5-6 year olds (thin ideal) 2. 6-7 year olds (smaller size than current figure) 3. 7-8 year olds (best diet)

What four common concerns as to why is there childhood onset eating disorders?

1. Common feeding/eating problems 2. Inconsistency among the literature of eating disorders among children. 3. A lack of assesment tools for Anorexia Nervosa 4. A lack of Symptomatology of Anorexia Nervosa in children.

Development of eating disorders will happen in which age groups due to family influence: What three age groups?

1. Infancy (Birth-2 years) 2. Early childhood (2-5 years) 3. Middle childhood (5-9 years)

People of influence with body dissatisfaction

1. Media 2. Parents 3. Peers 4. Neighbors 5. Schools 6. Medical Practioniers

Criterion for Anorexia Nervosa for Children

1. Menarche among Females 2. Low testosterone serum among males. 3. Significant weight loss (85% or more.)

Bulimia Nervosa in premenarcheal children symptoms

1. Self-cutting 2. Self-Induced vomitting 3. Laxative overuse 4. excessive fasting 5. Low self-esteem 6. Severe weight gain.

Early onset anorexia could mean anyone under the age of

18 is diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa, but vary from 2-3 years. (e.g.-can be diagnosed at age 14.)

Sex ratio of Selective eating disorder

4 (boys) to 1 (girls)

Sex ratio of food avoidance emotional disorder

4 (girls) to 1 (boys)

Bulimia onset may cases within what ages and sex

7 to 14 years of age, with 5/88 cases (premenarcheal children), more girls than boys.

AN prevalence for sex

90-95% girls, with only 19-30% boys.

In 1985, Marshall found a picture of a woman who was very thin, who was refusing food, but with a psychological disorder, and emaciation, Marshall classified that disease as

Anorexia Nervosa.

Parental restriction of food can increase chances of what two eating disorders?

Being overweight and eating disorders.

Biological and Physical characteristics may compare with

Body dissatisfaction.

Bulimia nervosa is often called

Bulimia is a disease with symptoms that include binge eating or the consumption of large amounts of food, accompanied by behaviors and weight gain.

Who suffers from the effects of emaciation due to eating disorders the most-Children or adults?

Children

Pervasive Refusal Syndrome

Profound Refusal to: -Eat -Drink -Walk, -Talk -Self-care -Underweight -Lack of communication -dehydration -a severe form of post-traumatic stress disorder

Bulimia symptoms

Purging (self induced vomitting of food consumption), excessive exercise, laxative use, enemas, fasting followed by binge eating.

Functional Dysphagia prevalence/incidence

Rare

Prevalence of eating disorders and disordered eating is increased in youth with

Type 1 Diabetes compared with non-diabetic youth.

Diabulimia is specific to

Type 1 Diabetics, and revolves around the reduced usage of insulin to reduce weight.

Are there increased reports of children cases of anorexia nervosa?

Yes, although it is common in Pubertal adolescents and adults.

Is severity of early onset of AN worse than later onset of AN?

Yes, due to the Standardized assessments for AN.

Healthy eating disorders are studied among what type of females?

Young white females, and not girls and boys of other races.

What are the types of eating disorders?

anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and other unspecified eating disorders.

Clinicians need a clear and more

appropriate means of classifying childhood disorders due to the heterogenity.

Body satisfaction rates in girls

are correlated with low self-esteem and depression.

Solid foods should never be introduced until the age of___________to___________________months

as infants like sweet foods (juices and flavored yogurts) over salt, sour and bitter tastes.

Moms influence daughters to achieve the ideal

beauty standards.

Pubertal girls can find themselves moving away from the societal standards of

beauty.

Mother to child is about possessing dieting

behaviors.

Larger girls feel less good about their

bodies

5 to 9 year olds have a distorted image of

body satisfaction when they enter school.

Images and different sizes affects

children's perceptions stereotypes of a perfect body.

Parental restriction may diminish self control among

children.

Food avoidance emotional disorder is a

combination of Anorexia and childhood emotional disorder, with 15% mood distrubances, being underweight, and restricted their food intake. No distored body image disorders associated with Anorexia and Bulimia.

Puberty is when size comparisons

come in.

Adolescent studies and adolescent girls are more likely to

compare appearances and internalize the thinness ideal.

Type 1 diabetics are dependent on Insulin for proper insulin

control

Great Ormond Street Criteria developed to help clearly

diagnose Anorexia Nervosa Symptoms in children.

There should be a clear terminological method for

eating disorders for DSM 4-TR and EDNOS criteria for Anorexia and Bulimia.

Eating disorders not otherwise specified

eating disorders that are a true psychiatric illness but that do not fit the strict diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or binge-eating disorder

Generational eating patterns may affect children's

eating patterns.

Youth with Type 1 Diabetes are at increased risk of disordered

eating.

Selective eating disorder is an___________disorder where

eating; effected individuals are extremely selective on what types of food they will eat on a daily basis. No distored body image disorders associated with Anorexia and Bulimia.

Pressure from parents may decrease the eating of eating what kind of foods?

encouraged foods.

Children are more likely to consume energy dense food when they see their parents consume what type of food?

energy dense food.

Parental control can influence self-regulation for

energy intakes in preschool.

body dysmorphic disorder involves

excessive preoccupation with an imagined defect in physical appearance, which occurs as a preoccupation with body shape and can happen in early and later adolescence (Anorexia and Bulimia)

Restriction of food can increase association of

food. e.g.-Food can be good or bad.

Bottlefeed children will be able to eat a variety of

foods, as compared to having to be forced/pressured to eat new foods (breastfed mothers.)

Anorexia Nervosa behaviors include restricting food intake due to the fear of

gaining weight, and dieting.

Menstrual status is when body dissatisfaction

increases.

Sociocultural influences

influence body disatisfaction in an environment that influences the ideal of being thin.

Diabetic Youth who limit or omit insulin do so because of weight gain

issues.

Underweight girls wanted to be

larger and thinner girls wanted to be larger.

Insulin dismanagement can increase in

morbidity and mortality.

Boys with Anorexia Nervosa want to be

muscular over flabby.

Food tastes are influenced by social

norms (eating with other adults and peers.) Examples: Not eating weird food combinations and not eating non food items (dirt, grasshoppers.)

body image disturbance

occurs when there is an extreme discrepancy between one's body image and the perceptions of others and extreme dissatisfaction with one's body image. Continues in heavier children.

Binge eating is a disease with symptoms of episodes of consuming____________amounts of

of food followed by shame or guilt.

Early eating experiences can influence eating

patterns.

Paternal input is important for girls, as mothers emulated the daughter's eating

patterns.

Restriction of food can increase their behavioral

response to that food, along with selection and intake.

Young children will learn certain food eating

rules. Example: Children eating 30% of calories via snacks, eating infront of the T.V., eating at a friend's house, eating, how foods are eaten (utensils, by hand.)

The reliability of the GOS criteria was

strong, as 85% of children with Anorexia Nervosa matched the GOS criteria.

Atypical childhood onset eating disorders have not been

studied, but uses DSM 4 TR, GOS, AND EDNOS criteria and they are all homogenous.

Functional Dysphagia is a fear of

swallowing, vomitting, or choking due to an identifiable piece of food. No distored body image disorders associated with Anorexia and Bulimia.

Eating Disorder Examination and GOS proved that there was a heterogenous group for the appropriate study

system, as it discriminated against children who were diagnosed at a later rate.

Friends and peers influence young girls in terms of body dissatisfaction

through talks, schemas, culture, and comparison.

The transition to solid foods starts where? In the

uterus (in utero) Example: The aminotic fluid is a buffer and a movement vehicle movement which fives off the taste of food (Garlic Oil and Carrots.)

Girls with beliefs with body dissatisfaction are more likely to be

vulnerable to body dissatisfaction.

anorexia nervosa is an______________disorder in which an_______________fear of

weight gain leads people to starve themselves

Unlike Bulimia, binge eating is not accompanied by behaviors to prevent

weight gain.

Individual characteristics

Low self esteem depressed mood psychological functioning perfectionism placing high values on thinness/appearance comparisons

Breast fed bottles have more______________and__________________as compared with infants who

More starts and stops with bottle-fed infants than breast-fed infants.

Positive and negative body images affect and increase

Negative and Positive body image, which is related to dieting, disordered eating and depression.

Taste acceptance among infants may not be common infants because of

Neophobia and protection against poisonous foods and products. Example: Protein formula for babies.

Model of body dissatisfaction

Perfectionism-Low self-esteem-depressive mood-external approval-schema-body comparison tendency-body size-weight teasing-increase in body dissatisfaction.

Children with Anorexia Nervosa often fail maintain what?

Hydration.

Through early dietary eating patterns, modeling and reinforcing eating behaviors and attitudes, and parental influence, what type of disorders happen?

Eating disorders

Omitting insulin can result in poor control of

Glycemia.

As Children learn about eating through observing the behaviors of others, what changes are being made in the environment?

Social changes, as children want to be independent, they want greater autonomy, and control over their eating-they verbally express their food needs and wants.