quiz #4 psy260

The enzyme ________ converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone. a. tyrosine hydroxylase b. 5-alpha reductase c. seminal hydroxylase d. 3,4 galactase e. tryptophan hydroxylase

B) 5-alpha reductase

The external genitalia of a human female with CAH often have a masculine form at birth as a result of overproduction of androgens by the fetal A) adrenal glands. B) ovaries. C) pituitary gland. D) testes.

A) adrenal glands

The growth of pubic and axillary hair is promoted by a. androgens secreted from the adrenal cortex. b. leptin. c. estrogens secreted from the adrenal cortex. d. progesterone. e. kisspeptin.

A) androgens secreted from the adrenal cortex

Glands that secrete their products outside the body are referred to as _______ glands. A) exocrine B) endocrine C) ectocrine D) autocrine

A) exocrine

Which of the following is true of the sex chromosomes? a. Factors coded on the Y chromosome control the development of the male sex glands. b. The Y chromosome contains the blueprints for the male fetus. c. The sex chromosomes are the largest among the 23 pairs. d. The mother donates her Y chromosome to form a female fetus. e. The Y chromosome contains the blueprints for the female fetus.

A) factors coded on the Y chromosome control the development of the male sex glands

The molecular structure of steroid hormones involves A) four interconnected rings of carbon atoms B) short chains of amino acids C) long chains of amino acids D) modified tyrosine molecules

A) four interconnected rings of carbon atoms

The key factor that determines whether the undifferentiated gonads develop into testes is the a. gene Sry located on the Y chromosome. b. secretion of testosterone from the adrenals. c. gene Sry located on the X chromosome. d. 21st pair of chromosomes. e. secretion of androgens from the gonads.

A) gene Sry located on the Y chromosome

Children with psychosocial dwarfism often show an almost complete lack of A) growth hormone. B) corticosteroid. C) stress. D) epinephrine.

A) growth hormone

An example of an activation effect induced by the hormone estradiol would be a. growth of the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle. b. growth of axillary hair in females. c. differentiation of the Wolffian system into the fimbriae, Fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina. d. maturation of the ovaries in a female. e. alteration of the vocal cords to create a "deep" voice.

A) growth of the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle

Cells located in the _______ synthesize oxytocin and vasopressin and transport these hormones to the _______. a) hypothalamus; posterior pituitary b) hypothalamus; anterior pituitary c) posterior pituitary; median eminence d) anterior pituitary; median eminence

A) hypothalamus; posterior pituitary

The difference between receptivity and proceptivity is that a. proceptivity reflects the eagerness of the female to copulate. b. proceptivity is not subject to change during the estrous cycle. c. loss of estrogen will reduce receptivity but not proceptivity d. receptivity reflects the eagerness of the female to copulate. e. androgens facilitate receptivity but not proceptivity.

A) proceptivity reflects the eagerness of the female to copulate

The Coolidge effect is the A) resumption of sexual activity by a male animal when exposed to a novel female. B) resumption of sexual activity by a female animal when exposed to an attractive male. C) spontaneous abortion of pregnancy by female mice exposed to the urine of a strange male. D) synchronization of ovulation in many species of primates.

A) resumption of sexual activity by a male animal when exposed to a novel female

The sexually dimorphic nucleus in the hypothalamus of rats is a. several times smaller in females than is males. b. about 10% bigger in males than females c. undergoes cell death in early development in males only d. develops during the first few weeks of gestation e. none of the above

A) several times smaller in females than is males

As a result of his experiments with roosters, Berthold concluded that A) the testes secrete testosterone b) the testes release a masculinizing chemical into the blood C) hormones are important for homeostasis D) castration has different effects in birds than in animals

A) the testes secrete testosterone

Twin studies indicate that a. there is a genetic basis for homosexuality in males as well as in females. b. identical male twins are less likely to be concordant for homosexuality than are fraternal male twins. c. a male child whose older twin sisters are heterosexual is more likely to be homosexual. d. homosexual women are likely to have homosexual male relatives. e. early family environment is more important than genes for the development of homosexuality.

A) there is a genetic basis for homosexuality in males as well as females

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events in the regulation of gonadal steroid hormones in men? A) GnRH; gonads; anterior pituitary; release of androgens B) GnRH; anterior pituitary; gonads; release of androgens C) Anterior pituitary; GnRH; gonads; release of androgens D) Anterior pituitary; release of androgens; gonads; GnRH

B) GnRH, anterior pituitary, gonads, release of androgens

Administration of a GnRH antagonist to human males is most likely to cause a. a loss of tactile sensitivity. b. a decrease in sexual interest and intercourse after two weeks of treatment. c. a loss of erections during REM sleep, but no change in sex drive. d. no change in sexual activity because the adrenals also secrete testosterone. e. increased secretion of testosterone.

B) a decrease in sexual interest and intercourse after two weeks of treatment

An example of a secondary sex characteristic is a. ovary development. b. a deep voice. c. development of a clitoris d. development of a vagina. e. formation of a penis.

B) a deep voice

A person who is hypothyroid will often show signs of a. manic activity b. depression c. psychosis d. sleeplessness

B) depression

The key distinction between an organizational hormone effect and an activational hormone effect is that a. activational effects are permanent. b. organizational effects are permanent. c. organizational effects only occur during adulthood. d. activational effects are mediated by receptors, whereas organizational effects are due to temporary changes in neurotransmitter secretion. e. organizational effects only occur in the brain.

B) organizational effects are permanent

The adulthood psychological adjustment achieved by Bruce-Brenda-David, the male twin whose penis was ablated during a botched circumcision procedure at age 7 months, suggests that a. nature's impulse is to create a female. b. sexual identity may not be easily shifted by the upbringing of a child. c. regular injections of testosterone can shift sexual identity. d. genetic type is less important than are social factors. e. normal circumcision can alter sexual identity

B) sexual identity may not be easily shifted by the upbringing of a child

The molecular structure of peptide hormones involves A) four interconnected rings of carbon atoms. B) short chains of amino acids. C) long chains of amino acids. D) modified tyrosine molecules.

B) short chains of amino acids

Sry protein is produced in the A) ovaries. B) testes. C) indifferent gonads. D) brain.

B) testes

What principle is demonstrated by the findings that mechanical stimulation of the genitals elicits sex-related behaviors in animals whose spinal cord has been cut? a. Sexual reflexes cannot occur without the brain. b. The brain is not required for the sexual reflexes of erection and ejaculation. c. Sexual orientation is dependent on spinal mechanisms. d. Pathways from the hypothalamus to the spinal cord are key to sexual behavior. e. Male sexual behavior can at times appear to be brainless.

B) the brain is not required for the sexual reflexes of erection and ejaculation

A hormone a. comes only from special glands in the body such as the testes b. travels some distance greater than a synapse to effect a target organ c. is any substance that promotes genital development d. all of the above

B) travels some distance greater than a synapse to effect a target organ

Gametes are unique reproductive cells that a. secrete Müllerian-inhibiting substance. b. contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. c. carry half the genetic information of other cells of the body. d. are formed by the union of an egg and a sperm during fertilization. e. will eventually form the sex organs of the fetus.

C) carry half of the genetic information of other cells of the body

According to the Coolidge effect, a novel female a. elicits motor responses that are incompatible with intromission. b. strengthens the sexual refractory period after ejaculation. c. diminishes the sexual refractory period of the male after ejaculation. d. fails to elicit sexual satiety. e. reduces the circulating levels of testosterone in the male rat.

C) diminishes the sexual refectory period of the male after ejaculation

The enzyme 5-alpha-reductase is essential for the development of the A) gonads in both sexes. B) Wolffian ducts in males. C) external genitalia in males. D) testes in males.

C) external genitalia in males

The Müllerian system structures are the precursors to the a. male internal sex organs. b. ovaries. c. female internal sex organs. d. testes. e. penis and scrotum.

C) female internal sex organs

Acromegaly is due to excessive release of a. testosterone b. TSH c. Growth Hormone d. FSH

C) growth hormones

Which of the following is true of the hormone oxytocin? a. Oxytocin is released from the adrenal gland during orgasm. b. Oxytocin relaxes smooth muscle. c. Oxytocin release can induce the ejection of milk in a lactating female. d. Orgasm causes the release of oxytocin only in females. e. Oxytocin release is controlled by the anterior pituitary.

C) oxytocin release can induce the ejection of milk in a lactating female

The primary difference between peptide hormones and steroid hormones is a. steroid hormones are amino acids strings instead of carbon rings b. steroids are released from the pituitary gland c. steroids bind to intracellular receptors, peptide hormones to membrane receptors d. there are no differences.

C) steroids bind to intracellular receptors, peptide hormones to membrane receptors

The complete androgen insensitivity phenotype in an XY adult would include which of the following? A) Testes, uterus, fallopian tubes, labia, breasts B) Testes, vas deferens, uterus, fallopian tubes, breasts C) Testes, labia, clitoris D) Ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, labia, breasts

C) testes, labia, clitoris

Match the following: a. GnRH b. LH c. FSH d. ACTH e. CRF f. TSH g. GRF ___ Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol ___ Stimulates estrogen and testosterone ___ Stimulates pituitary release of ACTH ___ Stimulates LH and FSH release ___ Stimulates thyroxine release ___ Stimulates growth hormone ___ Stimulates sperm and egg development

D) ACTH- Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol B) LH-Stimulates estrogen and testosterone E) CRF-Stimulates pituitary release of ACTH A) GnRH- Stimulates LH and FSH release F) TSH- Stimulates thyroxine release G)GRF- Stimulates growth hormone C) FSH Stimulates sperm and egg development

Cortisol released from the adrenal gland during stress has which of the following actions a) suppresses the immune system b) releases energy stores from muscle c) increases motivation d) all of the above

D) all of the above

Peptide hormones typically affect cellular processes by A) entering the cell and providing a source of metabolic energy. B) interacting with specific receptors located in the cell nucleus. C) binding to DNA and altering gene expression. D) binding to membrane-bound receptors on the cell surface.

D) binding to membrane-bound receptors on the cell surface

The hormone which is primarily responsible for the normal differentiation of the male external genetalia is a. testosterone b. androstendione c. cortisold. d. dihydrotestosterone e. none of the above

D) dihydrotestosterone

Which of the following would be considered a proceptive behavior in rats? a. lordosis b. intromission c. earl wiggling d. ear wiggling e. none of the above

D) ear wiggling

Which of the following about differences in sexual arousal in men and women is true? A) Men and women show similar patterns of copulatory sequence. B) Masturbation rates are quite similar among adult men and women. C) The human sexual response resembles a cycle rather than a linear series of events. D) For women, desire is crucial for sexual initiation.

D) for women, desire is crucial for sexual initiation

The key effect of luteinizing hormone is to a. stimulate beard growth. b. guide the implantation of the fertilized ovum. c. impair the growth of ovarian follicles. d. induce ovulation. e. promote the growth of axillary hair.

D) induce ovulation

Some masculinization of the brain is due to a. intracellular conversion of testosterone to DHT by aromatase b. intracellular conversion of testosterone to estrogen by 5-alpha reductase c. testosterone induction of somatomedans produced by the liver d. intracellular effects of the sry protein induced by testosterone e. none of the above

D) intracellular effects of the sry protein induced by testosterone

A person who suffers from androgen-insensitivity syndrome would be expected to a. show male external genitalia. b. have ovaries. c. secrete androgens. d. lack female internal reproductive structures. e. lack anti-Mullerian hormone

D) lack of feminine internal reproductive structures

Development of masculine external genitalia is guaranteed by the presence of A) the XY chromosome pattern. B) the wolffian duct system. C) secretion of androgens. D) None of the above

D) none of the above

Which statement about CAH females is false? A) They have a fully developed müllerian duct system. B) They are likely to be described as "tomboys" by their parents. C) They may have a partially masculinized phallus. D) None of the above; all are true.

D) none of the above; all are true

The prenatal development of the internal reproductive structures of the female a. requires the suppression of the Müllerian system by anti-Müllerian hormone. b. requires secretion of estradiol by the pituitary. c. is caused by secretion of progesterone. d. requires no hormone. e. requires secretion of androgens.

D) requires no hormone

The prenatal development of the internal reproductive structures of the male requires a. activation of the Müllerian system by anti-Müllerian hormone. b. secretion of estradiol by the pituitary. c. secretion of progesterone. d. secretion of androgens. e. secretion of progesterone.

D) secretion of the androgens

Peptide hormones are secreted from the ____, while many steroid hormones are secreted by the _____ a. hypothalamus; gonads b. pituitary gland; liver c. pituitary gland; hypothalamus d. pituitary gland; testes e. a & d

E) a & d

A human female is more likely to initiate sexual activity with her partner a. when her estradiol levels are lowest. b. just prior to menstruation. c. in the winter months. d. just after a surge in testosterone from her adrenals. e. at a point in the menstrual cycle when estradiol levels are highest.

E) at a point in the menstrual cycle when estradiol levels are highest

A genetic defect that results in a lack of an androgen receptor would result in a) a true hermaphrodite b) a masculine external appearance in XX females c) a feminine appearance in XY males d) an XY male with undescended testes e) c and d

E) c & d

Based on the mechanism of action which of the following hormones would be expected to have the most long lasting effects on cellular function? a. GnRH b. LH c. CRF d. FSH e. cortisol

E) cartisol

Ovulation involves a surge in ________which in turn ________. a. estrogen; promotes the longevity of the uterine lining b. estrogen; disrupts the ovarian follicle c. leptin; promotes the loss of the uterine lining d. follicle-stimulating hormone; causes the release of luteinizing hormone c. pituitary gland; hypothalamus e. luteinizing hormone; ruptures the ovarian follicle and releases an ovum

E) luteinizing hormone; ruptures the ovarian follicle and releases an ovum

The formation of the ovaries during prenatal development is controlled by a. the Sry gene. b. testosterone. c. the X chromosome. d. the Y chromosome. e. no factor.

E) no factor

Match the following glands with the hormone they produce a. thyroid b. pancreas c. adrenal d. testis e. ovary ___ estrogen ___ thyroxine ___ testosterone ___ cortisol ___ insulin

Ovary- estrogen Thyroid- thyroxine Testis- testosterone Adrenal- cortisol Pancreas- insulin

Regulation of hormone secretion of testosterone and cortisol are a. inhibited by high levels of thyroxine b. controlled by negative feedback oh hypothalamic releasing hormones c. stimulated by LH and FSH from the pitutitary gland d. All of the above

d) all of the above