quiz 5 part one

Alkaliphiles live at pH levels of:

8.5 and above!!!

Bacteria adapted to temperatures between 15 C and 45 C are known as:

Bacteria adapted to temperatures between 15 C and 45 C are known as:MESOPPHILES!!

Bacteria isolated from hot ocean floor ridges living between 65 and 110 C are called :

Bacteria isolated from hot ocean floor ridges living between 65 and 110 C are called :extreme thermophiles!!

Minimum, maximum, and optimal temperatures are collectively known as:

CARDINAL TEMPERATURES!! <3

_____ are organisms with specialized cell membranes and enzymes that require salt concentrations from 15% up to about 25% and will NOt survive where salinity is lower!! <3

EXTREME HALOPHILES_____ are organisms with specialized cell membranes and enzymes that require salt concentrations from 15% up to about 25% and will NOt survive where salinity is lower!! <3

Extreme thermophiles grow best at what temperature?

Extreme thermophiles grow best at what temperature?above 80 C! <3

For a bacterial cell in an ______ solution (a solution having osmotic pressure equal to that of the cell), water will tend to move in BOTH directions EQUALLY; that is, there is NO net movement!

For a bacterial cell in an _____ISOTONIC_ solution (a solution having osmotic pressure equal to that of the cell), water will tend to move in BOTH directions EQUALLY; that is, there is NO net movement!

The shortest and highest energy wavelengths are those of:

GAMMA RAYS, starting at about 10-5(power) nm!!

Gelatin-

Gelatin- Extracellular exoenzyme activity

Therefore WATER moves through a cell membrane from where its concentration is:

HIGH to where its concentration is LOW

If a bacterial cell is placed into a solution that is _______ (a solution having low osmotic pressure), there will be a net movement of water INTO the cell!

If a bacterial cell is placed into a solution that is _______HYPOSMOTIC (a solution having low osmotic pressure), there will be a net movement of water INTO the cell!

If an organism is placed into a _____ solution ( a solution having high osmotic pressure), there will be a net movement of water OUT of the cell!! <3

If an organism is placed into a __HYPEROSMOTIC___ solution ( a solution having high osmotic pressure), there will be a net movement of water OUT of the cell!! <3

In a ___ environment the cell has GREATER osmotic pressure, so the net movement of water will be INTO the cell

In a _HYPOSMOTIC__ environment the cell has GREATER osmotic pressure, so the net movement of water will be INTO the cell

In a ____ environment, the osmotic pressure of the environment is GREATER, so the net movement is OUTWARD and results in PLASMOLYSIS!

In a ___HYPEROSMOTIC_ environment, the osmotic pressure of the environment is GREATER, so the net movement is OUTWARD and results in PLASMOLYSIS! Note the shrinking membrane (CM) and the rigid cell wall in the hyperosmotic solution!!

In a solution in which solute concentration is LOW, water concentration is:

In a solution in which solute concentration is LOW, water concentration is:HIGH and vice versa

irrespective of a cell's efforts to control its internal environment, natural forces will cause water to move through its semipermeable membrane from an area of :

LOW solute concentration to an area of HIGH solute concentration!!

Most bacterial residents in the human body, as well as numerous pathogens, are:

MESOPHILES!! <3

Many bacteria regulate turgor pressure by transporting in and maintaing a relatively HIGH cytoplasmic potassium or sodium ion concentration, thereby creating a concentration gradient that promotes inward:

Many bacteria regulate turgor pressure by transporting in and maintaing a relatively HIGH cytoplasmic potassium or sodium ion concentration, thereby creating a concentration gradient that promotes inward:DIFFUSION of water

Mesophilic organisms prefer temperatures:

Mesophilic organisms prefer temperatures:15-45C!!!

Osmotic pressure-

Osmotic pressure is a quantifiable term and refers, specifically, to the ability of a solution to pull water toward itself through a semipermeable membrane.

Whereas eukaryotic cells burst with a constant influx of water, prokaryotes require water to prevent shrinking of the celll membrane- resulting in separation from the cell wall- an occurrence known as:

PLASMOLYSIS!!

organisms that grow only below 20 C are called:

PSYCHROPHILES!!

Organisms adapted to cold habitats that fluctuate from about 0C to above 30 C are called

PSYCHROTROPHS! <3

Plasmolysis is:

Plasmolysis is:the separation of the cell membrane from the cell wall!!

Plasmolysis occurs in:

Plasmolysis occurs in:HYPERTONIC SOLUTIONS!!! <3

Where are psychrophiles found?

Psychrophiles are common in the ocean, Arctic, and Antartic habitats where the temperature remains permanently cold w/ little or no fluctuation.

SIM-

SIM- Sulfur reduction, indole production, Motility!! <3

TSIA-

TSIA- Gas production, Sugar fermentation, Sulfur reduction

Osmosis:

Therefore water moves through a cell membrane from where its concentration is high to where its concentration is LOW!! This process is called osmosis, and the force that controls it is called osmotic pressure!! <3

Obligate thermophiles

Thermophiles that will NOT grow below 40 C

Between about 100 nm and 380 nm (just above visible light) is the sliver known as:

ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT!! <3

UV- B

UV- B: wavelengths between 280-315 nm!! <3

UV-C

UV-C wavelengths ranging from 100 to 280 nm (these wavelengths are most detrimental to bacteria. Bacterial exposure to UV C for more than a few minutes usually results in irreparable DNA damage and death of the organism!! <3

Ultraviolet light is divided into three groups catergorized by wavelength: UV-A

Ultraviolet light is divided into three groups catergorized by wavelength: 1) UV-A, the longest wavelengths, ranging from 315 -400 nm!!<3

Ultraviolet radiation (UV light) is a type of _____

Ultraviolet radiation (UV light) is a type of _____electromagnetic energy!!! <3

Urea broth-

Urea broth- Intracellular exoenzyme activity!! <3

Like all electromagnetic energy, UV travels in waves and is distinguishable from all others by its :

WAVELENGTH

______ is the distance between adjacent wave crests and is typically measure in nanometers (nm)

_WAVELENGTH_____ is the distance between adjacent wave crests and is typically measure in nanometers (nm)

______ are organisms adapted to temperatures above 40C.

___THERMOPHILES___ are organisms adapted to temperatures above 40C.

________ grow optimally in NaCl concentrations of 3% or higher!!

_____HALOPHILES___ grow optimally in NaCl concentrations of 3% or higher!!

Nutrient utilization tests, like the Citrate test:

are DEFINED media, designed to differentiate organisms based on their ability to grow when an essential nutrient (carbon or nitrogen) is strictly LIMITED!! <3

Where are thermophiles typically found?

composting organic material and in hot springs

Radio waves, at the other end of the spectrum, can be:

one kilometer or longer!!

Facultative thermophiles

those that will grow below 40 C are known as facultative thermophiles

Prokaryotes, like plants, require water to maintain cellular:

turgor pressure!! <3