QUIZ 6

55) The roundworm body cavity is ________, whereas the planarian body cavity is ________. a) pseudocoelomic; acoelomic b) protosoma; deuterstomia c) deuterstomia; protosoma d) acoelomic; eucoelomic e) eucoelomic; pseudocoelomic

A

Blood is best classified as connective tissue because ________. A) its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix B) it contains more than one type of cell C) its cells can move from place to place D) it is found within all the organs of the body

A

Determinant cleavage refers to the fact that the __________. a) developmental fate of each embryonic cell allows it to set its fate b) developmental fate of each embryonic cell is determined very early c) embryonic cells decide what organ they want to become d) adult cells decide what organ they want to become e) identical twins have determined identical tissues

A

In a certain group of people, 4% are born with sickle-cell disease (homozygous recessive). If this group is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what percentage of the group is heterozygous for the sickle hemoglobin allele? A) 32% B) 2% C) 4% D) 8% E) 16%

A

In a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, 64% of the individuals express the recessive phenotype for a particular gene locus. What is the expected frequency of the dominant allele in this population? A) 0.8 B) 0.64 C) 0.04 D) 1 E) 0.2

A

In a typical angiosperm, what is the sequence of structures encountered by the tip of a growing pollen tube on its way to the egg? 1. micropyle 2. style 3. ovary 4. stigma A) 4 → 2 → 3 → 1 B) 4 → 3 → 2 → 1 C) 1 → 3 → 4 → 2 D) 3 → 2 → 4 → 1

A

In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in an endosperm nucleus? A) 8 B) 16 C) 24 D) 32

A

Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles. Which of the following traits shared by mammals and birds best explains this habit? A) endothermy B) ectothermy C) amniotic egg D) terrestrial habitat

A

Many young animals are __________, a sexually immature form that is morphologically distinct from the adult stage. These young animals undergo __________ to become __________, which resemble adults but are not yet sexually mature. a) larvae; metamorphosis; juveniles b) larvae; metamorphosis; adults c) juvenile; metamorphosis; adults d) juvenile; gastrulation; adults e) larvae; gastrulation; juveniles

A

Most land-dwelling invertebrates and all of the amphibians ________. A) are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures B) alter their metabolic rates to maintain a constant body temperature of 37°C C) are endotherms but become thermo-conformers when they are in water D) become more active when environmental temperatures drop below 15°C

A

No two people are genetically identical, except for identical twins. The main source of genetic variation among human individuals is __________. A) the reshuffling of alleles in sexual reproduction B) new mutations that occurred in the preceding generation C) genetic drift due to the small size of the population D) geographic variation within the population E) environmental effects

A

On an evolutionary tree, __________. A. homologous characteristics form a nested pattern A) organisms that are positioned close to each other are closely related B) scientists are sure of the correct placement and relationships of all organisms C) the concept of descent with modification is not well-represented D) None of the listed responses is correct.

A

Portions of the genomes of certain prokaryotic species are very similar to portions of the genomes of distantly related prokaryotes. The process that most likely accounts for this genetic similarity is __________. A) horizontal gene transfer B) convergent evolution C) identical mutations occurring independently in these distantly related lineages D) genetic variation arising from binary fission E) genetic variation arising from meiosis

A

Radially symmetric animals tend to be __________, while bilaterally symmetric animals ___________. a) sessile and attached or planktonic and drifting; are involved in complex movements that allow them to crawl, burrow, fly, or swim b) sessile and drifting or planktonic and attached; are involved in complex movements that allow them to crawl, burrow, fly, or swim c) involved in complex movements that allow them to crawl, burrow, fly, or swim; are sessile and drifting or planktonic and attached d) involved in complex movements that allow them to crawl, burrow, fly, or swim; are sessile and attached or planktonic and drifting

A

Stabilizing selection __________. A) favors intermediate variants in a population B) prevents mutations from occurring C) occurs when some individuals migrate to an area with different environmental conditions D) usually results in two distinct phenotypes E) occurs only in plants

A

Tapeworms are highly specialized worms that make their living as endoparasites. To which of the following phyla do the tapeworms belong? a) phylum Platyhelminthes b) phylum Annelida c) phylum Mollusca d) phylum Nematoda e) phylum Arthropoda

A

The oxygen released by photosynthesis is produced by which of the following processes? A) splitting water molecules B) chemiosmosis C) the electron transfer system of photosystem I D) the electron transfer system of photosystem II

A

The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these data? A) Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy. B) Humans and bats evolved by natural selection, and whales evolved by Lamarckian mechanisms. C) Forelimb evolution was adaptive in people and bats, but not in whales. D) Genes mutate faster in whales than in humans or bats. E) Whales are not properly classified as mammals.

A

Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, as do extinct species U and V. A grouping that consists of species T, X, Y, and Z (but not U or V) makes up __________. a) a paraphyletic group b) a valid taxon c) a monophyletic clade d) an ingroup, with species U as the outgroup e) a polyphyletic group

A

Which of the following is a group within the domain Eukarya? A) Fungi B) Archaea C) Bacteria

A

Which of the following is the best example of gene flow? A) Wind blows pollen from one population of plants to another and cross-fertilization occurs. B) A small population of humans colonizes a newly formed island. C) Genes are shuffled by the crossing over of chromosomes during meiosis. D) An earthquake results in the formation of a canyon, splitting a population of toads apart. E) A fire drastically reduces the size of a white-tailed deer population. The remaining individuals spread out throughout the remaining forest.

A

Which of the following statements about water is false? A) Ice is denser than liquid water. B) Water naturally exists in all three physical states on Earth. C) Floating ice on a pond insulates the liquid water below, slowing its rate of freezing. D) If ice sank, the oceans would eventually freeze solid.

A

Which of the following statements best describes the rationale for applying the principle of maximum parsimony in constructing phylogenetic trees? a) Parsimony allows the researcher to "root" the tree. b) Similarity due to common ancestry should be more common than similarity due to convergent evolution. c) The molecular clock validates the principle of parsimony. d) The outgroup roots the tree, allowing the principle of parsimony to be applied.

A

Which of the following statements correctly describe(s) characteristics of genetic drift? A) All of the listed responses are correct. B) It is significant in small populations. C) It can cause allele frequencies to change at random. D) It can lead to a loss of genetic variation in a population. E) It can cause harmful alleles to become fixed in a population.

A

Which of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans? A) a mineralized, bony skeleton B) opercula C) a spiral valve intestine D) a swim bladder

A

Which tissue type or organ is not correctly matched with its germ layer tissue? A) nervous—mesoderm B) muscular—mesoderm C) stomach—endoderm D) skin—ectoderm

A

While hiking through a forest, you discover a fungus growing on the remains of a decaying tree trunk. You hypothesize that it is a basidiomycete fungus because it resembles a mushroom in shape and size. If your logic is correct, microscopic analysis of the tissue found in the stalk of this fungus will reveal the presence of __________. a) monokaryotic cells with a haploid nucleus b) dikaryotic cells with haploid nuclei c) monokaryotic cells with diploid nuclei d) dikaryotic cells with diploid nuclei e) More than one of the cell types listed is correct.

A

a) Branch point 2 indicates a common ancestor for Taxa A, D, and E, but not B or C. b) Taxon F is the common ancestor to all other taxa shown. c) Taxon A is the sister taxon of the lineage that includes Taxa B and C.

A

Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest, assuming that they all come from the same fungus. A) mycelium, gill, basidiocarp, basidium, basidiospore B) gill, basidiocarp, mycelium, basidium, basidiospore C) gill, basidiocarp, basidiospore, basidium, mycelium D) mycelium, basidiocarp, gill, basidium, basidiospore

B

At the time Darwin voyaged on the HMS Beagle, the popularly accepted theory in Western culture that explained the origin of Earth's plants and animals held that the various species __________. A) arose continually from nonliving materials by spontaneous generation B) had been created by divine intervention a few thousand years before C) had evolved from now-extinct organisms D) arose from a single species that had survived the biblical flood E) are all related to one another

B

Generally, epithelial cell layers are responsible for separating two fluids. For example, the epithelium of blood vessels in animals separates the blood from the interstitial fluid. What characteristic would you expect to see in an epithelium that was specialized for passive diffusion of materials from one fluid to another? A) a single layer of flattened cells B) many layers of cells stacked together C) large, cube-shaped cells D) loosely connected cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix

B

Suppose a researcher for a pest-control company developed a chemical that inhibited the development of an embryonic mosquito's endodermal cells. Which of the following would be a likely mechanism by which this pesticide works? A) The mosquito would develop a weakened exoskeleton that would make it vulnerable to trauma. B) The mosquito would have trouble digesting food, due to impaired gut function. C) The mosquito would have trouble with respiration and circulation, due to impaired muscle function. D) The mosquito wouldn't be affected at all.

B

The apoplast in plant tissues consists of ________. A) cell walls, extracellular spaces, and plasmodesmata B) cell walls, extracellular spaces, and vessel elements C) vessel elements, plasmodesmata, and extracellular spaces D) cell walls, plasma membrane, and cytosol

B

The phage reproductive cycle that kills the bacterial host cell is a __________ cycle, and a phage that always reproduces this way is a __________ phage. A) lytic; lysogenic B) lytic; virulent C) lysogenic; temperate D) virulent; lytic E) lysogenic; virulent

B

Which of the following events accompanies absorption of energy by chlorophyll molecules of the reaction-center complex? A) ATP is synthesized from the energy absorbed. B) An electron is excited. C) NADP+ is reduced to NADPH. D) A molecule of water is split.

B

An elephant and a mouse are running in full sunlight, and both overheat by the same amount above their normal body temperatures. When they move into the shade and rest, which animal will cool down faster? A) The elephant will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio. B) The elephant will because it has the lower surface-area-to-volume ratio. C) The mouse will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio. D) They will cool at the same rate because they overheated by the same amount.

C

Bacteria that use light for their energy source and CO2 for their carbon source are called __________. a. photoheterotrophs b. Chemoautotrophs c. photoautotrophs d. chemoheterotrophs e. photochemoheterotrophs

C

Homologies that appear to have marginal, if any, importance to an organism are called __________. A) adaptations B) homologous structures C) vestigial structures D) acquired characteristics E) mutations

C

How does our understanding of genetics today refute Lamarck's principle of the inheritance of acquired characteristics? A) Experiments in genetics show that traits acquired during an individual's lifetime are inherited in the way proposed by Lamarck. B) Parts of the body that are not used will deteriorate over time. C) Experiments in genetics show that traits acquired during an individual's lifetime are not inherited in the way proposed by Lamarck. D) Parts of the body that are used extensively will become stronger and be passed to offspring. E) All organisms are perfect and permanent.

C

In many animals, fat is stored in specialized cells in the ________. A) bone B) muscle C) adipose tissue D) blood

C

Organisms maintain dynamic homeostasis through behavioral and physiological mechanisms. Which of the following statements is an accurate explanation of a negative feedback mechanism used by animals to regulate body temperature? A) Squirrels are able to cool themselves during warmer months by producing more brown fat, which contains abundant mitochondria and a rich blood supply. B) Desert jackrabbits have unusually large ears that serve as solar heat collectors to enable them to maintain their body temperatures. C) A ground squirrel's hypothalamus detects changes in environmental temperatures and responds by activating or suppressing metabolic heat production. D) A goldfish slows its movements when the water temperature is lower.

C

The robot's cardiac cells, working together in synchrony, could be considered at what level in life's hierarchy of organization? A) Organism B) organelle C) tissue D) organ system

C

Transpiration in plants requires ________. I) adhesion of water molecules to cellulose II) cohesion between water molecules III) evaporation of water molecules IV) active transport through xylem cells V) transport through tracheids A) I, III, IV, and V B) I, II, IV, and V C) I, II, III, and V D) I, II, III, and IV

C

What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means? 1. The exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks. 2. The seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal's mouth. 3. The seed coat should be able to withstand low pHs. 4. The seed coat, upon its complete digestion, should provide vitamins or nutrients to animals. 5. The seed coat should be resistant to the animals' digestive enzymes. A) 4 only B) 1 and 2 C) 3 and 5 D) 3, 4, and 5

C

Which of the following processes would be most directly affected if a thylakoid membrane is punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma? A) splitting of water B) flow of electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I C) synthesis of ATP D) reduction of NADP+

C

Which of these statements accurately describes a similarity between sharks and ray-finned fishes? A) They are equally able to exchange gases with the environment while stationary. B) They are highly maneuverable due to their flexibility. C) They have a lateral line that is sensitive to vibrations. D) A swim bladder helps control buoyancy.

C

Which statement about genetics is true? A) Genes are proteins that produce DNA. B) DNA is made up of six different kinds of nucleotides. C) Differences among organisms reflect different nucleotide sequences in their DNA. D) Each DNA molecule is a single strand of nucleotides.

C

Why are viruses often considered to be nonliving? A) Viruses can replicate outside of a host cell. B) Viruses carry genetic information. C) Viruses do not carry out metabolic processes, a primary characteristic of living organisms. D) Viruses can reproduce. E) Viruses have plasma membranes similar to those of other types of cells.

C

..............are weak bonds that are not strong enough to hold atoms together to form molecules but are strong enough to form bonds within and around large molecules. A) Ionic bonds B) Covalent bonds C) Polar covalent bonds D) Hydrogen bonds

D

47) During sexual reproduction of Neurospora, you observe asci that contain _________ ascospores that resulted from _________. a) eight; mitosis followed by meiosis b) eight; meiosis followed by mitosis c) four; meiosis d) four; mitosis e) eight; two consecutive rounds of mitosis

D

A theory is a(n) A) idea that has been proven. B) concept in the early stages that still needs to be tested. C) C) description of a belief that invokes the supernatural. D) explanation of an idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence.

D

Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, which of the following sequences describes structures from largest to smallest? A) gametes, gametophytes, antheridia B) gametes, antheridia, gametophytes C) gametophytes, gametes, antheridia D) gametophytes, antheridia, gametes

D

Chitin is a long-chain polymer derived from glucose. It strengthens cell walls of fungi and the outer covering (exoskeleton) of arthropods (including crabs, shrimps, and insects). The presence of chitin in these groups is likely due to ________. A) secondary endoparasitism B) horizontal gene transfer C) paraphyletic evolution D) convergent evolution

D

Fungi belong to the clade ___________. a) nucleariids b) chytrids c) deuteromycetes d) opisthokonts e) glomeromycetes

D

In a water molecule, hydrogen and oxygen are held together by a A) double covalent B) nonpolar covalent C) hydrogen D) polar covalent

D

Some animals have no gills when young, but then develop gills that grow larger as the animal grows larger. What is the reason for this increase in gill size? A) The young of these animals are much more active than the adult, which leads to a higher BMR (basal metabolic rate) and, therefore, a higher need for oxygen. B) Relative to their volume, the young have more surface area across which they can transport all the oxygen they need. C) The young have a higher BMR. D) Relative to their surface area, the young have more body volume in which they can store oxygen for long periods of time.

D

Some digestion in sponges takes place in the __________. a) osculum b) gastrovascular cavity c) spongocoel d) amoebocytes e) gastrointestinal tract

D

Some nematode worms suck plant juices from the roots of plants and are economically important agricultural pests. Some fungi are usually decomposers of plant material, but some trap and kill nematodes at times. Arthrobotrys traps and kills nematodes, especially when they lack nitrogen sources. These two facts suggest that farmers could find Arthrobotrys an important tool in combating nematode infestations. Which of the following research questions would make a good starting point for developing such a defense against plant-sucking nematodes? A) Does nitrogen fertilization of crops affect the likelihood that Arthrobotrys will trap and kill nematodes? B) Do nitrogen-fixing bacteria provide nitrogen to the fungi? C) What is the evolutionarily oldest method of trapping nematodes? D) What mechanisms do nematodes have that could allow them to escape from Arthrobotrys?

D

Symmetry is one of the most basic characteristics of animals. The group that has a different symmetry from the other four groups listed here is the __________. a) arthropods b) chordates c) molluscs d) jellies e) annelids

D

The three main body parts of the phylum Mollusca are a ___________. a) muscular foot, a visceral mass, and a radula b) lophophore, a visceral mass, and a mantle c) muscular foot, a visceral mass, and a scolex d) muscular foot, a visceral mass, and a mantle e) muscular foot, a proglottid, and a mantle

D

To be scientifically valid, a hypothesis must be A) part of a theory. B) controlled. C) reasonable. D) testable and falsifiable.

D

Vertebrates and tunicates share ________. A) jaws adapted for feeding B) a high degree of cephalization C) the formation of structures from the neural crest D) a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord

D

What do animals ranging from corals to monkeys have in common? A) a mouth and an anus B) number of embryonic tissue layers C) some type of body symmetry D) presence of Hox gene

D

Which choice below generally represents the correct order of events in fungal sexual reproduction? a) Karyogamy, meiosis, plasmogamy, germination b) Meiosis, plasmogamy, karyogamy, germination c) Germination, meiosis, karyogamy, plasmogamy d) Plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis, germination e) Plasmogamy, meiosis, germination, karyogamy

D

Which of the following arise(s), directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity? A) secondary xylem B) leaves C) dermal tissue D) all of the above

D

Which of the following statements comparing symmetry in sessile and swimming animals is most probable? A) Radial symmetry is more advantageous for active swimming than is bilateral symmetry. B) Radial symmetry occurs most frequently in animals that catch their prey by rapid swimming. C) Bilateral symmetry allowed animals to evolve nerves. D) Bilaterally symmetric animals can be streamlined for swimming, but radially symmetric animals cannot.

D

Which of the following statements regarding matter is false? A) All life is composed of matter. B) All matter has mass. C) All matter is composed of elements. D) All matter exists in the form of compounds.

D

Which statement about the properties of life is false? A) Organisms have the ability to take in energy and use it. B) Organisms have the ability to respond to stimuli from the environment. C) Organisms have the ability to reproduce. D) Organisms have an unchanging, constant internal environment.

D

Which structure is correctly paired with its tissue system? A) root hair—vascular tissue B) guard cell—vascular tissue C) companion cell—ground tissue D) tracheid—vascular tissue

D

Alternation of multicellular generation involves what? A. Life cycle alternates between diploid and haploid B. There are different structures for both C. Gametophyte is the plant in its haploid phase D. Sporophyte is the plant in its diploid phase E. All of the above.

E

Bacteria function primarily in which ecological role? A) Mutualism B) Commensalism C) Parasitism D) Decomposition E) Bacteria are common in all of the listed ecological roles.

E

Genomes of viruses may consist of which of the following types of nucleic acids? A) double-stranded DNA B) single-stranded RNA C) single-stranded DNA D) double-stranded RNA E) All of the listed responses are correct.

E

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, 2pq represents __________. A) the expected frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype B) the expected frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype C) the expected frequency of the dominant allele D) the expected frequency of the recessive allele E) the expected frequency of the heterozygous genotype

E

The sickle-cell allele, which is recessive, causes anemia but confers resistance to malaria in individuals who possess it. However, homozygous recessive individuals often die from anemia but not from malaria, and homozygous dominant individuals do not have anemia but could die from malaria. Heterozygous individuals have the highest relative fitness. This is an example of __________. A) the homozygous dominant advantage B) the homozygous recessive advantage C) genetic drift D) gene flow E) the heterozygote advantage

E

Which of the following can form entirely new alleles? A) Natural selection B) Genetic drift C) Sexual recombination D) The environment E) Mutation

E