Quiz 7 Practice Psych 101
When Samantha meets Brenda, who has a laidback attitude and long hair, she promptly concludes that Brenda is Californian even before interacting with her. However, there are many English women who have a laidback attitude and long hair. On what is Samantha's initial judgment based?
A representativeness heuristic
When teaching a monkey human language, using _____ has been MOST effective.
American Sign Language
Which of the following is an example of critical thinking in the context of news about unidentified sightings?
"It needs to be corroborated by watertight evidence so that we know these really are UFOs."
When performing a mental rotation task, participants are fastest at identifying identical objects when the paired objects are rotated at _____ from each other, and slowest when the paired objects are rotated at _____ from each other.
0°; 180°
By the time the average child begins school, he or she will have a vocabulary of approximately _____ words.
10,000
Are the milestones of language development dependent on cognitive development?
No; milestones of language learning follow the same pattern, even in cognitively advanced children.
While working on his post-doctoral thesis, Simon reads several scientific articles and carefully analyzes and evaluates the conclusions based on the facts and evidence at hand. He then makes sound judgments based on his own research and previous researches, both of which are validated through repeated experiments. Which of the following is Simon doing?
Critical thinking
A dime is used to pay for things, which is why many people do not realize that it can be used as a screwdriver. This lack of creative insight is an example of:
Functional fixedness
_____ is the tendency to perceive objects as used only for their typical purpose.
Functional fixedness
People with ______ are LEAST likely have occasion to defend their decision-making strategies by citing such adages as "Nothing ventured, nothing gained" or "High risk, high reward."
Generalized anxiety disorder
_____ refer(s) to the set of rules by which we organize the units of language into meaningful messages.
Grammar
Which choice describes an ill-defined problem?
How to be a better person
Which choice describes an ill-defined problem?
How to find a life partner
Which choice is NOT an ill-defined problem?
How to put together a bookcase
What statement is FALSE?
Human language has existed in spoken form for about 10,000 years.
When someone uses _____, that person restructures problems to make them solvable.
Insight
Which condition is sufficient for something to be a cup instead of a bowl?
It has a handle
Through many brain tests, Jasmin found out that the gray matter in her left parietal lobe was much denser than her daughter's left parietal lobe. Which statement is the MOST likely scenario?
Jasmin is bilingual, while her daughter is monolingual.
The textbook discusses the tragic case of Genie, as well as research about language acquisition in immigrants. Which conclusion would be consistent with these examples?
Language can be acquired during a restricted period of development.
When a person breaks a problem down into steps and works to find a solution by reducing the differences between the his or her goal and the current situation, that person is using a(n) _____ analysis.
Means-end
Gabrielle teaches her fourth-grade students about abstractions such as beauty and justice. Which of the following can aid the students' understanding of such abstractions?
Mental representation
Neil uses the premise that all squares are rectangles. On the basis of this premise, he states that all rectangles have four sides. Therefore, he concludes that all squares must also have four sides. In which of the following is Neil engaged?
Deductive reasoning
Which of the following is a term used by psychologists to describe an image or idea in the mind that stands for an external object or thing sensed in the past or future, not the present?
Mental representation
Chomsky proposed that language occurs because children:
NOT THIS are driven to learn language so that they can engage in social interactions with others.
While teaching apes to communicate, _____ is used to manipulate their hands into the correct signs.
NOT shaping so its one of these syntax,molding,aphasia
"Ma" is an example of _____, while "the" is an example of _____.
a phoneme; a morpheme
What is NOT a part of the textbook's definition of language?
a set of verbal signals
Many ____________ are difficult to describe in words, but we often can define them using _____________, which are typical and familiar members of a particular class.
concepts; prototypes
When using insight or analytic strategies to solve problems:
different brain areas are used
According to the text and online lessons, the best thing you can do to test your ideas is to attempt to _________ them, but the phenomenon known as ____________ demonstrates that people don't often do this.
disprove; the confirmation bias
If a little girl has never seen a Chihuahua, but she has seen somewhat similar types of dog breeds such as rat terriers and miniature pinschers, which theory would better predict her ability to correctly identify a Chihuahua as a dog?
exemplar
Activity in the prefrontal cortex is MOST likely _____ correlated with gains in a laboratory gambling task.
Positively
A beach holiday may be the best example of a vacation. In this instance, a beach holiday is a ____ of the concept of a vacation.
Prototype
_____ are convenient representations of categories because they reflect the most typical instance of the category.
Prototypes
Lachelle has found two suitable apartments in her price range. Both require an application fee; Lachelle can afford only one of the fees, however. To make her decision, she multiplies her liking for each apartment on a 10-point scale by her estimate that her application for the apartment will be successful. Lachelle is basing her decision-making method on:
Rational choice theory
Which theory posited that when given a choice between two or more options, humans will choose the one that is most likely to help them achieve their particular goals?
Rational choice theory
Damage to the prefrontal cortex can lead people to make _____ decisions.
Riskier
Liam goes to a music store. Not knowing which DVDs to buy, he ends up buying DVDs of movies, trailers he has often seen on television. Which of the following indicates the judgment Liam uses when buying the DVDs?
The availability heuristic
Miriam engages in deductive reasoning. Which of the following is a prerequisite if her conclusions are to be correct?
The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true.
Identify a difference between visual perception and visual imagery.
Visual perception occurs while the stimulus is still present, whereas visual imagery consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present.
Alejandro is bilingual. One of the consequences of his being bilingual may be:
a later onset of Alzheimer's.
Will is trying to convince his parents to buy him a car and quotes the statistic that teenagers are 30% less likely to get into an accident in their own car than a parent's car. He doesn't mention that teenagers are 70% more likely to get into an accident in their own car. He is attempting to use the:
framing effect.
Adults are quite good at estimating the _____ with which things occur but not as good at estimating _____.
frequency; probability
Sarah is on her way to an important meeting. She notices that the hem of her pants has come loose on one side. She looks in her desk drawer for a sewing kit. She moves her stapler and her tape out of the way but still can't find the sewing kit. She decides to go to the meeting with her pants hem hanging down. Sarah's failure to see the tape or stapler as possible tools for fixing her pants indicates that she may be showing:
functional fixedness.
When conducting a means-end analysis, important first steps are to identify the _____ and the _____.
goal state; current state
Chomsky proposed that language occurs because children:
have an innate, biological capacity for language.
People's tendency to give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is worded is called the:
framing effect.
Before they ran any actual experiments, John Darley and Bibb Latané based the development of their theory of diffusion of responsibility on the highly publicized murder of Kitty Genovese and a few other similar instances. This would represent an instance where science is utilizing __________ reasoning.
inductive
When you use _____, you unconsciously restructure a problem to convert it into a problem you already know how to solve.
insight
Having an "aha!" moment as a solution seems to arise spontaneously is an example of _____ and may be due to _____ processes.
insight; subconscious
Which condition is sufficient for something to be classified as a fish?
it breathes with gills
Research on language and thought has demonstrated that:
language influences but does not determine the way humans think.
Older adopted Chinese children:
learn English faster than do English infants.
What is NOT a limitation apes exhibit when learning, comprehending, and using human language?
limited capacity to learn language
Prospect theory assumes that people are:
more willing to take risks to avoid losses than to achieve gains.
A(n) _____ is something that must be true of the object for it to belong to the category.
necessary condition
An instructor states that an animal must have a spinal column to be a vertebrate. The instructor is stating that with respect to the concept of vertebrate, a spinal column is a(n):
necessary condition
Research shows that the right hemisphere:
participates in language comprehension.
What is the CORRECT order for language units from smallest to largest?
phonemes, morphemes, words, phrases, sentences
Research has shown that apes can:
process grammatically complex sentences.
For many people, a trout is a better _____ of a fish than is a coelacanth.
prototype
In the context of verbal representations of one's thoughts and perceptions, the best-fitting example of a category is known as a(n) ______.
prototype
When we judge the value of an outcome and multiply it by how likely something is to happen, we are making use of:
rational choice theory.
The behaviorist approach to language development suggests that _____ plays a key role in learning words and grammar, while the nativists claim that la
reinforcement; biologically
When a person is involved in belief-laden reasoning in which conclusions conflict with pre-existing knowledge, the person's _____ shows increased activity.
right prefrontal cortex
Which answer choice is a morpheme?
she
Which phrase is NOT an example of overregularization?
she jumped
Patients with damage to Wernicke's area and those with Broca's aphasia provide evidence that language is:
specialized within specific brain regions over time.
Exemplar theory is more comprehensive than prototype theory because it:
takes into account specific instances plus the most common example of a category.
Children's two-word sentences such as "more milk" or "throw ball" are referred to as _____ because they are devoid of function morphemes and consist mostly of content words.
telegraphic speech
Tammy is thinking about a belief-laden statement, and Allison is thinking about a belief-neutral statement. Tammy's _____ lobe is activated, and Allison's _____ lobe shows activity.
temporal; parietal
The fact that category-specific brain deficits have been observed in a 16-year-old boy who suffered a stroke one day after he was born suggests that:
the brain is prewired to organize some categories.
A carpenter suffers a stroke and now cannot recognize the difference between a saw and a hammer. The carpenter probably suffered damage to which area of his brain?
the region where the temporal lobe meets the parietal and occipital lobes
Your aunt is staying in a very unhappy marriage because she has invested 15 years of her life in her partner. What problematic decision-making process is she using?
the sunk-cost fallacy
Another term for "logical," when referring to reasoning, is:
valid.
When people judge the _____ of an outcome and multiply it by how likely something is to happen, they are making use of rational choice theory.
value
The _____ is most involved in forming prototypes, and the _____ is more active when recognizing exemplars.
visual cortex; prefrontal cortex
The _____ is most involved in forming prototypes, and the _____ are more active when recognizing exemplars.
visual cortex; prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia
Research on naming colors has shown that:
young children make more errors in identifying colors than do older children, regardless of the language.
Which of the following refers to the science of how people think, learn, remember, and perceive? A. Evolutionary psychology
Cognitive psychology
A bird has two legs, two eyes, and feathers, and it uses its wings to fly in the sky. The organizing of this information about birds is known as a(n):
Concept
When Bobby sees an apple, a banana, and an orange, he probably categorizes all these objects together as the _____ of "fruit."
Concept
Which of the following represents the most basic unit of knowledge?
Concept
Vivian likes to talk to those who second her opinions. When someone contradicts her, she retorts that they are novices and have no expertise in that field of knowledge. Which of the following phenomena best describes Vivian's behavior?
Confirmation bias
Which of the following occurs when people say the combination of two events is more likely than either event alone?
Conjunction fallacy
Which of the following explains inductive reasoning?Drawing general conclusions from specific evidence
Drawing general conclusions from specific evidence
_____ theory states that people make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for all other instances of the category.
Exemplar
Fred usually believes in making heuristic decisions. Based on this statement, which of the following is most likely to be true?
He does not debate with himself for very long before making a decision.
Suppose that sports fans in the United States were given a list of the names of all the medal winners in the last Olympics. After a few minutes of study, the fans were asked to estimate what percentage of medals the United States won. The fans probably will _____ this number because of the _____.
Overestimate; availability bias
People's reluctance to "cut their losses" and move on when they have already made a substantial investment of time or money BEST reflects an irrational decision-making process called the:
Sunk cost fallacy
_____ rules indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences.
Syntactic
Which of the following best describes mental rotation?
The process of imagining an object rotating in three-dimensional space
Which of the following is true of mental representations?
They are frequently not about things one is currently sensing.
Babies are born with the ability to recognize and distinguish:
all phonemes from all human languages.
Gustav is trying to move a piano out of his apartment, which is on the fourth floor of a building without an elevator. He recalls how he got the piano into the apartment and simply reverses that approach, demonstrating:
analogical problem solving
When Naomi navigates through a city that she has never visited before, she relies on _____, using her previous experiences of navigating through cities to get where she is going.
analogical problem solving
Gerardo wants to change the water pump in his car. To solve the problem, he thinks back to how he changed the water pump in his sister's car. Gerardo is demonstrating:
analogical problem solving.
Gustav is trying to move a piano out of his apartment, which is on the fourth floor of a building without an elevator. He recalls how he got the piano into the apartment and simply reverses that approach, demonstrating:
analogical problem solving.
Research on participants with prefrontal cortex damage suggests that these patients make more risky decisions because the:
anticipatory emotional reactions that usually guide decision making are absent.
In 1984, neuropsychologists reported four patients who could recognize information about human-made objects, but their ability to recognize information about living things and foods was severely impaired. What is the name of this syndrome?
aphasia
Brain imaging studies show that many brain regions that are active when people perceive real objects __________ when people form mental images of those objects.
are also active
With respect to verbal representation of one's thoughts, a _________ is a concept that organizes other concepts around what they all share in common.
category
the context of verbal representation of one's thoughts and perceptions, ______ lets us know that certain concepts are related in a particular way, with some being general and other specific.
concept hierarchy
A psychologist has a theory about how hunger influences the behavior of rats and designs an experiment to test a specific if-then hypothesis such as, "If the rats are hungry, then they will run a maze more quickly." The hypothesis testing process in this example best illustrates ____________ reasoning.
deductive
Initial studies on bilingualism and cognitive development were likely confounded by the:
fact that the cognitive tests were given in English, even if that was not the child's first language.
According to prototype theory, classifications of new objects are made based on:
how they compare to the best or most typical member of a category.
Which challenge is an ill-defined problem?
how to be a happier person
Because snow and the different types of snow are so important to the Inuits, they have developed a language with many different words for snow. This BEST supports the:
linguistic relativity hypothesis.
When Woody breaks problems down into steps, working to reduce the differences between his goal and his current situation to find a solution, he is using:
means-ends analysis.
The president is managing a war that is not going well. Nevertheless, he refuses to withdraw troops, arguing that doing so would waste the billions of dollars already spent and thousands of lives already lost fighting the war. The president's reasoning illustrates the:
sunk-cost fallacy.
Which strategy involves using an algorithm when solving a problem?
sunk-cost fallacy.
Studies of the Himba tribe children _____ the linguistic relativity hypothesis because the Himba children made few errors when labeling colors with the names of the colors that are part of their own language.
support
When presented with an advertisement about a weight-loss product, you should use _____ to evaluate the claims.
syllogistic reasoning
Damage to which brain area can lead people to make riskier decisions?
the prefrontal cortex
The conjunction fallacy describes how people are more likely to think that _____ than that _____.
two events occur together; either individual event occurs separately
