Quiz 8 Metabolism, nutrition, energetics

The molecule that supplies our cells with an immediate source of energy is: glucose. glycogen. ATP. monosaccharide.

ATP.

________ is deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids. A complete protein A fat-soluble vitamin A water-soluble vitamin An incomplete protein

An incomplete protein

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as a) gout. b) rheumatoid arthritis. c) anorexia nervosa. d) lupus.

a) gout.

All of the following take place during the absorptive state except a) ketone bodies begin to form. b) blood glucose levels rise. c) blood lipid levels rise. d) insulin stimulates glycogenesis.

a) ketone bodies begin to form.

Deficiency in what vitamin can result in a condition called scurvy? a) A b) C c) B12 d) D

b) C

The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is a) pantothenic acid. b) pyridoxine (B6). c) folic acid (folate). d) vitamin C. e) vitamin K.

c) folic acid (folate).

The area of the brain that regulates body temperature is the a) medulla oblongata. b) pineal gland. c) hypothalamus. d) cerebral cortex. e) pons

c) hypothalamus.

The electron transport system a) receives electrons from coenzymes. b) produces more the ATP than Glycolysis c) is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane (the cristae). d) All of the answers are correct.

d) All of the answers are correct.

Inadequate exposure to sunlight can result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body. a) A b) B12 c) C d) D e) E

d) D

The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin a) A. b) B. c) C. d) D. e) E.

d) D.

Which of the following carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver? a) Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) b) Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) d) High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

d) High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Lipogenesis generally begins with a) glucose. b) amino acids. c) fatty acids. d) acetyl-CoA.

d) acetyl-CoA.

The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person is called a) body mass index rate. b) homeostasis. c) steady state. d) basal metabolic rate. e) stasis.

d) basal metabolic rate.

The process that catabolizes fatty acids to acetyl-CoA is called a) lipolysis. b) lipogenesis. c) emulsification d) beta-oxidation.

d) beta-oxidation.

The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are the a) high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). b) very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs). c) low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). d) chylomicrons.

d) chylomicrons.

Poisons like cyanide bind to ________ and prevent electron transfer. a) enzymes b) the endoplasmic reticulum c) acetyl-CoA d) cytochromes

d) cytochromes

The process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrates is called a) glycogenolysis. b) glycogenesis. c) glycolysis. d) gluconeogenesis.

d) gluconeogenesis.

The largest lipoproteins, ________, are produced by intestinal epithelial cells from the fats in food. a) very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) b) low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) d) high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) e) chylomicrons

e) chylomicrons

A disorder caused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of a fat-soluble vitamin is known as a) protein deficiency disease. b) Kwashiorkor. c) avitaminosis. d) carbohydrate loading. e) hypervitaminosis.

e) hypervitaminosis.

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called a) glycolysis. b) oxidative phosphorylation. c) catabolism. d) anabolism. e) metabolism.

e) metabolism.

Which of the following hormones is most directly involved during the post-absorptive state? insulin only by radiation thyroid hormone glucagon glycogen

glucagon

The conversion of glycerol and amino acids into glucose in called: glycogenesis glycolysis gluconeogenesis glycogenolysis

gluconeogenesis

Which of the following is most likely to occur if blood glucose levels are elevated? gluconeogenesis glycogenesis glycogenolysis all the above

glycogenesis

Blood glucose levels are increased by: glycogenolysis glycogenesis insulin glycosuria

glycogenolysis

When the blood glucose level becomes low, which of the following would most likely increase? glycogenolysis glycogenesis glycolysis glycosuria

glycogenolysis

If the cell starts with fat as its fuel source, which of the following reactions will NOT occur? electron transport glycolysis Beta-oxidation citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

glycolysis

A mature red blood cell has no mitochondria. Because of this, it can only make ATP by: glycolysis. the Krebs cycle. beta-oxidation. deamination.

glycolysis.

The caloric requirements of an athlete training for a marathon would most likely be: equal to that of an elderly person equal to that of an adult who is moderately active greater than the recommended 2000 kcal/day diet for an average adult less than that of an adult who exercises moderately

greater than the recommended 2000 kcal/day diet for an average adult

During starvation (a long-term situation): little or no glycogen is stored in the liver insulin secretion by the pancreas is increased epinephrine stimulates glycogenesis in muscle cells protein synthesis in the liver and muscles is increasedDuring starvation (a long-term situation): little or no glycogen is stored in the liver insulin secretion by the pancreas is increased epinephrine stimulates glycogenesis in muscle cells protein synthesis in the liver and muscles is increased

little or no glycogen is stored in the liver

Which of the following have the most similar functions? niacin (NAD) and riboflavin (FAD) pantothenic acid and riboflavin (FAD) thiamin and niacin (NAD) pantothenic acid and thiamin

niacin (NAD) and riboflavin (FAD)

NAD, which acts as a hydrogen carrier in the cell, is derived from: thiamin. niacin (nicotinic acid). riboflavin. pyruvic acid.

niacin (nicotinic acid).

Coenzyme A is derived from: pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5). thiamin. cytochromes. ATP.

pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5).

The increase in body temperature during exercise: results from a greatly increased metabolism occurs when the body is not producing enough heat normally is due to failure of heat loss mechanisms occurs only during running exercises

results from a greatly increased metabolism

Low-density lipoproteins function to: transport cholesterol to cells for use in plasma membranes or hormone synthesis transport cholesterol to the liver for removal assist lacteals in the absorption of fatty acids lower cholesterol levels

transport cholesterol to cells for use in plasma membranes or hormone synthesis

True or False: One of the major results of cellular respiration is heat. true false

true

What is the net energy yield of the citric acid (Krebs) cycle? 34 ATP 4 ATP 2 ATP 38 ATP

2 ATP

________ contains all of the essential amino acids. A complete protein A carbohydrate An essential fatty acid A water-soluble vitamin A fat-soluble vitamin

A complete protein

Which of the following is calculated directly by using a person's height and weight? basal metabolic rate rate of ATP production BMI energy (caloric) needs

BMI

A decrease in body weight occurs when more calories are consumed than is necessary to meet the metabolic requirements of the cells. True False

False

Which of the following is true about the citric acid, or Krebs, cycle? It produces 38 ATP. It occurs in the cytoplasm It is anaerobic It occurs in the matrix of mitochondria

It occurs in the matrix of mitochondria

The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin a) A. b) B. c) C. d) D. e) E.

a) A.

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state. a) postabsorptive b) absorptive c) starvation d) deprivation e) preabsorptive

a) postabsorptive

The function of the citric acid cycle is to a) remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes. b) transfer the acetyl group. c) hydrolyze glucose. d) produce carbon dioxide. e) produce water.

a) remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

Most nutrient absorption takes place in the a) small intestine. b) stomach. c) large intestine. d) duodenum. e) liver.

a) small intestine.

Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of a) vitamin A. b) vitamin B12. c) vitamin C. d) niacin. e) riboflavin.

a) vitamin A.

Ketone bodies can result from excess production of: fats. acetyl CoA. glucose. pyruvic acid.

acetyl CoA.

Amino acids can be converted into: fatty acids other amino acids. glucose. all of the above

all of the above

In the metabolism of proteins, amino acids may be converted to: nitrogen containing derivatives such as hormones structural proteins new enzymes carbohydrates and fats all of the above

all of the above

Which part of glucose metabolism yields the greater amount of ATP? a) glycolysis b) electron transport system c) citric acid cycle d) glycolysis + citric acid cycle

b) electron transport system

Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called a) water-soluble vitamins. b) essential fatty acids. c) high-density lipoproteins. d) low-density lipoproteins. e) chylomicrons.

b) essential fatty acids.

Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest. a) glycogen b) glucose c) protein d) fat

b) glucose

All of the following are reasons why glucose is the primary energy source for cells except a) glucose is a small, soluble molecule. b) glycogen breakdown occurs very slowly. c) glucose can be stored efficiently. d) glycogen breakdown involves only a single enzymatic step. e) glycolysis does not require oxygen to generate ATP.

b) glycogen breakdown occurs very slowly.

The hormone ________, which suppresses appetite and stimulates satiety, is released by adipose tissue. a) ghrelin b) leptin c) neuropeptide Y d) insulin e) estrogen

b) leptin

All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state except that a) glycogen is broken down into glucose in the liver. b) levels of blood glucose are elevated. c) ketone bodies may be formed. d) lipid mobilization may occur.

b) levels of blood glucose are elevated.

Resting energy expenditure is most directly determined by monitoring a) heart rate. b) respiration. c) body temperature. d) blood pressure. e) body weight.

b) respiration.

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during a) glycolysis. b) the citric acid cycle. c) electron transport. d) all of the above

b) the citric acid cycle.

During lipolysis, a) triglycerides are converted into molecules of acetyl-CoA. b) triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. c) lipids are converted into glucose molecules. d) lipids are formed from excess carbohydrates.

b) triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces a) ketone bodies. b) urea. c) nitrate. d) acetyl-CoA. e) water.

b) urea.

Pellagra, an epithelial and mucosal deterioration, results from a deficiency in a) vitamin B2 (riboflavin). b) vitamin B3 (niacin). c) vitamin B9 (folic acid). d) vitamin D. e) vitamin K.

b) vitamin B3 (niacin).

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of a) transport proteins. b) lipoproteins. c) essential fatty acids. d) essential amino acids. e) vitamins.

c) essential fatty acids.

Which of the following is the first step in ATP production from fat? glycolysis deamination phosphorylation beta-oxidation

beta-oxidation

About 60% of the heat loss from a nude person standing in a room at 70 degrees (F) is by radiation. Heat loss in this manner is based on the principal that: body temperature is greater than the surrounding temperature, so the nude person releases more heat than he receives large amounts of air move through the room objects in direct contact with the skin surface will absorb large amount of body heat water on the skin surface which changes from the liquid to vapor phase carries away body heat

body temperature is greater than the surrounding temperature, so the nude person releases more heat than he receives

Cellular respiration is best described as the: exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere. synthesis of glucose using the energy of ATP. breakdown of glucose into CO2 and H2O and production of ATP. conversion of CO2 and H2O into ATP.

breakdown of glucose into CO2 and H2O and production of ATP.

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are a) carbohydrates. b) proteins. c) lipids. d) nucleic acids. e) vitamins.

c) lipids.

A deficiency in vitamin D would result in which of the following disorders? a) scurvy b) night blindness c) rickets d) pernicious anemia e) pellagra

c) rickets

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell. a) cytoplasm b) the plasma membrane c) the mitochondria d) the endoplasmic reticulum e) None of the answers is correct.

c) the mitochondria

Homeostatic control of body temperature is termed a) thermic monitoring. b) energetics. c) thermoregulation. d) basal metabolic rate.

c) thermoregulation.

In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is ________, yielding a different amino acid. a) converted to ammonia b) converted to urea c) transferred to another molecule d) absorbed by water

c) transferred to another molecule

Which of the following terms describes the process by which glucose is metabolized to produce CO2, H2O, and energy? synthesis deamination catabolism digestion

catabolism

The following equation represents: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --------> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP + heat decomposition. beta-oxidation. cellular respiration. dehydration synthesis.

cellular respiration.

Cells synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons? a) structural maintenance b) growth and repair c) production of secretions d) All of the answers are correct. e) None of the answers is correct.

d) All of the answers are correct.

During cellular respiration, which set of reactions releases carbon dioxide? glycolysis citric acid (Krebs) cycle electron transport none of them produce carbon dioxide

citric acid (Krebs) cycle

Where in the cell does electron transport occur? matrix of mitochondria cytoplasm cristae of mitochondria cell membrane

cristae of mitochondria

Where does the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid occur? mitochondria cytoplasm nucleus cell membrane

cytoplasm

There are ________ essential amino acids that the body either cannot synthesize or that cannot be produced in amounts sufficient for growing children. a) 2 b) 6 c) 8 d) 10 e) 20

d) 10

Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual. a) 5 b) 10 c) 15 d) 20

d) 20

A balanced diet should a) include adequate substrates for the production of energy. b) provide essential amino acids and fatty acids. c) contain adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals. d) All of the answers are correct.

d) All of the answers are correct.

A person decides to go on a hunger strike to further one of his favorite causes. After many days with nothing but water you would expect to observe a) elevated levels of glucocorticoids. b) ketone bodies in his urine. c) lowered blood pH. d) All of the answers are correct. e) None of the answers is correct.

d) All of the answers are correct.

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into a) citric acid b) amino acids c) glycerol d) pyruvic acid

d) pyruvic acid

A chemical reaction by which the -NH2 group is removed from an amino acid is known as: oxidation. deamination. isomerization. hydrolysis.

deamination.

ATP can be used for a) muscle contraction. b) ion transport. c) protein synthesis. d) glycogen synthesis. e) All of the answers are correct.

e) All of the answers are correct.

The vitamin that prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids is vitamin a) A. b) B. c) C. d) D. e) E.

e) E.

During cellular respiration, which set of reactions produces water? glycolysis citric acid cycle electron transport Krebs cycle

electron transport

Most of the ATP in our cells is produced during: glycolysis. beta-oxidation. photosynthesis. electron transport.

electron transport.

Which of these is a hormone that causes an increase in blood glucose concentration? glycogen cholesterol epinephrine insulin

epinephrine

Acetyl CoA for the citric acid cycle may be formed through metabolism of: fatty acids glucose amino acids All of the above None of the above

fatty acids, glucose, amino acids

A political prisoner has been on a hunger strike for seven days. Compared to normal, he has: increased release of fatty acids from adipose tissue elevated glucose concentration in the blood increased plasma insulin concentration increased glycogen storage in the liver

increased release of fatty acids from adipose tissue

A decrease in body weight occurs when caloric intake: equals basal metabolism plus external work is greater than basal metabolism plus external work is less than basal metabolism plus external work is less than basal metabolism plus internal work

is less than basal metabolism plus external work

Body temperature: is always constant except when one has a fever is regulated primarily by regulating heat loss regulation by evaporation of sweat is important only during exercise none of the above

is regulated primarily by regulating heat loss

Epinephrine: is released from the adrenal medulla and acts to stimulate glycogenolysis levels in the blood decrease with dieting decreases glucose levels in the blood increases lipid storage

is released from the adrenal medulla and acts to stimulate glycogenolysis

Which of the following describes the role of NADH during cellular respiration? it produces the oxygen needed for aerobic respiration it carries hydrogen to the site of electron transport reactions it carries carbon dioxide to the mitochondria it transports glucose to the mitochondria for use in cellular respiration

it carries hydrogen to the site of electron transport reactions

The process(es) that occur(s) in the mitochondria is/are: glycolysis. Krebs cycle. electron transport. all of the above both b and c

krebs cycle and electron transport

The carbohydrates in an uneaten candy bar can best be described as: kinetic energy. ATP energy. potential energy. exothermic energy.

potential energy.

The mitochondria are often called the "powerhouses" of the cell because they: synthesize glucose. produce most of the ATP (cell energy) generated from glucose. are where glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport all occur. conduct glycolysis, and therefore other pathways as well, which has to occur before any ATP can be produced.

produce most of the ATP (cell energy) generated from glucose.

The process by which electrons are transferred from NAD through various cytochromes and finally to oxygen occurs to: rid cells of excess oxygen molecules. provide energy for ATP formation. form ketone bodies from beta-oxidation. convert glucose into glycogen.

provide energy for ATP formation

Acetyl CoA is important in cellular metabolism because it: serves as an intermediate in multiple energy pathways, for the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. releases energy for cell work. is the final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport system.

serves as an intermediate in multiple energy pathways, for the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids.

For each molecule of glucose converted to pyruvic acid: two molecules of ATP are broken down and two are synthesized. two molecules of ATP are broken down and four are synthesized. one molecule of ATP is broken down and two are synthesized. one molecule of ATP is broken down and one is synthesized.

two molecules of ATP are broken down and four are synthesized.

Lack of exercise and a caloric intake > basal metabolic rate plus external work for a prolonged period may result in: type I diabetes type II diabetes anorexia gigantism

type II diabetes

An increased caloric intake without an increase in external expenditure would most likely lead to: weight gain decreased BMR weight loss no change in weight or BMR

weight gain

The metabolic rate of an individual may be lower than the BMR during exercise while sleeping during the postabsorptive state metabolic rate will never be less than BMR

while sleeping