Quiz q's chp 23

Where does most nutrient absorption occur? (Module 23.8B)

IN SMALL INTESTINE, PRIMARILY IN THE JEJUNUM

Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest.

glucose

Describe the roles of LDLs and HDLs. (Module 23.10C)

LDLs absorb unused bile and return it to the liver and LDLs deliver bile to the small intestine.

Which molecule is a key reactant in both ATP production from fatty acids and lipogenesis?

acetyl-CoA

What is a nutrient pool?

an accessible source of substrates for a cell

Metabolism can be defined as

anabolism + catabolism.

Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called

essential fatty acids

Cells preform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for all of the following except:

diffusion

Urea is formed in the

liver

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state.

postabsorptive

What heat transfer process accounts for about one-half of a person's heat loss when indoors? (Module 23.19B)

radiation

Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual.

20

Of all the energy released in catabolism, about ________ percent is lost as heat warms the surrounding tissues.

60

Predict the effect of peripheral vasodilation on a person's body temperature. (Module 23.20A)

Body temperature would decrease.

Compare catabolism and anabolism. (Module 23.1A)

Catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones, whereas anabolism is buildup of large molecules from smaller building blocks.

How is heat loss different between conduction and convection? (Module 23.19C)

Conduction is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact and convection involves heat loss as cooler air moves across the surface of the body.

Compare glycogenesis and glycogenolysis. (Module 23.7A)

Glycogenesis is the formation of glycogen from glucose. Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

Define and describe the absorptive state. (Module 23.13A)

It is the time after a meal when nutrient absorption is occurring, insulin is stimulating glucose uptake, glycogenesis, amino acid uptake, and protein synthesis. Submit

Explain the role of glycogen in cellular metabolism. (Module 23.9B)

It serves as an intracellular glucose reserve

Describe leptin and its effect on appetite. (Module 23.18B)

Leptin is a peptide hormone produced by adipose tissues during the synthesis of triglycerides and it signals satiety.

Describe the role of nonshivering thermogenesis in regulating body temperature. (Module 23.20B)

Nonshivering thermogenesis involves the contraction of erector pili to retain heat.

Explain why carbohydrates are preferred over proteins and lipids as an energy source. (Module 23.9C)

Proteins and lipids are more important as structural components of cells and tissues.

The energy content of foods is commonly given in units of:

kilocalories (kCal or Cal)

All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state except that

levels of blood glucose are elevated.

Of these — carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins — whichreleases the greatest amount of energy per gram during catabolism? (Module 23.15C)

lipids

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are

lipids.

Why do cells make new compounds? (Module 23.7B)

new compounds are used to maintain and repair structures, support growth, and store nutrient reserves

List the reactants required and products generated by mitochondria. (Module 23.2A)

reactants: 2 carbon substrates and O2; products: CO2, H2O, and ATP

The function of the citric acid cycle is to

remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

Resting energy expenditure is most directly determined by monitoring

respiration.

In the process of digestion, most nutrient absorption takes place in the

small intestine.

The major job of coenzymes in oxidative phosphorylation includes all of the following except

the breaking of carbon-carbon covalent bonds

Define thermoregulation. (Module 23.17C)

the homeostatic control of body temperature

Homeostatic control of body temperature is termed

thermoregulation.

What happens to the ammonium ions that are removed from amino acids during deamination? (Module 23.12C)

they combine with CO2 and enter the urea cycle

In amino acid metabolism, identify the process by which the amino group is removed.

transamination or deamination

In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is ________, yielding a different amino acid.

transferred to another molecule

During lipolysis,

triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.

________ creates 90 percent of the ATP normally generated.

Oxidative phosphorylation

The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person is called

basal metabolic rate.

Of the 20 amino acids, ___________ are essential amino. acids that the body either cannot synthesize or that cannot be produced in amounts sufficient for growing children.

10

Wally decides to go on a hunger strike to further one of his favorite causes. After many days with nothing but water you would expect to observe

All of the answers are correct.

Identify the two classes of vitamins. (Module 23.14B)

FAT-SOLUBLES AND WATER-SOLUBLE

Which hormone inhibits the satiety center and stimulates appetite in the short term? (Module 23.18A)

Ghrelin

Lipogenesis generally begins with

acetyl-CoA.

Excessive amounts of vitamin E can lead to

blurred vision

A(n) ________ contains all of the essential amino acids

complete protein

A(n) ________ contains all of the essential amino acids.

complete protein

Name the heat conservation mechanism that conducts heat form deep arteries to adjacent deep veins in the limbs. (Module 23.20C)

countercurrent exchange

It's been 5 hours since you had breakfast and now you're thinking about trying the new Mexican lunch place that just opened up across the street. The more you think about it, the hungrier you get. Your increased hunger is the result of the ________ that your empty stomach is releasing into your bloodstream

ghrelin

It's been 5 hours since you had breakfast and now you're thinking about trying the new Mexican lunch place that just opened up across the street. The more you think about it, the hungrier you get. Your increased hunger is the result of the ________ that your empty stomach is releasing into your bloodstream.

ghrelin

The process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrates is called

gluconeogenesis.

A disorder caused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of a fat-soluble vitamin is known as

hypervitaminosis

All of these are responses or processes controlled by the heat-gain center except

increased respiration death