quiz study for BIO 156IN thought question 2
List the three parts of the cell theory
1. All organisms are made of one or more cells 2. The cell is the basic unit of all living things 3. All cells come from all existing cells
Explain ONE way that a PHOSPHOLIPID is an "unusual" LIPID molecule. A phospholipid molecule is "unusual' in several ways:
1. it contains CHONP, not just CHO like most lipids 2. It has a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end. 3. It has one end that is very polar (and charged) and one end that is very nonpolar and "fatty".
How many Amino Acids are found in human proteins? How many are essential?
20 amino acids - 9 are essential
1. What is a DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS REACTION? Describe one specific example.
A dehydration synthesis reaction is used to bond monomers together to form a polymer. Water is formed as a product because an [-OH] group is removed from one monomer and attached to the [-H] removed from the other monomer - the H + OH bond together. ♦A PEPTIDE BOND attaches 2 amino acids together. ♦Glycerol is bonded to 3 FATTY ACIDS to form a triglyceride. ♦GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE are bonded together [by PLANTS!] to form SUCROSE.
What EQUIPMENT do you need to make a WET MOUNT for microscopic study?
A glass Slide, a cover slip, a drop of water (or stain) and a specimen
What EQUIPMENT do you need to make a WET MOUNT for microscopic study?A glass Slide, a cover slip, a drop of water (or stain) and a specimen
A glass Slide, a cover slip, a drop of water (or stain) and a specimen
List the three parts of the CELL THEORY:
A. The cell is the fundamental unit of LIFE; all organisms are made of cells. B. All the characteristics of LIFE arise from cell activities. C. All cells are formed from other cells by cellular reproduction.
Explain ONE way that the COHESION property of water is important to organisms.
A. The water molecules in soil and throughout the body of a plant (roots, stems, leaves) are cohesive and stick together in long chains. At the same time, water molecules are adhesive and stick to the sides of the fine microscopic tubes (xylem) in the plant. As water molecules evaporate off the surface of the leaves, they pull on that long chain of water molecules and tug new water molecules into the roots. As long as transpiration (evaporation off of the leaves) is happening, water will be pulled into the roots and deep into the plant body. B. Since water molecules tend to stick together they will form larger and larger bodies of water where 60% of known species live.
List two differences between PLANT CELLS and animal cells?
ANIMAL CELLS. PLANT CELLS always have a CELL WALL, often contain CHLOROPLASTS ANIMAL CELLS never have a CELL WALL, never contain CHLOROPLASTS ANIMAL CELLS contain CENTRIOLES, Plant cells do not. ANIMAL CELL membranes contain Cholesterol, Plant cell membranes do not.
What exactly is an ENZYME? WHY are they so important in human cells?
An ENZYME is a protein catalyst that organizes a chemical reaction. ENZYMES will coordinate & organize ALL the important reactions in a cell. Examples: Salivary amylase, sucrase, DNA polymerase
LIST and DESCRIBE TWO (2) things PROTEINS can do when embedded in an animal cell membrane:
Attachments and anchors
How are ROUGH endoplasmic reticulum[ER] & SMOOTH ER different in STRUCTURE & FUNCTION?
BOTH sER & rER are made of a folded membrane that forms channels and surfaces for the organization of chemical reactions. rER is overs with RIBOSOMES for PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. sER smooth because it is not covered by ribosomes and it represents the "counterspace" for the synthesis of CARBOHYDRATES and LIPIDS.
2. How are ROUGH endoplasmic reticulum [ER] & SMOOTH ER different in STRUCTURE & FUNCTION?
BOTH sER & rER are made of folded membrane that forms channels and surfaces for the organization of chemical reactions. rER is coated with RIBOSOMES for PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. sER represents the "counterspace" for synthesis of CARBOHYDRATES and LIPIDS.
2. Identify these molecular formulae as a Carbohydrate, Lipid, Protein or Nucleotide.
C10H16N5O13P3 = nucleotide C2H5O2N = amino acid/protein C12H22O11 = carbohydrate C17H35COOH = lipid
H H I I 4.a. Draw the specific structure of GLYCINE: H-N-C-C=O I I H OH
C2H5O2N
10.: Describe ONE DIFFERENCE between the CELL MEMBRANE & the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
CELL MEMBRANE NUCLEAR MEMBRANE One phospholipid bilayer TWO phospholipid bilayers Small temporary pores LARGE permanent pores Encloses ALL organelles Encloses only nucleus & nucleolus BOTH made of FMM membrane
Describe ONE way that carbohydrates and lipids are SIMILAR and ONE way they are DIFFERENT:
Carbohydrates Lipids SIMILAR CHO CHO Can store ENERGY Can store ENERGY Found in most foods Found in most foods DIFFERENT #C = #O #C > #O Oxygen common Oxygen rare Water soluble Water insoluble
DRAW and LABEL a short segment of the CELL MEMBRANE. BE SURE to include the three major types of molecules found in the FLUID-MOSAIC MODEL of the ANIMAL cell membrane. à In ONE of these molecules, Correctly label one part as HYDROPHOBIC and one part as HYDROPHILIC.
Cell Membrane - controls what can enter and exit the cell cytoplasma - fluid within the cell Nucleus - storage and processing of genetic info; control center of the cell
describe one difference between a BACTERIUM (K.Monera) like E. coli and a PROTOZOAN (K.Protista) like Amoeba proteus:
E.coli are prokaryote Amoeba proteus are Eukaryout.
NamE the 2 FUNCTIONAL GROUPS found in GLYCINE:
GLYCINE is the simplest AA; it is made of an amino group, an ACID [carboxyl] group and 2 Hydrogens bonded to the central CARBON
NAME each of the following reaction types:
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H20 EXCHANGE Glucose + galactose lactosee + H20 SYNTHETIC or ANABOLIC H+ + HCO3- H2CO3 REVERSIBLE Amylose + H20 many glucoses CATABOLIC
.NAME each of the following reaction types: HCl + NaOH NaCl + H20 Glucose + galactose lactose + H20 H+ + HCO3- H2CO3 Amylose + H20 many glucoses
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H20 EXCHANGE REACTION Glucose + galactose lactose + H20 ANABOLIC REACTION H+ + HCO3- H2CO3 REVERSIBLE REACTION Amylose + H20 many glucoses CATABOLIC REACTION
BRIEFLY but precisely describe what happens in the ATP discharge/recharge reaction.
In the ATP discharge/recharge reaction, molecules of ADP are bonded to Phosphate groups using available cellular energy to form ATP. When energy is needed for cell jobs, the ATP is broken down to ADP and P. releasing energy for use in the cell. * STORE ENERGY in ATP when we have "extra" ENERGY. * RELEASE ENERGY when we need it later.
BRIEFLY but precisely describe what happens in the ATP discharge/recharge reaction.
In the ATP discharge/recharge reaction, molecules of ADP are bonded to Phosphate groups using available cellular energy to form ATP. When energy is needed for cell jobs, the ATP is broken down to ADP and P. releasing energy for use in the cell. * STORE ENERGY in ATP when we have "extra" ENERGY. * RELEASE ENERGY when we need it later.
what is the CYTOSOL of a cell and what molecules make it up?
Liquid/Jelly like substance of cytoplasm H20, Ions, albumin, CLPN
NAME one important BIOLOGICAL STAIN and LIST ONE BIOLOGICAL THING you would stain with it:
Lugol's Iodine is used to stain plant cells (onion membrane) Methylene Blue is used to stain animal cells (cheek cells)
what is the principal difference between a LYSOSOME and a PEROXISOME?
Lysosomes contain DIGESTIVE enzymes used to break down "food" molecules and Peroxisomes contain peroxidases to break down peroxides and other metabolic toxins.
List one important FUNCTION of MONOMER NUCLEOTIDES in the human body?
MONOMER NUCLEOTIDES are used to BUILD POLYMERS and to STORE & CARRY ENERGY
Describe one FUNCTION of NUCLEIC ACIDS like DNA.
NUCLEIC ACIDS are used to store and transfer genetic information, NUCLEIC ACIDS are responsible for organizing and directing protein synthesis.
What are the three basic parts of a nucleotide?
Nitrogen BASE [adenine,thymine,guanine,cytosine,uracil] + 5-carbon SUGAR + PHOSPHATE GROUP(s)
What exactly is a CARBOHYDRATE?
One of the four major organic molecules of life (CLPN), ♦Made up of only C,H,O and the #C #O, ♦ the main source of ENERGY for all organisms, ♦ a very important structural (= body-building) molecule for PLANTS.
List two differences between PLANT CELLS and ANIMAL CELLS.
PANT CELLS always have a CELL WALL, often contain CHLOROPLASTS ANIMAL CELLS never have a CELL WALL, never contain CHLOROPLASTS ANIMAL CELLS contain CENTRIOLES, Plant cells do not. ANIMAL CELL membranes contain Cholesterol, Plant cell membranes do not.
List ONE difference between PLANT CELLS and ANIMAL CELLS
PLANT CELLS always have a CELL WALL, often contain CHLOROPLASTS ANIMAL CELLS never have a CELL WALL, never contain CHLOROPLASTS ANIMAL CELLS contain CENTRIOLES, Plant cells do not. ANIMAL CELL membranes contain Cholesterol, Plant cell membranes do not.
11 a. List ONE difference between PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC cells:
PROKARYOTIC CELLS are very simple internally with no membranous organelles, not even a NUCLEUS!. EUKARYOTIC CELLS have MANY membranous organelles and a conspicuous NUCLEUS.
List ONE difference between PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC cells:
PROKARYOTIC CELLS are very simple internally with no membranous organelles, not even a NUCLEUS!. EUKARYOTIC CELLS have MANY membranous organelles and a conspicuous NUCLEUS.
. List one very SPECIFIC example of a HUMAN breakdown/catabolic reaction:
PROTEIN Amino Acids TRIGLYCERIDE 3 Fatty Acids + glycerol AMYLOSE many Glucoses Glycogen many Glucoses Lactose glucose + galactose
List one very SPECIFIC example of a HUMAN breakdown/catabolic reaction:
Protein many amino acids Amylose many glucoses DNA many DNA monomer nucleotides
Describe one important FUNCTION of proteins in the human body.
Proteins are important STRUCTURAL molecules - they are used to build major parts of animal bodies and important parts of plant bodies; Keratin, Collagen ++ Proteins are important FUNCTIONAL molecules - they perform many important jobs in cells; Hemoglobin, Insulin, Amylase, DNA polymerase
How are ROUGH endoplasmic reticulum[ER] & SMOOTH ER different in STRUCTURE & FUNCTION?
Rough ER has an outer surface studded with ribosomes. Both types of ER make phospholipids, but membrane proteins and secretory proteins are all produced on the ribosomes of the rough ER. Smooth Er also functions in detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism, storage of calcium ions
What is the difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat?
SATURATED FATS have NO C=C, thus they are SOLID @ body temp; they can settle out and CLOG ARTERIES of the heart. UNSATURATED FATS have 1+ C=C and are LIQUID @ body temp. Which one do nutritionists think is the most healthy? UNSATURATED FATS. Why? UNSATURATED fats are liquid @ body temp; won't CLOG arteries and MAY actually CLEAR arterial fat deposits.
Fill In the BLANK SPACES* in the Microscope Chart: Microscope Setting Magnification Field of View Diameter
Scan 40x 5000 µm *LOW 100x *2000 µm High *400X 500 µm Ultra-high 1000x *200 µm
describe the relationship between magnification [Scan, Low, High] and ONE of these optical characteristics of a Microscope: a. magnification + FIELD-OF-VIEW DIAMETER b. magnification and DEPTH-OF-FIELD c. magnification and WORKING DISTANCE d. magnification + AMOUNT OF LIGHT (Light Intensity)
Scan is at 40X, low at 100X, high at 400X Magnification is the object through the occular lens and objective lens and the working distance is the length from the objective lens and the stage
What happens during SECRETION? Name one specific secretion and its important function in the human body.
Secretion is the manufacture and release of a VALUABLE cell product. Mucus, tears, saliva, oil, hormones, digestive enzymes, hair.. Mucus is a released for protection or lubrication.
How does the CENTRAL DOGMA of MODERN BIOLOGY describe the relationship between proteins and DNA?
The CDOMB explains that all the RECIPES for proteins are stored as Information (ATCG) in the DNA molecule. A GENE is a setgment of DNA that contains the nucleotide Code for the primary structure of a protein.
What is the CYTOSKELETON? Describe its STRUCTURE & list ONE important FUNCTION of this organelle.
The CYTOSKELETON is a cell organelle built of protein rods and tubules That form an internal "scaffold" for the cell. FUNCTIONS: internal support for the entire cell, attachment grid for organelles, movement of organelles within the cell, movement of entire cell, movement of cilia & flagellum ++
What is the CYTOSOL of a cell and what molecules make it up?
The CYTOSOL is the LIQUID/JELLY-LIKE part of the CYTOPLASM: there - It is made of H20, ALBUMIN PROTEIN, IONS, the CLPN molecules and gases like O2 & CO2.
. What is the PRIMARY STRUCTURE of a protein?
The PRIMARY STRUCTURE of a protein is the UNIQUE SEQUENCE of AMINO ACIDS chained together to form that SPECIFIC protein.
a. What does WORKING DISTANCE mean in microscopy? b. What measurement did your group get for LOW power?
WORKING DISTANCE (WD) means the distance between the end of the objective lens and the specimen when the specimen is in sharp focus. WD gets shorter as the magnification increases. Most groups were getting WD values around 10 mm for LOW power. As magnification increases, WD decreases Scan 30 mm Low 10 mm High 1 mm Ultra-high 0.25 mm A. The SCAN lens is very SAFE to use because you cannot crash into the slide BUT the higher power lenses are POTENTIALLY UNSAFE because you CAN crash the lens into the slide!
Explain ONE thing we learned by looking at the "letter e" slide. A. That everything is UPSIDE DOWN & BACKWARDS when seen through the compound light microsope, FLY =
YLF upside down
Name 1 Kingdom of Unicellular organisms & 1 Kingdom of multicellular organisms.
a. Unicellular = Monera (bacteria) and Protista (protists) b. Multicellular = Fungi, Plantae or Animalia
Describe the relationship between magnification [Scan, Low, High] and ONE of these optical characteristics of a Microscope:
a. magnification + FIELD-OF-VIEW DIAMETER b. magnification and DEPTH-OF-FIELD c. magnification and WORKING DISTANCE d. magnification + AMOUNT OF LIGHT (Light Intensity)
Describe the relationship between magnification [Scan, Low, High] and ONE of these optical characteristics of a Microscope: a. magnification + FIELD-OF-VIEW DIAMETER b. magnification and DEPTH-OF-FIELD c. magnification and WORKING DISTANCE d. magnification + AMOUNT OF LIGHT (Light Intensity) WORKING DISTANCE (WD)
a. magnification + FIELD-OF-VIEW DIAMETER b. magnification and DEPTH-OF-FIELD c. magnification and WORKING DISTANCE d. magnification + AMOUNT OF LIGHT (Light Intensity) WORKING DISTANCE (WD) means the distance between the end of the objective lens and the specimen when the specimen is in sharp focus. WD gets shorter as the magnification increases. Most groups were getting WD values around 10 mm for LOW power. As magnification increases, WD decreases Scan 30 mm Low 10 mm High 1 mm Ultra-high 0.25 mm A. The SCAN lens is very SAFE to use because you cannot crash into the slide BUT the higher power lenses are POTENTIALLY UNSAFE because you CAN crash the lens into the slide!
Name 1 Kingdom of Unicellular organisms & 1 Kingdom of multicellular organisms.
c. Unicellular = Monera (bacteria) and Protista (protists) d. Multicellular = Fungi, Plantae or Animalia
What happens during SECRETION? Name one specific secretion and its important function in the human body.
ecretion is the manufacture and release of a VALUABLE cell product. Mucus, tears, saliva, oil, hormones, digestive enzymes, hair.. Mucus is a released for protection or lubrication.
DESCRIBE the FUNCTION of ONE type of RNA in the PROTEIN SYNTHESIS process::
mRNA - messenger RNA; carries a copy of the DNA gene out of the nucleus. A GENE is a recipe for a protein. rRNA - ribosomal RNA; forms a ribosome. tRNA - transfer RNA; transports amino acidsto the ribosome.
DESCRIBE the FUNCTION of ONE type of RNA in the PROTEIN SYNTHESIS process::
mRNA - messenger RNA; carries a copy of the DNA gene out of the nucleus. rRNA - ribosomal RNA; forms a ribosome. tRNA - transfer RNA; transports amino acidsto the ribosome.
List one very SPECIFIC example of a HUMAN synthetic/anabolic reaction:
many amino acids Protein many glucoses Amylose many DNA monomer nucleotides DNA
