Quizzes and In-class questions for Exam 3 cell bio

Match the conditions discussed in this chapter with their description __5__ Aneuploid condition produced from nondisjuction where individuals have three copies of Chromosome 21 __4__ Aneuploid condition where an extra X chromosome produces mottled coats but leads to infertility. __2__ Condition of progressive weakening of muscles and loss of coordination. Comes from a mutation in the Dystrophin gene--Dystrophin connects the muscle cells to the Actin filaments that do the sliding for contraction. __6__ Caused by a deletion on Chromosome 5. The small arm is deleted __3__ Condition where blood clotting does not happen correctly. Internal bleeding is most serious. __7__ Translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 produces in an always on "fusion protein" that drives cell division and cancer __1__ Condition where colors (greens, reds and sometimes blues) cannot be distinguished. Comes from an X chromosome mutation

*answers on top of questions* 1.Color-Blindness 2.Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy 3.Hemophilia 4.Male Calico Cat 5.Trisomy 21 6.Cri du Chat 7.Philadelphia Chromosome

Ellen loves the Giants! Match the Scientific Giant with their finding. __1__ Father of Genetics. Crossed peas, observed traits and developed the Laws of Genetics __3__ Discovered the X and Y chromosomes in Insects. __2__ Rediscovered Mendel's work. Found the White Eye mutation in flies and his work "laid the foundations of modern genetics" __4__ Worked in Morgan's lab. Crossed flies, calculated recombination frequencies and "plotted" genes on chromosomes __5__ Discoveries in 1902 led to the development of the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

*answers on top of questions* 1.Gregor Mendel 2.Thomas Hunt Morgan 3.Nettie Stevens 4.Alfed Sturdevant 5.Sutton and Boveri

Match the Ch15 term with the description. __4__ Due to the number of genes on the X chromosome, to prevent an overload of X chromosome proteins in females, one X chromosome is coiled up into a Barr Body __3__ The X and Y chromosomes. These determine the sex of a developing embryo. XX individuals will be female and XY individuals will be male. __6__ This produces nonparental type offspring. Mendel's Yyrr and yyRr peas are examples. __10__ A segment of DNA is transferred from one chromosome to another non-homologous chromosome __2__ Chromosome pairs 1-22. These contain genes that control our body functions. __7__ Homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis. This produces an abnormal chromosome number and can result in Trisomy 21 __9__ A chromosomal inversion that does NOT include the centromere. Segments F and E are shown as examples on Figure 13.11 __1__ Genes on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together __8__ A chromosomal inversion that DOES include the centromere. Segments D and C are shown as examples on Figure 13.11 __5__ Conditions caused by errors on either the X or Y chromosome.

*answers on top of questions* 1.Linked Genes 2.Autosome 3.Sex Chromosome 4.X-Inactivation 5.Sex-Linked Traits/Disorders 6.Genetic Recombination 7.Nondisjunction 8.Pericentric Inversion 9.Paracentric Inversion 10.Reciprocal Translocation

Please see Fig 15.9 and 15.10 in our text and on slides 17 and 19 of our Chapter 15 lecture. Match the experimental component with the appropriate detail. __7__ Ratio that would be produced if the genes are on the same chromosome and always inherited together __1__ b+ b+ vg+ vg+ __2__ b b vg vg __9__ 17% If you add the non-parental offspring together you get 391 recombinant flies. Divide 391 by the total of 2,300 flies, times 100 to get 17% __3__ b+ b vg+ vg __10__ Since the recombination frequency is lower than 50%, this provides evidence that the body gene and wing gene are on the same chromosome, but importantly supports Morgan's proposed "breakage" mechanism. __5__ Sperm-b vg Eggs-b+ vg+, b vg, b+ vg, b vg+ __6__ Ratio that would be produced if the genes were located on different chromosomes __4__ Cross between a female F1 dihybrid with a male double mutant fly __8__ 965:944:206:185

*answers on top* 1. Wild Type P generation 2. Double Mutant P generation 3. F1 dihybrid 4.Testcross 5.Testcross Offspring 6.Predicted Ratio of 1:1:1:1 7. Predicted Ratio of 1:1:0:0 8. Actual Results 9.Recombination Frequency 10.Experiment Interpretation

How in the world can Meiosis create so many genetically diverse gametes? Why by using three key mechanisms. Select the TRUE statements (yes several statements will be TRUE) about two of these key mechanisms, Independent Assortment and Crossing Over. Question options: -In independent assortment, each pair of chromosomes sorts maternal and paternal homologues into daughter cells dependently of the other pairs. This means that Homologous pairs of chromosomes orient in an ordered maternal on one side vs paternal on the other side at metaphase I of meiosis -In independent assortment, each pair of chromosomes sorts maternal and paternal homologues into daughter cells independently of the other pairs. This means that Homologous pairs of chromosomes orient randomly at metaphase I of meiosis -Crossing over produces recombinant chromosomes, which combine genes inherited from each parent -Crossing over begins very early in prophase I, as homologous chromosomes pair up gene by gene. In crossing over, nonhomologous portions of two sister chromatids trade places -Crossing over produces recombinant chromosomes, which combine genes inherited from each parent -Crossing over begins very early in prophase I, as homologous chromosomes pair up gene by gene. In crossing over, homologous portions of two nonsister chromatids trade places

-In independent assortment, each pair of chromosomes sorts maternal and paternal homologues into daughter cells independently of the other pairs. This means that Homologous pairs of chromosomes orient randomly at metaphase I of meiosis -Crossing over produces recombinant chromosomes, which combine genes inherited from each parent -Crossing over begins very early in prophase I, as homologous chromosomes pair up gene by gene. In crossing over, homologous portions of two nonsister chromatids trade places

Mitosis, Meiosis, what's the difference? For this question, select the TRUE statements. Yes, statements--there will be several true ones here. To help you, always remember "Meiosis my Oves and Mitosis my Toes". You can also see Slide 16 in our lecture to help as well. -Mitosis conserves the number of chromosome sets, producing cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. -Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes sets from two (diploid) to one (haploid), producing cells that genetically the same to the parent cell. -The mechanism for separating sister chromatids is virtually identical in meiosis II and mitosis -The mechanism for separating sister chromatids is different between meiosis II and mitosis -Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes sets from two (diploid) to one (haploid), producing cells that differ genetically from each other and from the parent cell

-Mitosis conserves the number of chromosome sets, producing cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. -The mechanism for separating sister chromatids is virtually identical in meiosis II and mitosis -Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes sets from two (diploid) to one (haploid), producing cells that differ genetically from each other and from the parent cell

Meiotic nondisjunction--what a mouthful! You know Meiotic means "happens in Meiosis" but do you know what Nondisjunction means? Start with Junction--or where "roads" meet. Dis--means you separate the "roads" from meeting. Non--Not happening--you can't separate the "roads" from meeting. See Slides 32-34 to help you with this question. Select the TRUE statements (yes, plural) about Nondisjunction. Question options: -Figure 13.7 shows the correlation between the mother's age and the incidence of down syndrome. This means that most trisomy 21 births occur to older women--particularly after 40. -Nondisjunction can occur in either Meiosis I or Meiosis II -Nondisjunction occurs when homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis, resulting in an abnormal chromosome number -Figure 13.7 shows the correlation between the mother's age and the incidence of trisome 21 births. This means that the risk increases as women age--particularly after 40. -Nondisjunction occurs when homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids separate during meiosis, resulting in an normal chromosome number -Nondisjunction only occurs in Meiosis I

-Nondisjunction can occur in either Meiosis I or Meiosis II -Nondisjunction occurs when homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis, resulting in an abnormal chromosome number -Figure 13.7 shows the correlation between the mother's age and the incidence of trisome 21 births. This means that the risk increases as women age--particularly after 40.

Please read the brief write up on the Chromosome 18 Inversion on page 374 of the open stax Biology 2e text. I have made a single page pdf of this for you. This page is posted with our Ch15 lecture. Select the correct statements about a happy example of chromosomal inversions. -Scientists believe the pericentric chromosome inversion occurred in early humans following their divergence from a common ancestor with chimpanzees approximately five million years ago. -Scientists believe the paracentric chromosome inversion occurred in early humans following their divergence from a common ancestor with chimpanzees approximately five million years ago. -Approximately 19,000 nucleotides are thought to have been duplicated and this duplicated region inverted and reinserted on chromosome 18 of ancestral humans -Two genes, ROCK1 and USP14 are thought to be where a breakpoint occurred.

-Scientists believe the pericentric chromosome inversion occurred in early humans following their divergence from a common ancestor with chimpanzees approximately five million years ago. -Approximately 19,000 nucleotides are thought to have been duplicated and this duplicated region inverted and reinserted on chromosome 18 of ancestral humans -Two genes, ROCK1 and USP14 are thought to be where a breakpoint occurred.

Ode to the phosphorylation cascade!! Please select the true statement(s) about protein phosphorylation. Question options: 1. Membrane receptors that receive signals, come together to form a dimer and become activated through tyrosine phosphorylation are called tyrosine-kinases. 2. Phosphorylation by a kinase brings a conformational change to a protein which acts as a fast on-off switch. 3. Cannot occur in yeast because they lack protein phosphatases. 4. Requires binding of a hormone to a receptor in the cytosol. 5. 1 and 2 are correcct 6. 3 and 4 are correct 7. All statements are correct 8. No statements are correct

1 and 2 are correct

The signal transduction pathway in animal cells that use epinephrine: Question options: 1. Activates the breakdown of glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle cells. 2. is a classic example of synaptic signaling. 3. operates independently of hormone receptors on target cells. 4. 1 and 2 are correcct 5. 1, 2 and 3 are correct

1. Activates the breakdown of glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle cells.

Testosterone is a steroid hormone. Steroid hormones function by: Question options: 1. binding with a receptor protein inside the cytoplasm that then enters the nucleus and acts to activate gene expression. 2. binding with a receptor protein ion the cell membrane that activates a phosphorylation cascade and results in the phosphorylation of a transcription factor that then enters the nucleus and acts to activate gene expression. 3. acts as a 2nd messenger that activates cAMP production. 4. 1 and 3 are correct 5. 2 and 3 are correct

1. binding with a receptor protein inside the cytoplasm that then enters the nucleus and acts to activate gene expression

Match the following "Meiosis" terms with their correct description. __2__ Differences in appearance (and behavior) that offspring show from parents and siblings __1__ The transmission of traits from one generation to the next __3__ A display of paired chromosomes. Remember, Karyo means DNA, and Type comes from the early word used for photographs. __5__ Germ cells--Egg and Sperm--these will be formed using Meiosis __9__ Key mechanism for creating genetic diversity in Meiosis I--the 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes line up randomly at metaphase of Meiosis I. This means there is no set order as to which duplicated chromosome (from Pop or Mom) have to line up. For humans, there are more than 8 million possible combinations! Think--your parents would have had to have 8 million children to have one identical to you, unless you are an identical twin that is. __8__ DNA in a somatic cell. Humans will have 23 pairs, or 46 chromosomes. __6__ Two chromosomes that form a pair--these are the same chromosome number, have the same genes and control the same inherited traits. One chromosome comes from Pop, and one chromosome comes from Mom. __10__ Key mechanism for creating genetic diversity in Meiosis I--the replicated pairs of homologous chromosomes from our parents line up together and "swap bits". So an arm from the paternal chromosome might get switched over to the maternal chromosome, and a leg from the maternal chromosome might get switched over to the paternal chomosome. __4__ Body cells--toe cells-these will divide using Mitosis __7__ DNA content of a germ cells. Humans will have 23 chromosomes in a sperm cell and 23 chromosomes in an egg.

1.Heredity 2.Variation 3.Karyotype 4.Somatic cells 5.Gametes (Gamete cells) 6.Homologous Chromosomes 7.Haploid 8.Diploid 9.Independent Assortment of Chromosomes 10.Crossing Over

Please use this for questions 10-12. Another pattern of inheritance is Polygenic Inheritance. Our text shared that skin color and height are traits that vary along a continuum. This means that from the same parents, a variety of traits can be seen in the children. Polygenic means that there are two or more genes that work to determine the phenotype. We can use the trihybrid cross shown in Figure 14.13 and described on slide 31 and 33 to learn about polygenic probabilities. 10. For AaBbCc x AaBbCc cross, what is the probability of producing an AABBCC offspring? A. 1/64 B. 6/64 C. 20/64 11. For AaBbCc x AaBbCc cross, what is the probability of producing an AaBbCc offspring? A. 1/64 B. 6/64 C. 20/64 12. For AaBbCc x AaBbCc cross, what is the probability of producing an Aabbcc offspring? A. 1/64 B. 6/64 C. 20/64

10. A 11.C 12. B

Please see Slides 37 and 39 to answer this question. I have written this as a "true false" matching. Please indicate whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE. __2__ Slide 39 shows sister chromatids in different colors. __1__ Slide 39 shows nonsister chromatids in different colors __2__ Slide 37 shows only one recombinant chromosome __1__ Slide 39 shows the Kinetochore--this is where microtubules attach to the chromosomes. __2__ Slide 37 shows a cell in Meiosis II __1__ Slide 39 shows the Centromere--this is where the sister chromatids are attached to each other. __2__ Slide 39 shows the Centromere--this is where microtubules attach to the chromosomes. __1__ Slide 37 shows three recombinant chromosomes

1= true 2= false *answer on top of the questions*

The MPF protein complex turns itself off by: Question options: 1)activating an enzyme that stimulates cyclin. 2)activating a process that destroys cyclin. 3)exiting the cell. 4)activating the anaphase-promoting complex. 5)binding to chromatin.

2) activating a process that destroys cyclin

Taxol is an anticancer drug extracted from the Pacific yew tree. In animal cells, taxol disrupts microtubules and this stops mitosis. Specifically, taxol must affect: Question options: 1)telophase. 2)the S phase of the cell cycle. 3)mitotic spindle function. 4)formation of the centrioles. 5)chromatid assembly.

3) mitotic spindle function

The correct sequence of steps in the M phase of the cell cycle is Question options: 1)prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. 2)prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis. 3)prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis. 4)cytokinesis, telophase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase. 5)prophase, metaphase, prometaphase, anaphase, telophase.

3) prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Density-dependent inhibition is explained by which of the following? Question options: 1)As cells become more numerous, the level of waste products increases, eventually slowing down metabolism. 2)As cells become more numerous, they begin to squeeze against each other, restricting their size and ability to produce control factors. 3)As cells become more numerous, more and more of them enter the S phase of the cell cycle. 4)As cells become more numerous, the amount of required growth factors and nutrients per cell becomes insufficient to allow for cell growth. 5)As cells become more numerous, the protein kinases they produce begin to compete with each other, such that the proteins produced by one cell essentially cancel those produced by its neighbor.

4) As cells become more numerous, the amount of required growth factors and nutrients per cell becomes insufficient to allow for cell growth

Cytoskeletal elements play important roles in cell division. The mitotic spindle apparatus is made of ________ and pulls sister chromatids apart, whereas the contractile ring is made of ________ and required for the separation of daughter cells at the end of the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. Question options: 1)intermediate filaments; actin microfilaments 2)intermediate filaments; contractile filaments 3)actin microfilaments; myosin 4)microtubules; actin microfilaments 5)microtubules; contractile filaments

4) microtubules; actin microfilaments

Which of the following are NOT second messengers? Question options: 1. GTP 2. ATP 3. cAMP 4. Calcium 5. IP3 6. 1 and 2 are not 2nd messengers 7. None are 2nd messengers

6. 1 and 2 are not 2nd messengers

Please select the the TRUE statement(s) about cell signaling: Question options: 1. Paracrine signaling involves secreting cells acting on nearby target cells. 2. Paracrine signaling has been found in plants but not in animals. 3. Synaptic signaling acts on targets requires nerve cells to relase a neurotransmitter into the synapse. 4. Hormonal signaling involves mating factors attahing to target cells through cell-cell contact. 5. Hormonal signaling allows the signaling cell to communicate with the target cell across greater distances via hormones that travel in the blood. 6. 1, 3 and 5 are correct 7. 2 and 4 are correct

6. 1, 3, and 5 are correct.

Please select the TRUE statement(s) concerning signal transduction in yeast mating. Question options: 1. The pathway carries an electrical signal between mating cell types. 2. Yeast cells that are type a secrete alpha factor, and yeast cells that are type alpha secrete a factor. 3. Yeast cells that are type alpha secrete alpha factor, and yeast cells that are type a secrete a factor. 4. Binding of the mating factors will induce changes in the cell (schmoo) that will lead to cell fusion and mating between type a and type alpha yeast cells. 5. Binding of the mating factors will induce changes in the cell (schmoo) that will lead to cell fusion and mating between yeast cells of the same mating type 6. 1, 3 and 5 are correct 7. 1, 2 and 4 are correct 8. 3 and 4 are correct

8. 3 and 4 are correct

1. Thomas Hunt Morgan "rediscovered" Mendel's work in the early1900's working with flies. He first crossed red-eyed females with white-eyed males. Next he crossed his red-eyed F1 flies and saw that he had both red and white-eyed flies in the F2 generation, but surprisingly, only the males were white eyed and even 50% of the males were white-eyed. Why? See Figure 15.4 on Slide 7. Sketch out this cross on your scratch paper to help. A. The white-eye allele is sex-linked and on the X chrom B. The white-eye allele is sex-linked and on the Y chrom C. The white-eye allele is dominant in males and recessive in females D. The red-eye allele only works in duplicate E. Female-specific factors prevent white-eye development

A

3. What key process is the result of Meiosis I? A) Homologous chromosomes are separated. B) Chromosomes are replicated C) Sister chromatids are separated. D) DNA is transcribed E) All Answers are correct

A

If Morgan had crossed flies with two different traits and found a recombination frequency of 0.1% what would this have told him? A. The genes are located very very close to one another on the same chromosome B. The genes are located on sex chromosomes C. The genes are on autosomal chromosomes D. A and B E. A and C

A

If you add a drug to cells that blocks protein phosphorylation (the addition of phosphate groups to proteins), what cell signaling "reception" process would you inhibit? A) Receptor tyrosine kinases B) Ligand-gated ion channel signaling C) Adenylyl cyclase activity D) Phosphatase Activity E) G-protein-linked receptor signaling

A

Mendel number 4. If he performed a test cross with Yellow/Round heterozygous x green/wrinkled homozygous recessive peas he would have found a phenotypic ratio of: A. 1:1:1:1 B. 9:3:3:1 C. 1:1 D. 3:1 E. 4:1

A

Prophase is an important stage of mitosis as it is a transition from interphase to mitosis. In this stage, which of the following occur: A) All Answers are Correct B) Nuclear envelope breaks down C) Duplicated Centrosomes move to opposite poles D) MPF activity is high E) Chromosomes condense

A

See slides 11 and 12 where Mitosis and Meiosis are compared. Which statement is NOT true? A) Mitosis and Meiosis I share the same mechanism for separating sister chromatids. B) Mitosis and Meiosis II share the same mechanism for separating sister chromatids. C) Mitosis conserves the number of chromosomes, and cells produced are genetically identical to the parent. D) Meiosis reduced the number of chromosomes (from diploid to haploid) and produces cells that are different genetically than the parents. E). Homologous Chromosomes are separated during Anaphase I only.

A

This dominantly inherited disorder is one where individuals are unaware that they have the disorder until a bit later in life after they have had children. One copy of this gene from either parent will lead to a severe degenerative disease of the nervous system that is irreversible and fatal. A) Huntington's disease B) Parkinson's disease C) Achondroplasia D) Diabetes E) Schizophrenia

A

1. Terminology Match. Brush up on your Genetics Giants and Vocab! Be prepared to match the definition with the following terms on the April 9 companion quiz. If you've ever seen the Broadway musical "Kiss me Kate" you can sing along here. 1 Gregor Mendel 2Trait 3True Breeding 4Hybrid 5Phenotype 6Genotype 7Allele 8 Homozygous 9 Heterozygous 10 Dr. Nancy Wexler

A variant for a character. Are you a purple flower or a white flower? __10__ Intensive pedigree analysis combined with molecular techniques elucidated the dominant Huntington's disease allele __5__ The physical appearance of an individual __7__ Alternate versions of genes that reside at the same locus __4__ F1 resulting from a cross between two true breeding parents. Will be heterozygous for traits. __1__ Monk then later Abbot of St. Thomas's Monastery. Couldn't pass teaching exams so settled into monastic life studying heredity, worked with his hands in the dirt and developed the Laws of Genetics. __8__ Having either both dominant or both recessive alleles for a trait __9__ Having both a dominant and a recessive allele for a trait __3__ A homozygous parent that Mendel used to begin his classic crosses. __6__ An individuals genetic make up

Synthesis of a new DNA strand begins with: A. An RNA primer that is synthesized by primase. DNA polymerase III uses this RNA primer to synthesize daughter DNA strands. B. Okazaki Fragments C. DNA Ligase D. DNA Polymerase I

A. An RNA primer that is synthesized by primase. DNA polymerase III uses this RNA primer to synthesize daughter DNA strands.

A sexually reproducing animal has two unlinked genes, one for head shape (H) and one for tail length (T). It is heterozygous for both traits. Which of the following genotypes is possible in a gamete from this organism? A. HT B. Hh C. HhTt D. Tt

A. HT

The F1 offspring of Mendel's classic pea crosses always looked like one of the two parental varieties because: Question options: A. One allele was dominant over the other B. Each allele affected phenotypic expression C. Traits blended together during fertilization D. Different genes interacted to produce the parental phenotype

A. One allele was dominant over the other

Cell signaling requires that a signal first be sent. Next the cell receiving the signal will under go which stages? A. Signal reception, signal transduction and cellular response. B. Alpha, beta and gamma stages. C. Signal reception, nucleus disintegration and new cell generation. D. Paracrine, local and synaptic stages.

A. Signal reception, signal transduction and cellular response

Ode to coffee! Caffeine inhibits phosphodiestarase. So since Brisch drinks buckets of "jet fuel" coffee, what would increase in her cells? Question options: A. cAMP B. G proteins C. 2 and 3 are correct D. phosphorylated proteins E. 1 and 3 are correct

A. cAMP

Photosystem II and Photosystem I both work to produce key ingredients that fuel the Calvin Cycle. What does Photosystem II produce that is needed for the Calvin Cycle? One word.

ATP

What key ATP producing structure (not process) do both mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common? Why in the?

ATP Synthase

11. Independent Assortment of Homologous Chromosomes allows: A. Identical daughter cells will always be produced B. Daughter cells with genetically different combinations will be produced C. Maternal Chromosomes to be protected from Crossing Over D. Paternal Chromosomes to be protected from Crossing Over E. Synaptonemal Complex Disorder

B

12. Haploid? Diploid? Where in the world is Loid? Believe it or not, when I took genetics trying to find "Loid" sent me down a rabbit hole. But there is no Loid so don't worry about Loid! Just something funny to share J Select the correct statement(s). A. Adults have only haploid cells. B. Adults have haploid cells only in reproductive organs. C. Zygotes have only haploid cells. D. Zygotes have diploid cells only in reproductive organs. E. All answers are correct.

B

8. If Morgan had crossed flies with two different traits and found a recombination frequency of 60% what would this have told him? A. Abnormal meiosis has occurred B. Non-disjunction has occurred C. The genes for these two traits are likely on two different chromosomes D. All of the offspring have combinations of traits that match one or the parents E. The genes are located on sex chromosomes

B

Anaphase is an important stage of mitosis. What happens during Anaphase? A. Sister chromatids from one chromosome travel together to the same pole. B. Kinetochore microtubules are "shredded" into tubulin subunits by microtubule motors that pull the chromosomes. C. Cytokinesis occurs and creates the cleavage furrow made of actin and myosin. D. A and B E. A and C

B

Mendel number 3. Mendel's work with peas led to the development of modern genetics. He studied peas expressing 7 different traits. If he performed a cross with Yellow/Round heterozygous peas and found a phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1 what type of cross did he perform? A. Self-cross B. Dihybrid cross C. Hybrid cross D. F1 cross E. Test cross

B

Please see Slide 46 in our lecture where a pedigree analysis of Alkaptonuria is shown. Is this a Dominant, Recessive, Incomplete Dominance, or Multifactorial disorder? This is also problem 16 in the Genetics Problems at the end of Chapter 14 on page 285. Lots of good practice questions there too! A) Dominant B) Recessive C) Incomplete Dominance D) Multifactoral

B

Second messenger molecules are important in signal transduction pathways. Which of the following are second messenger molecules? A. C and D only B. C, D and E C. Cyclic AMP D. Calcium ions. E. (IP3) Inositol triphosphate

B

How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype of AaBbCCDdEE? A.4 B.8 C.16 D. 32

B. 8

Rubisco one more time. This time looking at C3 and C4 plants. C3 plants are our everyday easygoing plants. C4 plants have a specialized approach to prevent photorespiration. What happens in photorespiration? Question options: A. Rubisco fixes both O2 and CO2 in C3 and C4 plants. B. Rubisco fixes both O2 and CO2 in C3 plants. C. Rubisco fixes O2 C4 plants. D. Rubisco only fixes O2 in all plants

B. Rubisco fixes both O2 and CO2 in C3 plants

What the Chlorophyll? What is so great about Chlorophyll? A. This pigment molecule transmits light energy from photons and this transitions electrons from a ground state to an excited state. B. This pigment molecule absorbs light energy from photons and this transitions electrons from a ground state to an excited state. C. This Calvin cycle molecule fixes CO2 to produce sugars D. This key electron carrier takes electrons from the electron transport chain and donates them to oxygen to produce water.

B. This pigment molecule absorbs light energy from photons and this transitions electrons from a ground state to an excited state.

Cholera can be deadly. In fact, the bacteria Vibrio cholerae produces a toxin that: A. binds with adenylyl cyclase and triggers formation of cAMP. B. modifies a G protein involved in regulating salt and thus water secretion. Loose salt into intenstines, water follows and deadly diarrhea can result. C. decreases the cytosolic concentration of calcium ions, and makes the cells hypotonic to intestinal cells. D. signals IP3 (inositol triphosphate) to become a second messanger and release calcium.

B. modifies a G protein involved in regulating salt and thus water secretion. Loose salt into intestines, water follows and deadly diarrhea can result.

1. Yeast reproduce sexually and asexually--asexually when nutrients are plentiful. When conditions do not allow for asexual reproduction, yeast cells mate, and produce spores. The two mating types are called ______________, and their mating factor cell signaling results in_______________. See Figure 11.2 to help with this question A) a and alpha; growth factor release. B) b and beta; growth factor release. C) a and alpha; cell fusion. D) b and beta; cell fusion. E) S plus, S minus; growth factor release.

C

13. This autosomal recessive disorder is the most common among Caucasians of European decent. Individuals have a mutation in a chloride channel that leads to thick mucus, breathing and digestive problems. This disorder is: A) Huntington's disease B) Parkinson's disease C) Cystic Fibrosis D) Tay-Sachs disease E) Sickle-cell disease

C

14. If there are 20 chromatids in a cell, and 20 centromeres, this cell would be in which phase of mitosis? A) Prophase B) Metaphase C) Anaphase D) G1 E) C and D

C

4. What key process is the result of Meiosis II? A) Homologous chromosomes are separated. B) Chromosomes are replicated C) Sister chromatids are separated. D) DNA is transcribed E) All Answers are correc

C

5. One more time! This process is the key result of Meiosis I ________ and this is the result of Meiosis II ________. A) Homologous chromosomes are separated, Chromosomes are Replicated. B) Chromosomes are replicated, Homologous chromosomes are separated C) Homologous chromosomes are separated, Sister chromatids are separated. D) Homologous chromosomes are separated, DNA is transcribed E) All Answers are correct

C

9. Wait, blood type isn't determined just by the alleles shown in Figure 4.11 and in Question 8, there's another important factor-the Rh Factor. What is true about this factor? A. 18% of the US population is negative while 15% is positive. B. The Rh Factor protects against Hemolytic Disease C. If a mother is Rh negative and the baby is Rh positive then Hemolytic Disease can result. D. Hemolytic Disease means that the oxygen and ATP rates will be increased in an affected fetus. E. All answers

C

Another pattern of Inheritance is called "Co-Dominant". Our blood type is determined by co-dominance. Match the phenotype (blood group) with a genotype that would produce this blood group. Use Figure 14.11 to help with this question. Match the genotype with the resulting possible blood type by selecting the correct genotype order for the following blood types in this order: A, B, AB, O A. IAI B , ii, IB Ii, IAI A B. IB Ii, IAI A, IAI B , ii C. IAI A, IB Ii, IAI B , ii D. ii, IB Ii, I AI A, I AI B

C

G proteins and G-protein-linked receptors: A. Are found only in animal cells. B. Are found only in bacterial cells. C. Are thought to have evolved early, because of their similar structure and function in a wide variety of modern organisms. D. Probably evolved from an adaptation of the citric acid cycle. E. Not widespread in eukaryotes.

C

Mendel number 2. Mendel crossed round yellow peas (YYRR) with green wrinkled peas (yyrr). From the results of this cross he developed the model for independent assortment. BUT---What would have been the results of the F2 generation that he predicted if the alleles followed dependent assortment? A. 3 Wrinkled yellow peas; 1 round green pea B. 3 Wrinkled green peas; 1round yellow pea C. 3 Round yellow peas; 1 wrinkled green pea D. All round and all yellow peas E. The 9:3:3:1 ratio of Round yellow, wrinkled yellow

C

Imagine that Brisch and Cell Bio students are still in the lab! This time they are analyzing the number of different bases in a DNA sample. Which of the following ratios would be consistent with Chargaff's rule? Of course this is the one that they would find: A.The amount of A always equals the amount of G A=G B.There is always a 25% ratio of nucleotide bases found in DNA C. The amount of A + G always equals the amount of C + T A+G=C+T This means that the amount of A is equal to T, and the amount of G is equal to C. D.The amount of A + T always equals the amount of C + G A+T=C+G This means that the amount of A is equal to G, and the amount of T is equal to C

C The amount of A + G always equals the amount of C + T. A+G=C+T This means that the amount of A is equal to T, and the amount of G is equal to C.

If your cells lacked active telomerase, what might occur? Don't forget there is a great TED talk by Elizabeth Blackburn on Telomeres and Telomerase! A. Cells would be unable to identify and correct mismatch errors B. Cells would be unable to take up DNA from the surrounding solution C. Cells would have a gradual reduction of their chromosomal length with each cell cycle. D. Cells would be unable to connect Okazaki fragments.

C. Cells would have a gradual reduction of their chromosomal length with each cell cycle.

Thought question for you--Many labs study the relationship between DNA damage and cancer. What is the most reasonable statement about the role of DNA repair enzymes and cancer? A. Cancer is always caused by environmental factors that mutate DNA B. Cancer can never occur if DNA repair enzymes work properly C. If errors in DNA are not detected or repaired this can lead to cancer D. Cancer is genetically inherited

C. If errors in DNA are not detected or repaired this can lead to cancer.

A pea plant with purple flowers is allowed to self-pollinate. Generation after generation it produces purple flowers. This in an example of: A. Hybridization B. Incomplete dominance C. true-breeding D. polygenetics

C. true-breeding

Rubisco is such an important enzyme for life!! Why? Well because it fixes _____. Three characters.

CO2

11. The cell fusion experiments and yeast cell cycle experiments yielded early information into finding the molecular mechanisms that drive the cell cycle. Select the correct statement(s). See Figures 12.13 and 12.16 to help. A. The Cell Fusion experiments showed that when an M phase cell is fused with a G1 phase cell mitosis occurs, while Paul Nurse's lab found that the high % of dividing cells occurred before protein kinase activity. B. The Cell Fusion experiments showed that when an S phase cell is fused with a G1 phase cell mitosis occurs while Paul Nurse's lab found that the high % of dividing cells occurred before protein kinase activity. C. The Cell Fusion experiments showed that when an S phase cell is fused with a G1 phase cell mitosis occurs while Paul Nurse's lab found that the high % of dividing cells occurred after protein kinase activity. D. The Cell Fusion experiments showed that when an M phase cell is fused with a G1 phase cell mitosis occurs while Paul Nurse's lab found that the high % of dividing cells occurred after protein kinase activity E. Paul Nurse's lab found Cyclin

D

12. What do sea urchins, yeast cells, frog cells and mammalian cells all have in common? Why Brisch, that's easy-they all helped to discover how MPF controls the cell cycle clock. How does MPF work? See Fig 12.17 to help. A. MPF is composed of two proteins--cdk and cyclin B. MPF is only active during mitosis C. Cyclin is always present and MPF is always on D. A and B E. A and C

D

13. Non-Disjunction is a failure of chromosome separation that occurs during meiosis. What happens and what can occur? See the slides that I've included in Chapter 13 slides to help you understand this process. This process is also a part of our upcoming Inheritance and Human Genetic disorder chapter (Ch15). A) Homologous chromosomes fail to separate in Meiosis I, this allows the possibility of Trisomy 21 to occur B) Homologous chromosomes fail to separate in Meiosis II, this allows the possibility of Trisomy 21 to occur C) Sister chromatids fail to separate in Meiosis II, this allows the possibility of Trisomy 21 to occur D) A and C are correct E) B and C are correct

D

2. You have in your possession a microscope slide with meiotic cells on it and a light microscope. What would you look for if you wanted to identify a cell in Prometaphase I and Metaphse I on the slide? A) Synapsis B) separated sister chromatids at each pole of the cell C) Tetrads lined up at the center of the cell D) A and C E) B and C

D

6. Crossing over contributes to genetic variation by exchanging chromosomal segments between: A) Sister chromatids from one chromosome B) Sister chromatids from different chromosomes C) Non-homologous loci of the genome D) Non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes E) Autosomes and Sex chromosomes

D

7. In chapter 11, we discussed the molecular basis of apoptosis. This process, and a key cell signaling molecule Ced-9 was discovered in C. elegans. What role does Ced-9 play in apoptosis? See figure 11.20 to help you with this question. A. Active Ced-9 functions as a cell death inhibitor D. A and C B. Inactive Ced-9 functions as a cell death inhibitor E. B and C. C. The death signal inactivates Ced-9 and drives apoptosis

D

7. Meiosis is key for creating genetic diversity. Which of these processes occur during meiosis only? A. Independent assortment of Chromosomes B. Crossing Over C. Random Fertilization D. A and B E. A, B and C

D

8. Crossing over occurs at the Chiasma and produces recombinant chromosomes. This process requires: A. Duplicated Homologous Chromosomes that align to form a Tetrad B. Duplicated Non-Homologous Chromosomes that align to form a Tetrad C. Synapsis--a process required for facilitating the chromosomal exchange that uses a Synaptomenal complex (this complex has cohesion proteins called "cohesins" found at the centromere). D. A and C ' E. B and C

D

See Figure 11.15 to help you with this question. The signal transduction pathway in animal cells that use epinephrine: A) Activates glycogen breakdown to allow free glucose for metabolism B) Activates cAMP production C) Activation is thorough a Receptor Tyrosine Kinase D) A and B E) A, B and C

D

Vibrio cholerae is a strain of pathogenic bacteria that produces a toxin that causes "death by diarrhea". How does this toxin cause diarrhea? See Figure 11.11 to help you with this question. A. Activates and "locks on" a G protein involved in regulating salt and water excretion. B. Binds a receptor that results in the activation of adenylyl cyclase that triggers the formation of cAMP. C. Decreases the cytosolic concentration of calcium ions, making cells swell. D. A and B. E. A and C

D

Two characters that appear in a 9:3:3:1 ration in the F2 generation should have which of the following properties? Question options: A. The genes controlling the characters obey the law of independent assortment B. Each of the genes controlling the characters has two alleles C. Each of the characters is controlled by a single gene D. All answers--be sure you can explain why each would be correct if you pick this answer!

D. All answers--be sure you can explain why each would be correct if you pick this answer!

Mitos and Chloros one more time. In mitochondria, electron transport chain proteins pump electrons from the matrix to the IMS. Where does this analogous process take place in chloroplast? A. From the intermembrane space to the matrix B. From the thylakoid space to the stroma C. From the matrix to the stroma D. From the stroma to the thylakoid space

D. From the stroma to the thylakoid space

Tired of the cold weather and all the "on line Jove labs", Cell Biology students wished they could come into the lab and work with Brisch over the weekend to isolate and purify the molecules required for DNA replication. Imagine that after the DNA was added, replication occurred but each DNA molecule had a normal strand that was paired with an abnormal strand that had numerous segments of DNA but these segments weren't zipped together. What did Brisch and the students leave out of the replication mix? Nucleotides DNA Polymerase Okazaki fragments DNA Ligase

DNA Ligase

1. What is special about meiosis? Lots, but more specifically, what happens in meiosis but not in mitosis? A) Crossing Over B) Synapsis C) Tetrads align at the metaphase plate D) A and B E) A, B, and C

E

10. One more time! See slides 11 and 12 where Mitosis and Meiosis are compared, and also read question 9 above. Why was A the incorrect statement? Looks like I just gave you the answer to question 9. Now let's do the detail. A) In Mitosis, sister chromatids separate. B) In Meiosis I, sister chromatids do not separate but rather homologous chromosomes separate. C) Therefore, Mitosis and Meiosis I cannot share the same mechanism for separating sister chromatids. D) Always Remember that Mitosis and ONLY Meiosis II share the same mechanism for separating sister chromatids. E) Always Remember that in Meiosis II, Sister Chromatids Separate--so all answers are correct-Really!

E

13. See the figure 12.17 to the right. This figure shows: A. MPF activity is high during M phase. B. MPF activity is high during I phase C. Cyclin levels are high during M phase. D. Cyclin levels are high during I phase. E. A and C are correct. This means that Cyclin regulates MPF activity

E

2. Mendel number 1. Mendel crossed round yellow peas (YYRR) with green wrinkled peas (yyrr). From the results of this cross he developed the model for independent assortment. What would have been the results of the F2 generation that he predicted if the alleles followed independent assortment? A. 3 Wrinkled yellow peas; 1 round green pea B. 3 Wrinkled green peas; 1round yellow pea C. 3 Round yellow peas; 1 wrinkled green pea D. All round and all yellow peas E. The 9:3:3:1 ratio of Round yellow, wrinkled yellow, round green and wrinkled green

E

7. See Slide 20, or Figure 15.11 to see the results of other crosses Morgan and his lab did to study linkage. What do these numbers mean? A. A Recombination Frequency of 9% means that 9% of the flies are like one of their parents. D. A and C B. A Recombination Frequency of 9% means that 9% of the flies have traits from both of their parents. E. B and C C. A Recombination Frequency of 9% means that the cinnabar allele is 9 cM (centi Morgans) from the black body allele.

E

Both Mendel and Morgan used predicted ration to test their hypothesis using dihybrid (Mendel) and Testcross (Morgan) experiments. For Morgan, even though he used the Testcross, he still made predictions. Which of the following are correct for Morgan's Testcross? This is shown on slide 17, Fig 19.9 The Experiment. A. If genes are on different chromosomes the predicted ratios will be 1:1:1:1 B. If genes are on the same chromosome and the alleles travel together the ratio will be 1:1:0:0 C. The eggs from the testcross offspring will contain an equal ratio of b+ vg+ , bvg, b+ vg, and bvg+ D. The sperm of the Double Mutant in the test cross will always be homozygous recessive. E. Silly Brisch, of course all of these statements are true and I can draw the crosses out to show you!

E

Metaphase is an important stage of mitosis. What happens during Metaphase? A) Replicated chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate B) Nuclear Envelope breakdown begins C) Mitotic spindle microtubules are attached to the kinetochore D) A and B E) A and C

E

Morgan's Linkage Cross is shown in Figure 15.9, Slide 9. What happens and what is the purpose of the Testcross step? A. Like Mendel, Morgan just wanted to make sure he began his experiment with true breeding flies. B. Morgan utilized the ability of the Testcross is to examine how the F1 dihybrid's alleles will sort. C. The Testcross takes the F1 dihybrid generation and crosses with a homozygous recessive. D. A and B E. B and C

E

Morgan's lab did pioneering work on genetic linkage. He also identified a double mutant with a black body and vestigial (little) wings; wild type flies have grey bodies and big wings. See this cross in Figure 15.9 and 15.10 on slides 16, 17 and 19. When he testcrossed a F1 dihibrid with a double mutant he noticed that most of the offspring looked like one of the parents, either the wild type or the double mutant--they had traits most like one or the other parent. This is because: A. The genes for body color and wing size are on the same chromosomes C. Non-disjunction B. The genes for body color and wing size are on different chromosome D. A and B E. B and C

E

Please look ahead to Chapter 15 for this question. See Figure 15.2 in Chapter 15. This shows the chromosomal basis of Mendel's laws. Select the correct statement(s) from below. Be sure you can sketch this figure out! A. Mendel's Law of Segregation is shown because both alleles stick together to form gametes. B. Mendel's Law of Segregation is shown because both alleles separate to form gametes. C. Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment is shown because there are two equally probable arrangements of the chromosomes at metaphase I. D. A and B E. B and C F. A and C

E

The Openstax text has a short write up on "The Red Queen Hypothesis" in Chapter 11 of the OpenStax Biology text. I have posted this page for you with our lecture notes. Sexual reproduction is needed to create genetic diversity, but as we know, it is expensive! For one, think about the costs of the dating game. Next and more substantially, when do we typically reproduce--at 22 or 28? Think about the cost of raising, feeding, clothing, housing, toys, cars and everything else over all those years. Boy do the dollars add up! So "why, even in the face of fairly stable conditions, does sexual reproduction persist when it is more difficult and costly for individual organisms?" A. "All species co-evolve with other organisms" B. "Each tiny advantage ... gives a species an edge" C. "As one species gains an advantage, this increases selection on the other species" D. "Species that cannot keep up become Extinct". E. All answers of course, just like the Red Queen said: "It takes all the running you can do to stay in the same place"

E

This incomplete dominance disorder is the most common of African Americans and those of African descent. A) Huntington's disease B) Parkinson's disease C) Cystic Fibrosis D) Tay-Sachs disease E) Sickle-cell disease

E

What is recombination frequency? What does this mean for the location of the genes? A. Morgan calculated the Recombination Frequency by dividing the number of flies that showed traits of both parents by the total number of offspring. B. 391 recombinants/2,300 total offspring X 100 = 17% Recombination Frequency. C. A Low Recombination Frequency provides evidence for the genes to be linked. D. The Recombination Frequency shows the ratio of recombinant flies to total offspring. E. Silly Brisch, of course all these statements are true and I can crunch the numbers to show you!

E

G proteins and G-protein-linked receptors: A. are not widespread in nature and so are not important in the evolution of eukaryotes B. Probably evolved from an adaptation of the citric acid cycle C. All of the statements are true D. Are found only in animal cells E. None of the statements are true F. Are found only in plant cells

E. None of the statements are true

True or False? The light reaction produces G3P and the Calvin cycle produces ATP and NADPH. True or False?

False

7. Last Mendel question--I promise! From his extensive work with peas, Mendel developed the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment. Select the correct statements about Mendel's Laws. A. The Law of Segregation states: "The two alleles for a heritable character remain connected during gamete formation and end up in the same gamete" B. The Law of Independent Assortment states: "each pair of alleles segregates dependently of each pair of alleles during gamete formation" C. The Law of Independent Assortment states: "each pair of alleles segregates independently of each pair of alleles during gamete formation" D. The Law of Segregation states: "The two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes" E. A and B are correct F. B and C are correct G. C and D are Correct

G

The input of CO2 (three times) will be brought to the Calvin Cycle and "Fixed" and the ouptut is: (three characters only)

G3P

Why are plants green? Well Brisch, that's easy! It's because plants absorb some wavelengths of light but reflect or transmit others. Which color of light is NOT absorbed? One word.

Green

This one we only got half credit: See Fig 10.16 to help you with this question. Where is the pH gradient highest in Mitochondria? Two words.

Intermembrane Space?

This enzyme is key for fixing CO2 by bringing it to the Calvin Cycle. One word.

NADPH

Rubisco is truly an important enzyme, but is is also promiscuous. This means that Rubisco can also fix ____. Two characters.

O2

This one we only got half credit: See Fig 10.16 to help you with this question. Where is the pH gradient highest in Chloroplast? Two words.

Thylakoid membrane?

What key ATP producing process (not structure) do both mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common? One word

chemiosmosis