Race, Gender, & Sexuality exam #1

What the reading calls a "learning asymmetry" involves which of the following? Check all that apply

-Adult men tend to generally enforce gender norms more than adult women -Boys are punished more harshly than girls for violating gender norms

Which of the following are given as reasons for recommending genital surgery on intersex infants? Check all that apply

-Ensuring "normal" sexual functioning -The fact that atypical internal organs might develop cancer -Making the genitalia's appearance "typical" -Sometimes no reason is really given

Which of the following seem true about clothing? Check all that apply

-It is socially constructed -Clothing norms have changed radically over time and depending on country/culture

What are some issues with assuming that anything unnatural (=involving human intervention) is wrong/bad. Check all that apply

-It would make organ transplants and the medical use of ventilators wrong/bad -It would make clothing and housing wrong/bad -It would make wearing glasses and prosthetic limbs wrong/bad

Which of the following are NOT on Mills list of possible criteria for racial categorization? Check all that apply

-Nationality -Gender Identity -Race assigned at birth (on birth certificate)

Which of the following is true of the US census? Check all that apply

-Race boxes/categories on the census have changed over time, with some boxes appearing and others disappearing over time -Since 1997, the US census recognizes 5 primary race categories (it recognized only 4 before then): White, Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander -Until 2000, you could not check more than one race box

What have census race classifications been used to do? Check all that apply

-Starting in around the 1960s, racial classifications are used to help identify under-representation of and discrimination against certain racial groups; they are then used to address these issues and to craft more racially just policies -Prior to about the 1960s, census race classifications were used to make difficult for people not classified as white to vote, enter certain professions, marry across racial lines, seek education, etc. etc.

According to the European binary model of sex/gender, which of the following are true? Check all that apply

-There are two sexes -Someone who is assigned male at birth should grow up to identify as a man and express himself in a masculine -Gender Identity and Expression flow naturally from sex

Which of the following are reasons for thinking that race cannot be biologically determined/defined? Check all that apply

-There is no physical characteristic (or combination of characteristics) that all members of race all have in common and no one from any other race has/shares -Race cannot be biologically determined by a person's skin color, because people with the exact same skin color will categorized as belonging to different race categories (for example, an Indian person, a South American person and an African person can have the same skin color)

Given what we said on Monday, which of the following could be true of people who identify as a man?

-They are intersex -They were assigned female at birth -They identify mostly with the gender role our society associates with those who are assigned male at birth -They were assigned male at birth

Which of the following is/are true of models of sexual orientation like the Kinsey Scale? Check all that apply

-They see sexual orientation as involving a continuum from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively gay/lesbian with several possibilities in between (like "mostly heterosexual" and "somewhat less heterosexual") -They are binary models, in that they assume there is attraction to one's own sex, or to "the other" sex, or to both

Which of the following are true of Jefferson's suspicion that "that the blacks, whether originally a distinct race, or made distinct by time and circumstance, are inferior to the whites in the endowment both of body and mind" (Notes on the States of Virigina, 1785)? Check all that apply

-This quote assumes that visible traits like skin color are concordant with "deeper" abilities like intellectual and physical endowments -This quote can be reconciled with Jefferson's famous claim in the Declaration of Independence that "all men are created equal", if he also believes that black men's suspected naturally inferiority makes them literally less than men (dehumanization) -This quote expresses a white-supremacist ideology (whites are suspected to be superior) -This quote endorses a vertical system of race

According to your reading "Introduction to Gender ", which of the following are true of sex/gender?

-Whatever differences there are between the sexes, they are exaggerated and extended by social influence -Gender socialization happens starting at birth

According to the APA, sexual orientation is described as

-a person's sense of identity based on those attractions -an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic and/or sexual attractions to men, women or both sexes

Agents of gender socialization include family, school and which of the following?

-peers -media

According to the mediterraneantradition of slavery, who could be justifiably enslaved? Check all that apply

-prisoners of war -non-Christians

Match the people with their place in the political hierarchy of Ancient Greece (1 being the people at the top with the most political power and 5 the people at the bottom)

1. Citizen adult males 2. Citizen adolescent males 3. Women and children 4. Foreigners 5. Slaves

What does Frye think is the standard meaning of "have sex" in English?

A couple has had sex if there has been a male orgasm and ejaculation

What is the best definition what Mills calls "racial transgressives"?

A person whose criteria for racial identity (like bodily appearance, ancestry etc.) do not all point to the same racial categorization

Lesbian

A woman who is attracted to other women

On the US census, how are we asked to think about Hispanic origins?

According to the census, Hispanic origins are not a race; presumably, the thought is that Hispanic/Latinx origins have more to do with common language and ethnicity than with "race"

What is a chimaera?

An intersex variation in which two twin fetuses (one with XX chromosomes, one with XY chromosomes) merge in the womb resulting in an infant (then adult) with both XX and XY choromosomes.

An intersex variation in which the phalloclitoris is entirely absent

Aphallia

According to the author we read this week, how should we understand gender identity?

As a measure of how much we align or don't align with what's been established to be the role we're expected to play given the sex we were assigned at birth

Match the prefix with its meaning

Bi- = two Pan- = all A- = Without/ non

Someone who identifies fully with two genders, often "man" and "woman" or any two identities

Bigender

An intersex variation in which someone has XY chromosomes and testes but typically female external genitalia and who develop as females during puberty

Complete Andogen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS)

Even though there can be intersex variation at the level of external and internal sex organs, human sex chromosomes in human cells are either XX or XY

False

Someone who experiences varying gender identities at different times or in differing situations

Genderfluid

Can refer to someone whose only certainty is that their gender identity is not "man" or "woman"

Genderqueer

What is hypodescent?

If people of two different races have a child, the child is assigned whichever parental race is socially considered "inferior"

A general term used to refer to people born with a wide range of natural variations in their sex characteristics that don't fit the typical definition of male or female either when it comes to sexual anatomy, reproductive organs or chromosome patterns.

Intersex

Starting in the Middle Ages (and for a long time after that), what did European societies require intersex individuals to do?

Intersex individuals were compelled to pick one of the two sexes and to act in the ways that these societies deemed appropriate for individuals of that sex.

Which of the following is true of the binary, European sex/gender model?

It is one model of sex/gender; some other cultures have different models of the relationship between sex and gender, and of the number of genders

According to the Blumstein and Schwartz study

Lesbian couples "have sex" far less frequently than any other type of couple

For each statement below, match either an N or a D depending on whether the statement is Normative or Descriptive

Normative: -It is bad to burp at the table -Eating meat is murder -Surgeons should not perform intersex surgeries on individuals who aren't able to consent Descriptive: -US surgeons in the mid and late 20th century strongly recommended surgical intervention on intersex infants -Everything in nature has a purpose -The majority of people in the United States are now against capital punishment

Which of the following seems to be true about voice pitch?

Our voice pitch is caused by some biological factors (length of vocal tract) and some social factors (who we're talking to, say, and whether we are trying to project authority)

An intersex variation in which someone has chromosomes that are either XX, XY or a mix and whose gonads include both ovarian and testicular tissue

Ovotesticular DSD

What is the difference between romantic and emotional attraction?

Romantic attraction involves experiencing the desire to date or be in a relationship with someone while emotional attraction involves experiencing the desire to confide in and share deep intimate things with someone

We talked in class about how the binary sex options (M or F) on birth certificates reflect a social, cultural decision to put all people into one of two mutually exclusive categories, even though in nature physical sex does not come in only two mutually exclusive configurations. What term do people use to express the idea that someone's designation as male or female is rooted in a social, cultural decision? Circle the best answer

Sex assigned at birth

Social Constructionism

Some object or objects are caused or controlled by social or cultural factors rather than natural [biological] factors

Biological/Natural Determinism

Some objects are caused or controlled by natural [biological] factors rather than by social or cultural factors

Bisexual

Someone who is attracted to both men and women

Gynosexual

Someone who is attracted to females, women and/or femininity

Pansexual

Someone who is attracted to people regardless of their sex, gender identity or gender expression

Skoliosexual

Someone who is attracted to people who aren't cisgender (someone attracted to people who are trans or non-conforming, or nonbinary etc.)

According to the census, what is the definition of "Black or African-American"

Someone with origins in the Black racial groups of Africa

According to the census, what is the definition of 'white'

Someone with origins in the original people of Europe, the Middle East or North Africa

What conclusion does Frye draw from thinking about the default English (heterosexual) meaning of 'have sex' ?

That lesbians simply do not have sex at all since their sexual activities do not involve a male orgasm

What did the Ancient Greeks think could happen to men if they had too much sex?

The could become feminized and eventually turn into women

What makes a political system a white supremacist system?

The fact that it assumes that there are biologically distinct races and that whites are superior to other races

Gender Socialization

The process by which society's values and norms pertaining to gender are taught and learned

Gender Expression

The visible way we present gender to others through clothing, actions, demeanors etc.

Gender Identity

The way we define and experience our own gender

At the end of our class on "Having Sex", I showed you the results of a 2016 study in which people were asked the following question: "would you say you had sex if the most intimate behavior you engaged in was...."? What is one lesson to draw from that study? Pick the best answer below

Though there was some consensus about some behaviors (like kissing or penile-vaginal intercourse), there was significant disagree among participants in the study about whether oral sex for instance counted as sex

Anyone whose gender identity does not match the sex they were assigned at birth

Transgender

All fetuses, whether they'll develop into males, females or intersex start off with the exact same undifferentiated internal and external sex organs

True

How did we define "roles" this week? Check the best answer

a societal station or position with a list of prescribed (normative) behaviors and responsibilities

What makes a racial system a vertical racial system ?

a system in which political, economic and cultural influence/power are structured on a hierarchical axis in which some races are superior or inferior to others

For the ancient greeks, sex meant

penetration

classifies people depending on biological features, including chromosomes, hormones, sex organs etc.

sex

Asexual

someone who experiences little or no sexual attraction

Which of the following is the best definition of a cisgender man

someone who was assigned male at birth and identifies as a man

Which of the following is the best description of a transgender girl

someone who was assigned male at birth and who identifies as a girl

Which of the following made Frye suspicious about the results of the Blumstein and Schwartz results?

that whatever heterosexual couples are counting takes only on average 8 minutes to do, so it can't be the same thing as what lesbians are counting

What does it mean to say that skin color is non-concordant with traits of character or with intellectual or physical abilities? Select the best answer

the genes that code for skin color are independent of the genes that code for character, intellectual or physical ability

In the acronym LGBTQIA, the letter T stands for [x], the letter Q stands for [y], the letter I stands for [z], the letter A stands for [a].

trans queer intersex asexual