Radiology Final

he lethal dose (LD 50/30) of radiation for humans is estimated to be 450 grays. 45 grays. 4.5 grays. 4,500 grays.

4.5 grays. The LD 50/30 for humans is 4.5 grays.

For caries to be imaged on a radiograph, approximately what percentage of calcium and phosphorus of the tooth structure must be lost? 50 to 60 percent 30 to 40 percent 20 to 30 percent 40 to 50 percent

40 to 50 percent Because the percentage of tooth structure loss must be 40 to 50 percent, the depth of caries penetration is clinically deeper than it appears on the radiograph.

At what age would a child most likely benefit from the exposure of two bitewing and two occlusal radiographs when a complete mouth examination is required? 5 years 10 years 15 years 13 years

5 years Bitewing radiographic surveys for children with a primary dentition should include one posterior bitewing on each side, for a total of two. At a very young age, the child would be more likely to tolerate the placement of the image receptor using the occlusal technique.

Which kVp setting produces the highest contrast between sound enamel and demineralization? 90 85 80 70

70 The lower the kVp setting, the higher the contrast image. In this list, a kVp setting of 70 will produce a black-and-white image with few shades of gray.

Each of the following statements regarding patients who refuse radiographs is correct except one. Which one is the exception? The dentist must consider whether care can be provided without the radiographs. Patients may believe radiographs are not necessary or that they will add to treatment costs. Patients may be fearful that dental x-ray exposure will be hazardous to their health. A patient who does not want radiographs may sign a document releasing the dentist from liability.

A patient who does not want radiographs may sign a document releasing the dentist from liability. Such documents are not valid because the patient cannot legally consent to negligent care.

Which of these statements is false? Most patients are not apprehensive about radiographic procedures. A patient's apprehension is decreased when the operator appears unsure of oneself. Apprehensive patients often consider the radiographic procedure to be unpleasant. The radiographer should take the time to explain the procedure and allow the apprehensive patient to ask questions.

A patient's apprehension is decreased when the operator appears unsure of oneself. A patient's apprehension is increased when the operator appears unsure of him or herself.

The federal performance standard for diagnostic x-ray equipment requires that all x-ray equipment meet each of the following radiation safety requirements except one. Which one is the exception? Collimators may be round or rectangular. Both inherent and added filtration is usually required. Aluminum filters are required to remove long wavelength x-rays from the beam. A pointed, closed-end PID is acceptable.

A pointed, closed-end PID is acceptable. Only round or rectangular open-ended PIDs are currently acceptable.

Which of these statements regarding the radiographic appearance of dental materials is false? Porcelain appears about the same density as dentin. A porcelain jacket appears more radiopaque than a full metal crown. A full metal crown may be distinguished from amalgam by its smooth margins. A stainless steel crown has a see-through appearance.

A porcelain jacket appears more radiopaque than a full metal crown. Porcelain appears about the same density as dentin. Therefore, a porcelain jacket would appear less radiopaque than a full metal crown.

Which of these statements is false? A radiographer is not likely to find oneself performing examinations on patients of a variety of racial, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds. Cross-cultural barriers include language, beliefs, traditions, and familial influences. A radiographer should strive to develop good communication with patients from diverse cultures. Educating patients from a variety of cultural backgrounds requires an awareness of possible cross-cultural barriers.

A radiographer is not likely to find oneself performing examinations on patients of a variety of racial, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds. The wide range of cultural beliefs and values in today's global society means that a radiographer is increasingly likely to find oneself performing radiographic examinations on patients of a variety of racial, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds.

Which of the following statements regarding x-ray equipment is false? An external collimator can be attached to the PID to achieve rectangular collimation. A filter placed in the path of the x-ray beam reduces patient radiation exposure. A short (8 inch [20.5 cm]) PID delivers less radiation to the patient. Total filtration is the sum of inherent and added filtration.

A short (8 inch [20.5 cm]) PID delivers less radiation to the patient. A long (12 or 16 inch [30 or 41 cm]) PID produces a less divergent x-ray beam, resulting in an exit beam diameter that exposes the patient less than a short (8 inch [20.5 cm]) PID.

Which of the following dental materials will most likely have a see-through appearance radiographically? Gutta-purcha Acrylic resin A temporary filling A stainless steel crown

A stainless steel crown As a temporary restoration, this metal is less dense and will allow the passage of more x-rays, giving the material a "see-through" appearance.

Which of the following describes the radiographic appearance of the lamina dura? A thin radiolucent border that outlines the root of the tooth A radiolucent honeycomb layer adjacent to the root of the tooth A thin radiopaque border that outlines the root of the tooth A radiopaque honeycomb layer adjacent to the root of the tooth

A thin radiopaque border that outlines the root of the tooth The lamina dura appears as a thin radiopaque border that outlines the shape of the alveolus.

Which of the following would be the least valuable radiographic assessment for the patient with periodontal disease? Periapical radiographs exposed using the paralleling technique A vertical bitewing series A horizontal bitewing series Periapical radiographs exposed using the bisecting technique

A vertical bitewing series Bitewing radiographs, especially when positioned vertically, are most useful for examining the periodontium. The precise parallelism established between the tooth and the film plane when taking bitewing radiographs makes it possible to image the alveolar crestal bone accurately. To achieve this same degree of accuracy when using periapical radiographs, the paralleling technique must be used. The bisecting technique does not achieve the same precise film packet placement and accurate vertical angulation required for imaging the alveolar bone crest.

Which of these statements is false? ALARA protocols that apply to adults do not apply to children. A thyroid collar should be placed on all child patients. A child's smaller size places radiation-sensitive tissues closer to the path of radiation. Radiographs on children require less radiation exposure than adults.

ALARA protocols that apply to adults do not apply to children. ALARA protocols that apply to adults also apply to children.

Which of the following is not a component of factors determining radiation injury? Actively dividing cells with high mitotic activity are less sensitive. More specialized cells are more radioresistant. Immature cells are more sensitive. Cells are most susceptible to injury during cell division.

Actively dividing cells with high mitotic activity are less sensitive. Cells with a potential for rapid division (mitosis) are more sensitive to radiation than those that do not divide.

To clearly image the proximal surfaces of malaligned or crowded teeth, which of the following may be necessary? Additional radiographs varying the vertical angulation A smaller image receptor positioned lower in the oral cavity A smaller image receptor positioned higher in the oral cavity Additional radiographs varying the horizontal angulation

Additional radiographs varying the horizontal angulation When teeth are malaligned or crowded, it may be necessary to take additional radiographs at various horizontal angles to image every interproximal area clearly, with no overlap. The image receptor should be positioned perpendicularly to the embrasures of each tooth as necessary.

What is the term for regions of the skull where there is less bone or thin bony structures on a panoramic radiograph? Artifact Ghost image Outline of soft tissue Air space

Air space Air spaces are regions of the skull where there is less bone or thin bony structures.

Which of the following describes the radiographic appearance of calculus? Ringlike and encircling the neck of the tooth A fuzzy speck barely visible against the side of the tooth A pointed projection extending from the side of the tooth All of the above

All of the above Depending on the density and the amount of the deposit, calculus may appear as pointed or irregular projections on the proximal root surfaces, or as a ringlike radiopacity around the cervical neck of a tooth, or as a fuzzy speck barely visible against the side of the tooth.

Which of the following is (are) necessary for film duplication? Duplicating film Film duplicator Darkroom All of the above

All of the above Duplicating film, a film duplicator, and a darkroom are all necessary to perform film duplication.

Anatomical limitations may require that the radiographer knowledgably alter which of the following to obtain a diagnostic image? Vertical angulation Positioning of the image receptor Horizontal angulation All of the above

All of the above It is important that the dental radiographer possess a working knowledge of radiographic theory and techniques to produce diagnostic-quality radiographs. However, each patient presents with unique characteristics, some of which may require that the dental radiographer have the knowledge and skills to adapt these ideal procedures to best suit the circumstances.

Which of the following is considered a local contributing factor for periodontal disease? A poorly contoured crown margin Calculus Amalgam overhang All of the above

All of the above Local contributing factors for periodontal disease include amalgam overhangs, poorly contoured crown margins, and calculus deposits, which all act as traps that can lead to the buildup of bacterial pathogens that cause periodontal diseases.

Who has a legal right to request copies of a patient's radiographs? Another dentist The patient An insurance company All of the above

All of the above Patients may request a copy of their radiographs if they decide to change dentists, request a consultation with a dental specialist, or for any other reason. Insurance companies have the right to request pretreatment radiographs to evaluate the dental treatment plan for which services they will be paying.

To accurately record the alveolar crestal bone, which of the following is necessary? Central rays of the x-ray beam directed perpendicular to the tooth and image receptor Placement of the image receptor parallel to the long axis of the tooth Precise parallelism with vertical and horizontal angulations All of the above

All of the above Precise parallelism with vertical and horizontal angulation, placement of the image receptor parallel to the long axis of the tooth, and directing the central rays of the x-ray beam perpendicular to the tooth and image receptor are all shadow-casting principles for accurately recording the alveolar bone crest.

Which of the following conditions resembles caries on a radiograph? Cervical burnout Mach band effect Nonmetallic restorations All of the above

All of the above Three conditions that resemble caries are nonmetallic restorations, cervical burnout, and Mach band effect.

How can restorative materials be identified on dental radiographs? Contour of the material Degree of radiopacity or radiolucency Size of the material All of the above

All of the above To determine the type of restorative material of dental radiographs, the size and contour of the materials and degree of radiopacity and radiolucency should be used.

Each of the following statements regarding informed consent is correct except one. Which one is the exception? Speak to the patient in lay terms about the risks and benefits of exposing radiographs. Allow the patient to choose who he or she wants to expose the radiographs. Inform the patient about the risks of radiation exposure. Inform the patient of the purpose of exposing the radiographs.

Allow the patient to choose who he or she wants to expose the radiographs. The patient must be informed as to who will be exposing the radiographs, but they do not need to be provided with the option of selecting the radiographer.

Each of the following is a possible location of caries except one. Which one is the exception? Root Occlusal Alveolar Proximal

Alveolar The four locations of caries are proximal, occlusal, buccal/lingual, and cemental (root caries). Alveolar refers to the bone.

Periodontal bone changes that may be recorded by radiographs include each of the following except one. Which one is the exception? Amount of bone loss Distribution of bone loss Severity of bone loss Pattern of bone loss

Amount of bone loss Radiographs image the amount of bone remaining and not the amount of bone lost.

Each of the following dental materials may be observed within the pulp chamber and/or root canals of the tooth except one. Which one is the exception? An implant Gutta-percha A silver point Post and core

An implant An implant is located in the area of a missing tooth.

Which of the following describes the term used for nonanatomical images that are typically recorded by panoramic radiographs? Ghost images Artifacts Soft tissues Foreign body

Artifacts Artifacts are nonanatomical images that are typically recorded by panoramic radiographs.

When interpreting dental radiographs for caries, which section of the tooth surface should be examined for evidence of proximal caries? Just apical to the occlusal surface at the contact point of adjacent teeth Just above and just below the enamel on the occlusal surface At and just apical to the gingival margin between adjacent teeth At and just apical to the contact point of adjacent teeth

At and just apical to the contact point of adjacent teeth The tooth surface should be examined for caries at the point of contact and just apical to the point of contact to the gingival margin.

Developing cultural awareness involves all of the following except one. Which one is the exception? Develop respect for cultures different than one's own. Become aware of one's own cultural background. Avoid discussions regarding cultural influences. Discover personal values of individual culturally diverse patients.

Avoid discussions regarding cultural influences. A culturally aware radiographer should engage and encourage collaborative discussions regarding cultural influences.

Each of the following will aid in minimizing a hypersensitive gag reflex during the radiographic procedure except one. Which one is the exception? Convey a confident attitude. Avoid scraping the palate with the edge of the image receptor. Begin the exposure in the posterior region. Suggest breathing exercises.

Begin the exposure in the posterior region. Anterior image receptor placements are less likely to initiate the gag reflex. Positioning the image receptor in the maxillary molar region is more likely to initiate the gag reflex.

Radiographs are helpful in revealing each of the following except one. Which one is the exception? Amalgam particles in soft tissue Base material Bluish gingiva Overhanging restorations

Bluish gingiva Bluish gingiva may indicate the presence of amalgam particles in the soft tissue. However, soft tissue does not image on a radiograph.

A radiopaque appearance is indicative of tissue breakdown or destruction that allows more radiation to penetrate the tissue and reach the image receptor. A radiolucent appearance is indicative of growth or penetration of a lesion by more calcified or denser tissue that blocks radiation from reaching the image receptor. Both sentences are false. The first sentence is false. The second sentence is true. The first sentence is true. The second sentence is false. Both sentences are true.

Both sentences are false. A radiolucent appearance is indicative of tissue breakdown or destruction that allows more radiation to penetrate the tissue and reach the image receptor, whereas a radiopaque appearance is indicative of growth or penetration of a lesion by more calcified or denser tissue that blocks radiation from reaching the image receptor.

A multilocular lesion is not compartmentalized, but appears as a single radiolucent part. A unilocular lesion refers to a lesion with more than one radiolucent compartment, appearing to be separated by radiopaque walls. Both sentences are true. The first sentence is true. The second sentence is false. Both sentences are false. The first sentence is false. The second sentence is true.

Both sentences are false. A unilocular lesion is not compartmentalized, but appears as a single radiolucent part. A multilocular lesion refers to a lesion with more than one radiolucent compartment, appearing to be separated by radiopaque walls.

Currently, the ADA recommendation is that elective radiographs may be taken on the pregnant female. Unnecessary radiographs may be taken only when the female is determined not to be pregnant. The first sentence is false. The second sentence is true. The first sentence is true. The second sentence is false. Both sentences are true Both sentences are false.

Both sentences are false. Currently, the ADA recommendation is that elective radiographs be postponed until after the female patient is no longer pregnant. Unnecessary radiographs must never be taken on any patient.

A well-defined border separates a pathologic lesion from surrounding structures. A poorly defined border will not distinctly separate a lesion from the surrounding normal tissue. Both sentences are true. The first sentence is true. The second sentence is false. Both sentences are false. The first sentence is false. The second sentence is true.

Both sentences are true. Well-defined borders of pathologic lesions are clearly separated from surrounding structures, whereas poorly defined borders of pathologic lesions will not be distinctly separated from the surrounding normal tissue.

It is not recommended that panoramic radiographs be prescribed solely for opportunistic screening because research is not conclusive regarding predictive ability or treatment recommendations of incidental findings recorded on panoramic radiographs. Both the statement and reason are correct but not related. Both the statement and reason are correct and related. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct. The statement is correct, but the reason is not. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.

Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

Multirooted teeth and teeth with multiple root canals pose a challenge for endodontic radiographic techniques because intraoral radiographs are a two-dimensional recording of three-dimensional structures. Both the statement and reason are correct and related. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. Both the statement and reason are correct but not related. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct. The statement is correct, but the reason is not.

Both the statement and reason are correct and related. Multirooted teeth and teeth with multiple root canals pose a challenge for endodontic radiographic techniques because intraoral radiographs are a two-dimensional recording of three-dimensional structures.

Which of the following is the correct classification for proximal caries of enamel and dentin definitely at or through the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ) but less than halfway through the dentin toward the pulp? C-4 C-1 C-3 C-2

C-3 The grading system suggested by Haugejorden and Slack in 1977 uses the category C-3 as the radiolucency observed penetrating the DEJ but less than halfway through the dentin to the pulp.

Where are carotid artery calcifications located if present on panoramic radiographs? Adjacent to the external carotid artery Adjacent to the internal carotid artery Carotid bifurcation into the internal and external branches of the artery Adjacent to the C2 vertebra

Carotid bifurcation into the internal and external branches of the artery Carotid artery calcifications can be observed in the region of the carotid bifurcation into the internal and external branches of the artery.

Each of the following is a potential effect of a low dose of radiation except one. Which one is the exception? No cell response Cell becomes radioactive Cell repairs itself abnormally Cell repairs itself and functions at preexposure levels

Cell becomes radioactive Several responses are possible, but the cell does not become radioactive.

Which of these statements is false? Children should receive dental radiographs less frequently than adults. Standard techniques must often be adapted to the smaller oral cavity of the child patient. Children are at risk for caries that progress more rapidly than in adults. Behavior modification strategies can assist the radiographer in gaining the confidence of the child patient.

Children should receive dental radiographs less frequently than adults. Radiographs play an important role in detecting disease and assessing growth and development of the child patient.

Which of the following allow storage of documents and data as well as electronic access to image viewing software and provide an option for sharing large files? Portable thumb drives CDs HIPAA Cloud file sharing systems

Cloud file sharing systems allow storage of documents and data as well as electronic access to image viewing software and provide an option for sharing large files of data without the need to securely ship images on external portable devices.

Which of the following restorative materials may appear radiopaque or radiolucent? Amalgam Composite Gold Sealants

Composite In the past, older composite restorative materials appeared radiolucent. Manufacturers of composite materials now put radiopaque fillers into the material. Radiographs may reveal the presence of both radiolucent and radiopaque composite restoratives.

What does CBCT stand for? Cone beam correlational tomography Cone beam computed time Cone beam correlational time Cone beam computed tomography

Cone beam computed tomography Cone beam volumetric imaging (CBVI), more commonly known as cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), is based on existing technology in the medical field known as computed tomography (CT) or CT scan.

Which of these is not a symptom of acute radiation syndrome? Nausea Constipation Hair loss Hemorrhage

Constipation- Diarrhea, NOT constipation, is a symptom of acute radiation syndrome.

Composite resin is made of the following materials except one. Which one is the exception? Quartz Copper Silica BIS-GMACopper

Copper Copper is used in amalgam restorations.

Which of the following could help minimize the appearance of air spaces? Keep finger pressed on the exposure button. Reduce the radiation exposure amount. Correct positioning into the focal trough. Tell the patient to hold still throughout exposure.

Correct positioning into the focal trough. Careful positioning of the patient into the focal trough will help minimize the appearance of air spaces.

What is the compact or dense bone observed on dental radiographs called? Cortical Trabecular Honeycomb Cancellous

Cortical Cortical bone is the solid, outer portion of the dense, compact bone. It appears very radiopaque on radiographs.

Which of the following bone types will appear the most radiopaque? Trabecular Spongy Cortical Cancellous

Cortical The thick, dense cortical plates of bone will appear the most radiopaque.

Which of the following describes radiolucent distortion surrounding the dense radiopaque appearance of the metal object on an image? Cupping Streaking Fanning Slicing

Cupping The presence of a large metallic restoration can also create a cupping artifact that presents as a radiolucent distortion surrounding the dense radiopaque appearance of the metal object.

Which localization technique requires the exposure of only one radiograph? Definitive evaluation method Tube-shift method Right-angle method

Definitive evaluation method The definitive method of localization is based on the shadow-casting principle, which states the farther away the object in question is from the image receptor, the more magnified and less clearly imaged the object will be. This method of reading the image requires only one radiograph.

Disto-oblique periapical radiographs are indicated for each of the following except one. Which one is the exception? Detection of interproximal caries Imaging impacted third molars Suspected pathology located in the tuberosity area A patient who cannot tolerate posterior placement of the image receptor

Detection of interproximal caries Disto-oblique periapical radiographs use a tube shift to help image posterior objects such as impacted third molars, especially when the patient cannot tolerate posterior image receptor placement.

Each of the following is a use of radiographs in the assessment of periodontal disease prognosis except one. Which one is the exception? Evaluating root-to-crown ratio Revealing root shape and length Determining active versus inactive disease Detecting furcation involvement

Determining active versus inactive disease A complete periodontal assessment must include a clinical examination. Because radiographs cannot image the condition of soft tissues, a clinical examination must be used to distinguish between active and inactive disease.

Which of the following terms means to distinguish a type of pathologic lesion from other possibilities? Target lesion Differential diagnosis Corticated Anomaly

Differential diagnosis A dentist or specialist will use descriptors to assist with a differential diagnosis, which distinguishes the type of pathologic lesion from other possibilities.

Which of the following terms describes a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of an individual's major life activities? Disability Cultural competence ASD Speech reading

Disability A disability is defined as a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of an individual's major life activities.

Which of the following describes the radiographic appearance of an implant? Radiopaque full metal crown contoured to resemble the shape of the cusps Pulpal radiopacity at the root apex Radiolucent to radiopaque apical to or under a crown or other type of dental material Distinct radiopacity within the bone of a missing tooth

Distinct radiopacity within the bone of a missing tooth Implants appear as a distinct radiopacity within the bone in an area of a missing tooth.

Which of these statements is false regarding the patient with a visual impairment? Announce when leaving the room and when reentering the room. Do not remove personal eyewear during the radiographic examination. Communicate using clear verbal explanations of each step of the procedure. Use touch to demonstrate placement of the image receptor and feel of the receptor-holding device prior to its placement.

Do not remove personal eyewear during the radiographic examination. Personal eyewear worn by a patient with a visual impairment may have to be temporarily removed if it is determined that the eyewear will be positioned within the path of the primary beam.

Which of these statements is false? Each state has a mandatory state exam or continuing education requirement for dental radiographers. Each state's dental commission controls the scope of practice for dentists, dental assistants, and dental hygienists. State laws governing dental radiographers with on-the-job training vary considerably from state to state. Direct supervision means the dentist is in the office when radiographs are being exposed.

Each state has a mandatory state exam or continuing education requirement for dental radiographers. Some states without mandatory exams or continuing education requirements allow uncertified dental assistants who have received on-the-job training to take radiographs under the direct supervision of a dentist.

Which of the following is described by soft tissue observed at the edges of panoramic radiographs as faint radiopaque outlines superimposed over the styloid process, anterior and inferior to the mastoid process? Tongue Ear Soft palate Lip line

Ear The ear is described here.

Which of the following structures of the tooth appears the most radiopaque? Enamel Dentin Cementum Pulp

Enamel The enamel is the most dense of all dental structures and the most resistant to the passage of x-rays, resulting in a radiopaque appearance.

Which of the following lists the structures in order of decreasing radiopacity? Pulp, cementum, dentin, enamel Pulp, dentin, cementum, enamel Enamel, dentin, cementum, pulp Enamel, cementum, dentin, pulp

Enamel, dentin, cementum, pulp Enamel, the hardest body structure, covers the crown and is very radiopaque. The underlying dentin is not as dense and appears less radiopaque. The cementum that covers the roots is even less dense. The tooth pulp that occupies the pulp chamber and the root canals is the only noncalcified tooth tissue. As this soft tissue offers only minimal resistance to the passage of x-rays, it appears radiolucent.

Which of these statements is false? The ethics of a profession help guide the behavior of the health care professional. Ethics are laws and regulations pertaining to the behavior of the health care professional. Professional rules of conduct are called a "code of ethics." Professional ethics define a standard by which all members of a profession are obligated to conform.

Ethics are laws and regulations pertaining to the behavior of the health care professional. Ethics is defined as a sense of moral obligation regarding right and wrong behaviors. Professional ethics supplement legal guidelines and regulations regarding the behavior of health care professionals.

The radiographer should do each of the following to aid in managing the apprehensive patient except one. Which one is the exception? Expose the more difficult posterior radiographs first. Compliment the patient on his or her cooperation. Maintain control over the procedure. Demonstrate attentive listening.

Expose the more difficult posterior radiographs first. It is important for the radiographer to progress through the procedure rapidly and accurately. It is advisable to expose the easier maxillary anterior projections first and then progress to the more difficult posterior areas.

Each of the following will help to reduce a gag reflex except one. Which one is the exception? Exposing the maxillary molar projection first Placing salt on the tip of the patient's tongue Having the patient rinse with cold water prior to placement of the image receptor Using the bisecting technique

Exposing the maxillary molar projection first Anterior radiographs are less likely to incite the gag reflex and should be exposed first to relax the patient and build acceptance of the procedure.

All of the following panoramic machine parts could be recorded on panoramic images except one. Which one is the exception? Exposure control button Biteblock Positioning guides Chin rest

Exposure control button The exposure control button will not be recorded on panoramic images.

Which film speed requires the least amount of radiation exposure to produce a diagnostic-quality image? F speed film D speed film E speed film G speed film

F speed film E-speed film provides a 50 percent reduction in radiation exposure over D speed. F-speed film provides a 20 percent reduction in radiation exposure over E speed.

Which of the following provides the best organizational framework of steps to aid in learning how to interpret normal radiographic anatomy? First, determine if the structure in question is radiopaque or radiolucent; second, determine if maxilla or mandible; third, determine if anterior or posterior. First, determine if the structure in question is anterior or posterior; second, determine if radiopaque or radiolucent; third, determine if maxilla or mandible. First, determine if the structure in question is maxilla or mandible; second, determine if anterior or posterior; third, determine if radiopaque or radiolucent. First, determine if the structure in question is anterior or posterior; second, determine if maxilla or mandible; third, determine if radiopaque or radiolucent.

First, determine if the structure in question is maxilla or mandible; second, determine if anterior or posterior; third, determine if radiopaque or radiolucent. Just as it is helpful to follow a systematic order when mounting films, the radiographer will benefit from organizing the identification of anatomical landmarks into specific steps. Differentiating among which structures will most likely be imaged on the maxilla and which structures will be imaged on the mandible will help organize and narrow the possible choices. Determining next if the structure is located in the anterior or the posterior region and finally narrowing the possibilities to whether the structure is radiopaque or radiolucent will allow the radiographer to systematically learn how to perform a thorough interpretation.

Which of the following describes a CBCT image receptor that utilizes voxels to capture raw data? Computed tomography Cone beam computed tomography Round panel detector Flat panel detector

Flat panel detector A CBCT sensor, called a flat panel detector (FPD), utilizes voxels to construct volumes of 3-D images.

What FOV classification for CBCT would be indicated for localizing the lower right arch? Medium Focused Large Small

Focused A focused FOV would be utilized for isolating the lower right arch.

In which of the following situations would four horizontal posterior bitewing radiographs be recommended? Following the eruption of the permanent second molar Following the eruption of the permanent first molar Prior to the eruption of the permanent second molar Prior to the eruption of the permanent first molar

Following the eruption of the permanent second molar Following the eruption of the permanent second molar four horizontal posterior bitewing radiographs would be the appropriate recommendation.

Each of the following appear radiopaque except one. Which one is the exception? Spine Foramen Ridge Process

Foramen A foramen represents a hole in the bone. Foramen allows more x-rays to pass through to darken the film, resulting in a radiolucent appearance.

What is the term for mirror or second images of structures that are penetrated by the x-ray beam twice? Outline of soft tissue Air space Artifact Ghost image

Ghost image Ghost images are mirror or second images of structures that are penetrated by the x-ray beam twice.

Which of these dental anomalies will not be recorded on a dental radiograph? Dens in dente Dilaceration Mesiodens Gingival recession

Gingival recession Radiographs do not image the soft tissue of the gingiva accurately enough to observe gingival recession.

Which of these restorative materials will appear the most radiopaque on a dental radiograph? A temporary filling Cement Gold Base material

Gold The metal gold will attenuate more of the x-ray beam, resulting in a more radiopaque appearance.

Each of the following is a structure of the mandible except one. Which one is the exception? Condyle Hamulus Ramus Coronoid process

Hamulus The hamulus is a very small, hooklike process of bone that extends downward and slightly backward from the sphenoid bone. It appears radiopaque and can occasionally be seen posterior to the maxillary tuberosity.

Each of the following statements regarding handheld x-ray devices is correct except one. Which one is the exception? The radiographer must remain within the backscatter ring shield protection zone. Handheld devices should be certified by the Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The radiographer must be familiar with the operating instructions supplied by the manufacturer. Handheld devices should be used over wall-mounted units.

Handheld devices should be used over wall-mounted units. Handheld x-ray units should only be used when a conventional wall-mounted x-ray unit is not available or not practical to move the patient to where a conventional wall-mounted x-ray machine is located.

Which anatomical landmark is found in both the maxillary anterior AND posterior region of a panoramic radiograph? Hard palate Styloid process Pterygomaxillary fissure Nasal cavity

Hard palate The hard palate is observed in both the maxillary anterior and posterior regions.

Each of the following periodontal case types will reveal bony changes radiographically except one. Which one is the exception? Health or gingivitis Moderate periodontitis Mild periodontitis Severe periodontitis

Health or gingivitis The American Academy of Periodontal Disease Classification for health or gingivitis do not image soft tissue and thus the radiographic appearance of the supporting bone in this type will appear the same as normal bone.

Each of the following is characteristic of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) except one. Which one is the exception? Hearing and vision impairment Extreme anxiety especially in new situations Social impairments Unexpected or repetitive behaviors

Hearing and vision impairments Hearing and vision impairments are not characteristic of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Dental radiation exposure to the patient can be reduced by each of the following except one. Which one is the exception? Prescribing radiographs based on evidence-based selection criteria Holding the image receptor in the patient's mouth Restricting the size and shape of the x-ray beam Using the fastest speed film currently available

Holding the image receptor in the patient's mouth The radiographer must never hold the image receptor in the patient's mouth. A guardian or caregiver may assist if necessary but must be protected with lead/lead-equivalent barriers. Using an assistant will have no effect on reducing the radiation dose to the patient.

To give informed consent, each of the following must be explained to the patient except one. Which one is the exception? The purpose of taking radiographs The possible risks of refusing radiographs How the radiographs will be taken The risks and benefits of taking radiographs

How the radiographs will be taken To make a decision regarding informed consent, the patient must be informed of the following: the purpose of taking radiographs, the benefits the radiographs will supply, the possible risks of radiation exposure, the possible risks of refusing the radiographs, and the person who will perform the procedure.

Which of the following terms means "the absence of teeth"? Mesiodens Hypodontia Supernumerary Anomaly

Hypodontia Anodontia refers to a congenital absence of teeth. Any tooth in the dental arch may fail to develop.

Each of the following statements regarding dental radiography of the older adult patient is correct except one. Which one is the exception? Use of a commercial image receptor edge protector may make the procedure more comfortable. A smaller, lighter weight image receptor-holding device may be more comfortable. If necessary, an extraoral radiograph may be substituted. If necessary, the radiographer should hold the image receptor in the patient's mouth during the exposure.

If necessary, the radiographer should hold the image receptor in the patient's mouth during the exposure. If necessary, a caregiver may be asked to assist with the procedure. The radiographer must never hold the image receptor in the patient's mouth during the exposure.

Which of the following statements regarding localization methods is false? The occlusal radiograph can identify whether an impacted tooth is located on the buccal or lingual. The definitive method of localization is the least reliable. In the definitive evaluation method, objects on the buccal surface of the tooth will appear more clear and distinct on the image than objects on the lingual. To apply the tube-shift method, two radiographs are needed.

In the definitive evaluation method, objects on the buccal surface of the tooth will appear more clear and distinct on the image than objects on the lingual. In the definitive evaluation method, objects on the lingual side of the tooth will appear more clear and distinct than objects on the buccal.

Which of the following statements regarding caries depth is correct? Severe caries penetrates more than halfway through the enamel but not the DEJ. Moderate caries penetrates through the enamel and the DEJ. Incipient caries penetrates less than halfway through the enamel. Advanced caries penetrates all the way through the enamel, the dentin, and to the pulp.

Incipient caries penetrates less than halfway through the enamel. Incipient caries, also called "enamel caries," is the first stage of existence.

Which of the following is least likely to be imaged on a radiograph? Incipient occlusal caries Severe root caries Moderate proximal surface caries Advanced proximal surface caries

Incipient occlusal caries Incipient occlusal caries is not likely to be recorded on radiographs.

Which anatomical landmark is found in the maxillary anterior region of a panoramic radiograph? Hamulus Incisive canal Lateral pterygoid plate Maxillary tuberosity

Incisive canal The incisive foramen is found in the maxillary anterior region.

Which of the following statements regarding radiographic detection of caries is false? Radiographs have limited usefulness in detection of early occlusal caries. Incorrect vertical angulation overlaps the contacts between teeth to render the radiograph useless for caries detection. Radiographs aid significantly in the detection of proximal decay. Bitewing radiographs are the radiographs of choice for the evaluation of caries.

Incorrect vertical angulation overlaps the contacts between teeth to render the radiograph useless for caries detection. Incorrect horizontal angulation overlaps the contact areas between teeth, making it impossible to detect lesions in these areas.

What theory of radiation damage to cells results from free radicals combining to form toxins such as hydrogen peroxide? Primary Direct Indirect Secondary

Indirect Indirect theory is based on the assumption that radiation can cause chemical damage to the cell by ionizing the water within it. Ionization dissociates water into hydrogen and hydroxyl radicals that can form new chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide that act as toxins (poisons) to the body, causing cellular dysfunction.

Each of the following will appear radiopaque on a panoramic radiograph except one. Which one is the exception? Lateral pterygoid plate Genial tubercles Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic process

Infraorbital foramen The infraorbital foramen appears radiolucent.

Each of the following is an indication to expose radiographs on children except one. Which one is the exception? Evaluation of diseases and pathosis Inspection of open interproximal contacts Detection of congenitally missing teeth Assessment for orthodontic intervention

Inspection of open interproximal contacts There may be a time during transition between primary and permanent dentition when the proximal surfaces are visible clinically. If the interproximal contacts are open to clinical inspection, radiographs are not likely to be exposed.

Which of the following terms describes a pathologic lesion located between teeth roots? Interradicular Periapical Multifocal Pericoronal

Interradicular The term "interradicular" describes a pathologic lesion located between teeth roots.

Which of the following statements regarding the biological effect mechanisms of the indirect effect is false? Ionization dissociates water into hydrogen and hydroxyl radicals. Radiation must be massive to destroy entire body tissues that result in death. Ions have a strong tendency to seek out new combinations. New chemicals, such as hydrogen peroxide, can form from hydrogen and hydroxyl radicals.

Ions have a strong tendency to seek out new combinations. Fortunately, when water is broken down during ionization as a result of irradiation, ions have a strong tendency to recombine immediately to form water again instead of seeking out new combinations.

Which of the following statements regarding the biological effect mechanisms of the direct theory is false? X-ray photons may collide with important cell chemicals and break them apart. Irradiated cells cannot be repaired. Most dental x-ray photons pass through the cell, causing no damage. Ionization can cause critical damage to large molecules.

Irradiated cells cannot be repaired. Healthy cells can repair minor damage caused by ionization. Moreover, the body contains so many cells that the loss of a single cell or a small cluster of cells would be unlikely to have any obvious effect.

Looking at a full mouth series of radiographs you note that an impacted retained primary root tip can be observed between the right mandibular second premolar and the first molar in the premolar periapical radiograph. You note that the root tip appears to have "moved" mesially in the molar periapical radiograph. Which of the following is true regarding the impacted retained primary root tip? It is located on the lingual. An additional radiograph would be required to determine the buccal or lingual location of the impacted retained primary root tip. It is located on the buccal.

It is located on the buccal. If a full mouth series of radiographs is available and the object in question is imaged in more than one radiograph, it is possible to apply the tube-shift method when reading the radiographs to determine the buccal or lingual location of the object. This object moved in the opposite direction of the shift of the tube, so the object is located on the buccal.

Which of the following is not a goal of the dental radiographer? Aim for perfection with each radiograph. Perform confidently and with authority. Keep retake radiographs under three per patient. Follow strict protocols to protect oneself during exposures.

Keep retake radiographs under three per patient. Radiation exposure should be as low as possible. If the patient cannot tolerate film placement, stop and seek assistance or apply an acceptable alternative to avoid any retakes.

What is the thin radiopaque border that outlines the root of the tooth called? Alveolar process Trabeculae Periodontal ligament space Lamina dura

Lamina dura The lamina dura is the thin, hard layer of cortical bone that lines the dental alveolus. It appears as a thin radiopaque line around the roots of the teeth on dental radiographs.

All of the following may be utilized as stabilizing aids during a CBCT scan to avoid movement artifacts except one. Which one is the exception? Lead apron Headrest Bite guides Chin rest

Lead apron To avoid movement artifacts, assess a patient's ability to cooperate with the procedure and/or utilize stabilizing aids such as a chin or head rest, and bite guides. A lead apron is not considered a stabilizing aid.

Panoramic images will record additional bones and structures of the oral facial or maxillofacial region including all of the following except one. Which one is the exception? Ligaments of the femur Maxillary sinus TMJ Cartilage in the neck

Ligaments of the femur Ligaments of the femur would not be recorded on panoramic images. Panoramic radiographs will also record the maxillary sinus, TMJ, and possibly cartilage and calcifications of ligaments located in the neck.

All of the following anatomical structures can mimic the appearance of carotid artery calcifications except one. Which one is the exception? Hyoid bone Tongue Epiglottis Lip line

Lip line The lip line does not mimic the appearance of carotid artery calcifications on panoramic radiographs.

Radiographs may provide information regarding which of the following periodontal conditions? Gingival inflammation Local contributing factors The depth of the pockets The presence of active disease

Local contributing factors Radiographs do not image soft tissues precisely enough to provide information regarding gingival inflammation, active disease status, or pocket depths. A clinical examination is required to provide this evaluation.

What kind of lesion takes on a wispy appearance, referred to as ground glass or cotton wool? Radiopaque Lucent opaque Unilocular Radiolucent

Lucent opaque A mixed radiolucent and radiopaque lesion may take on a wispy appearance, referred to as ground glass or cotton wool.

The cranial and facial bones that may be recorded on dental radiographs include all of the following except one. Which one is the exception? Zygoma Lumbar vertebrae Sphenoid bone Occipital bone

Lumbar vertebrae Facial and cranial bones may be recorded on dental radiographs, but do not include the lumbar vertebrae.

Which of the following is most sensitive to damage from radiation? Epithelial cells Lymphocytes Bone cells Muscle cells

Lymphocytes Immature cells and cells that are not highly specialized as to their function are more susceptible to radiation.

Continued exposure to radiation over prolonged periods may result in each of the following except one. Which one is the exception? May alter the ability of genetic cells to reproduce normally. May affect the ability of genetic cells to repair damage. May produce offspring with increased resistance to radiation exposure. May result in cumulative chromosome damage.

May produce offspring with increased resistance to radiation exposure. The experts do not fully understand all the effects of radiation exposure or their future consequences, but there is no evidence that radiation exposure produces an immunity to radiation effects in future generations.

Which anatomical landmark is found in the mandibular anterior region of a panoramic radiograph? Mental ridge Condyle Lingula Angle of the mandible

Mental ridge The mental ridge is found in the mandibular anterior region.

Which anatomical landmark is found in the maxillary posterior region of a panoramic radiograph? Middle cranial fossa Incisive canal Incisive foramen Nasal cavity

Middle cranial fossa The middle cranial fossa is found in the maxillary posterior region.

Radiolucencies appearing in the furcations of multirooted teeth with 16 to 30 percent bone loss indicate which periodontal case type? Mild periodontitis Health or gingivitis Moderate periodontitis Severe periodontitis

Moderate periodontitis Radiolucencies appearing in the furcations of multirooted teeth with 16 to 30 percent bone loss describes moderate periodontitis.

Which of the following statements is false? Modified image receptor holding devices are not currently available for use with handheld x-ray devices. Radiographers must be thoroughly familiar with the operating instructions when using handheld x-ray devices. The metal positioning arm of standard image receptor positioning devices can interfere with the handheld backscatter ring shield causing alignment errors. When using handheld x-ray devices, the operator must take a position behind the device.

Modified image receptor holding devices are not currently available for use with handheld x-ray devices. Modified image receptor holding devices are currently available with shortened metal extension arms for use with handheld x-ray devices.

Each of the following statements regarding the gag reflex is correct except one. Which one is the exception? A gag reflex may originate in the mind. A gag reflex may be a response to physical stimuli. Some patients have a heightened gag reflex due to chronic sinus problems. Mucus and saliva in the nasopharynx minimize the gag reflex.

Mucus and saliva in the nasopharynx minimize the gag reflex. The worst gaggers are those suffering from chronic sinus ailments. Mucus and saliva accumulate in the nasopharynx and incite the gag reflex.

Which of these statements is false? Not all patients have gag reflexes. Gagging is an involuntary effort to free the airway. A gag reflex can be stimulated by the suggestion of gagging. A hypersensitive gag reflex is the most troublesome problem a dental radiographer encounters.

Not all patients have gag reflexes. Gagging is caused by an involuntary reflex, a protective mechanism which attempts to free the airway of a physical or perceived obstruction.

Which of the following describes thin radiolucent lines of fairly uniform width that sometimes exhibit radiopaque borders and are commonly found on mandibular anterior intraoral radiographs? Enamel Genial tubercles Lamina dura Nutrient canals

Nutrient canals The nutrient canals are thin radiolucent lines of fairly uniform width that sometimes exhibit radiopaque borders.

Which of these is not a normal radiographic landmark often imaged on intraoral radiographs? Maxillary sinus Nasal septum Occipital bone Mandibular canal

Occipital bone The location of the occipital bone in the back of the skull makes it impossible to image this structure on an intraoral radiograph.

Each of the following statements regarding the radiographic appearance of caries is correct except one. Which one is the exception? Proximal caries begins as a radiolucent notch on the enamel at the contact point between adjacent teeth. Cemental caries appears as an ill-defined, radiolucent, saucer-shaped area below the CEJ. Buccal/lingual caries appears as a round radiolucency in the middle of the tooth. Occlusal caries appears in the pit and fissures of the tooth surface.

Occlusal caries appears in the pit and fissures of the tooth surface. When examining radiographs for occlusal decay, the area of interest is below the occlusal enamel, in the area of the dentin, not from the top of the tooth downward.

Each of the following requires a decrease in exposure settings except one. Which one is the exception? Mandibular incisor region Older adults Children Edentulous regions

Older adults Unless presenting with an edentulous region, the exposure settings for an older adult are the same as those used for all adult patients.

By how much should adult exposure times be reduced for a 12-year-old patient? One-third the exposure time used for the adult patient One-half the exposure time used for the adult patient One-fifth the exposure time used for the adult patient One-fourth the exposure time used for the adult patient

One-fourth the exposure time used for the adult patient Exposures on children between the ages of 10 and 15 years can be reduced by approximately one-fourth.

By how much should adult exposure times be reduced for a 6-year-old patient? One-fifth the exposure time used for the adult patient One-third the exposure time used for the adult patient One-half the exposure time used for the adult patient One-fourth the exposure time used for the adult patient

One-half the exposure time used for the adult patient Reducing the exposure by one-half of that used for adult exposures is appropriate for children under 10 years of age.

Which of the following terms is used to describe a radiographic examination that detects anomalies and/or lesions different from which the examination was prescribed? Anomaly Opportunistic screening Complete examination Carotid stenosis

Opportunistic screening An opportunistic screening detects anomalies and/or lesions different from which the radiographic examination was prescribed.

Which of the following is a condition classified under the Preferred category regarding CBCT examinations? Oral pathologic lesion evaluation Surgical tooth impaction evaluation Periodontal evaluation Surgical guide to reconstruction

Oral pathologic lesion evaluation Oral pathologic lesions evaluation is classified under the Preferred category because this condition requires more careful consideration as a practitioner must assess whether the risk versus benefit warrants a CBCT examination; or could extra- and/or intraoral 2-D radiographs provide enough information to make a diagnosis and appropriately treat the condition.

Each of the following will appear radiolucent on a panoramic radiograph except one. Which one is the exception? Maxillary tuberosity Lingual Orbit Zygoma

Orbit The orbit appears radiopaque.

Which of these dental practitioners would most likely use a lateral cephalometric radiograph to assess growth and development? Periodontist Orthodontist General practitioner Endodontist

Orthodontist Orthodontists often use facial profile radiographs, such as the lateral cephalometric radiograph, to record, measure, and compare changes in growth and development of the bones and the teeth.

Which of the following describes a disease characterized by the loss of skeletal bone density? Internal resorption Carotid stenosis Osteoporosis External resorption

Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is described as a disease characterized by the loss of skeletal bone density.

Which of these will appear radiopaque? A cyst A granuloma Osteosclerosis An abscess

Osteosclerosis Osteosclerosis occurs in regions of abnormally dense bone, making this condition appear radiopaque.

The appearance of a fracture on panoramic images can be mistaken for which of the following? Outline of soft tissue Air space Ghost image An artifact

Outline of soft tissue An outline of soft tissue may be superimposed over bony tissue where it can mimic the appearance of a fracture.

Which of the following describes the radiographic appearance of a radiopaque metal shell under less radiopaque porcelain outlining the tooth cusps? PFM Full metal crown Implant Glass ionomer

PFM A PFM is seen radiographically as a radiopaque metal shell under the less radiopaque porcelain crown outlining the cusps.

Which of the following is described by the radiolucency between the palate and tongue that presents if the tongue is not correctly positioned against the palate during panoramic exposures? Cervical vertebra of the spinal column Glossopharyngeal air space Nasopharyngeal air space Palatoglossal air space

Palatoglossal air space The palatoglossal air space is described here.

Which of the following extraoral radiographs is commonly assessed for in conjunction with intraoral radiographs for the child patient? Waters Reverse towne Transcranial Panoramic

Panoramic The panoramic radiograph is ideal for imaging overall jaw development and the eruption pattern of teeth.

Which technique is recommended when exposing intraoral postmortem radiographs for forensic identification? Digitization technique Paralleling technique Handheld x-ray technique Bisecting technique

Paralleling technique The paralleling technique is recommended for exposing intraoral postmortem radiographs.

Each of the following must be added to radiographic findings for accurate diagnosis except one. Which one is the exception? Past radiation exposure Signs and symptoms Medical and dental history Clinical observations

Past radiation exposure Radiation exposure history does not contribute any information that would assist in diagnosis.

To best accommodate patients with disabilities, dental radiographers should do which of the following? Do not ask personal questions about the patient's disability. Offer assistance. Talk directly to the patient. Perform all of the above.

Perform all of the above. Each should be used to accommodate patients with disabilities.

Which of the following terms describes a pathologic lesion located around a tooth crown? Multifocal Pericoronal Interradicular Periapical

Pericoronal The term "pericoronal" describes a pathologic lesion located around a tooth crown.

Which of the following statements regarding radiation monitoring is false? TLD (thermoluminescent dosimeter) and DIS (direct ion storage dosimeter) are examples of personnel monitoring devices. Personnel monitoring devices protect the wearers from scatter radiation. A radiation monitoring service provides a reliable record of occupational radiation exposure. Area monitoring measures output of the x-ray machine.

Personnel monitoring devices protect the wearers from scatter radiation. The radiation monitoring device cannot protect the wearer from radiation. The device indicates that an exposure has occurred.

Which of the following would be most likely to assist in controlling a tactile stimulated gag response? Project confidence while maintaining an empathetic attitude. Place a commercial edge-covering product over the image receptor. Direct the patient to press the back of the head against the headrest. Ask the patient to breathe deeply through the nose.

Place a commercial edge-covering product over the image receptor. Using a commercial edge-covering product over the image receptor would be the best method for reducing a tactile stimulated gag response.

Each of the following may assist with placement of the image receptor for a child patient except one. Which one is the exception? Placing the image receptor parallel to the long axes of the teeth of interest Using the bisecting technique Switching to a smaller, lighter image receptor-holding device Using a smaller size image receptor

Placing the image receptor parallel to the long axes of the teeth of interest Placing the image receptor parallel to the long axes of a child's teeth is sometimes a challenge due to the smaller size and shallow palate of a child's oral cavity.

Which of the following statements about the position indicating device (PID) is correct? The longer the PID, the greater the radiation dose to the patient. A recessed PID creates a shorter target-surface distance. Pointed, closed-end plastic cone PIDs should no longer be used. The shorter the PID, the less divergent the beam.

Pointed, closed-end plastic cone PIDs should no longer be used. The tip of the pointed cone was supposed to indicate the central ray and aid in positioning. However, x-rays are deflected through contact with the material of the pointed cone, producing scatter radiation, so their use should be discontinued.

Which of the following describes a malignant pathologic lesion? Well-defined border Poorly defined border Pericoronal Interradicular

Poorly defined border Malignant lesions are poorly defined and rapidly growing.

Which of the following restorative crown types appears the least radiopaque? Stainless steel Porcelain Full metal Porcelain fused to metal

Porcelain The lack of metal in a porcelain crown would make this restoration appear less radiopaque.

Which of these statements regarding acceptable alterations of radiographic technique is false? Redirect the horizontal angle to intersect the image receptor from the distal to avoid canine-premolar overlap. Expose two radiographs utilizing two different horizontal angles in the same region. Position the image receptor perpendicular to the embrasures of the teeth of interest. Position the image receptor with the posterior edge a greater distance from the lingual surfaces of the teeth.

Position the image receptor with the posterior edge a greater distance from the lingual surfaces of the teeth. To aid in avoiding overlap in the molar region, the image receptor can be positioned with the anterior edge of the image receptor a greater distance from the lingual surfaces of the teeth of interest.

Which of these restorative materials will appear the most radiopaque on a dental radiograph? Post and core Composite Porcelain Gutta-percha

Post and core A post and core restoration is metal and therefore will attenuate more of the x-ray beam, resulting in a more radiopaque appearance.

Which of these statements is false? Post and core restorations resemble implants radiographically.. Post and core restorations are always observed in conjunction with endodontic filling material. Retention pins have a shape that is easy to identify on the radiograph. Retention pins are located in the dentin only.

Post and core restorations resemble implants radiographically. Post and core restorations build up a tooth so that it can support a crown. A post and core would appear within a pulp chamber of a tooth that has been treated endodontically. An implant takes the place of a missing tooth.

Each of the following should be considered when choosing the number and size of image receptors to expose on a child patient except one. Which one is the exception? Presence of the parent or caregiver Sensitivity of the mucosa Size of the oral cavity Cooperation level of the child

Presence of the parent or caregiver The number and size of image receptors to expose depends on the conditions and characteristics with which the patient presents.

Each of the following management techniques will help avoid a gag response except one. Which one is the exception? Questioning the patient about his or her past history with a gag reflex prior to beginning the procedure Using the power of suggestion to explain the tips and tricks the radiographer will apply for the patient to help avoid exciting the gag reflex An empathetic response from the radiographer when the patient mentions a fear of gagging during the procedure Asking for the patient's cooperation with performing distraction techniques during the procedure

Questioning the patient about his or her past history with a gag reflex prior to beginning the procedure The dental radiographer should not ask, "Are you a gagger?" The power of suggestion is a strong psychogenic stimulus and can initiate the gag reflex. Unless the patient brings it up, do not mention it.

All of the following are reasons to use handheld x-ray devices except for one. Which one is the exception? Use in dental forensics Radiographer preference Use in mobile clinics When a wall mounted unit is unavailable

Radiographer preference Portable, handheld devices are often used in nontraditional settings such as mobile clinics, dental forensics, and when a wall-mounted unit is not accessible or feasible.

Each of the following statements regarding the technical ability of radiographers is correct except one. Which one is the exception? Radiographers understand how to perform dental x-ray machine inspections. Radiographers participate in continuing education. Radiographers possess a thorough understanding of how to produce quality images. Radiographers have the ability to communicate clear and concise instructions to the patient.

Radiographers understand how to perform dental x-ray machine inspections. While the dental assistant and dental hygienist may perform quality control tests periodically on dental x-ray machines, inspections, especially when required by law, are to be performed by a qualified radiological technician.

Which of the following statements is false? Radiographs provide information on the tooth root-to-crown ratio. Radiographs assist with determining active versus arrested disease Radiographs can assist the practitioner with predicting outcomes of treatment. Radiographs provide documentation of the progression of periodontal disease

Radiographs assist with determining active versus arrested disease. Radiographs do not assist with determining active versus arrested disease because they do not image soft tissue details. A clinical examination of gingival and periodontal conditions is necessary.

Which of the following statements is false? Radiographs indicate the amount of bone loss. Radiographs cannot detect early signs of periodontal diseases. Radiographs reveal crestal bone irregularities. Radiographs reveal the pattern of bone loss.

Radiographs indicate the amount of bone loss. Radiographs document the amount of bone remaining rather than the amount lost. The amount of bone loss is estimated as the difference between the physiologic bone level and the height of the remaining bone.

Each of the following statements regarding radiation protection measures for the patient is correct except one. Which one is the exception? The oral health care team should embrace the ALARA concept. Radiographs must be taken on all new patients. The radiographer should possess a working knowledge of appropriate exposure factors. Evidence-based selection criteria should be used when determining which patients need radiographs.

Radiographs must be taken on all new patients. In maintaining ALARA, copies of radiographs, if available, taken at another practice should be requested to avoid unnecessary additional radiation exposure to the patient.

Which of the following statements regarding the radiographic appearance of occlusal caries is correct? Incipient occlusal caries is well visualized on the radiograph. The irregularity of cusps and occlusal pits and fissures usually indicate the presence of caries. Occlusal carious lesions are located on the incisal edges of the anterior teeth. Radiolucencies in dentin below occlusal enamel indicate occlusal caries.

Radiolucencies in dentin below occlusal enamel indicate occlusal caries. When examining radiographs for occlusal decay, the area of interest is below the occlusal enamel, in the area of the dentin, not from the top of the tooth downward.

Which of these statements is false? Cemental caries may be called "root caries." Rampant caries refers to decay that occurs under a restoration or around margins. Root caries may be misinterpreted as cervical burnout. Arrested caries are caries that are no longer active.

Rampant caries refers to decay that occurs under a restoration or around margins. Recurrent, or secondary, caries is decay that occurs under a restoration or around its margins.

Which of the following conditions or circumstances would contraindicate necessary dental radiographs for the patient? Wheelchair confinement Hearing or visual impairment Pregnancy Recent dental radiographs at another practice

Recent dental radiographs at another practice Based on evidence-based selection criteria for exposing dental radiographs, if a patient needs the diagnostic information that a radiograph will provide, then the radiograph should be exposed. If recently exposed radiographs at another practice can be obtained, then the patient may not need to be reexposed if the condition can be diagnosed from the previous radiographs.

Which of the following local contributing factors for periodontal disease will not be detected by radiographs? Amalgam overhang Recession Widening of the PDL Calculus

Recession Radiographs do not image the gingival height. Recession must be evaluated clinically.

Of the following, which will result in the greatest reduction in radiation the patient receives? Fast film speeds Image receptor holders Rectangular PIDs Thyroid collars

Rectangular PIDs Rectangular PIDs reduce patient radiation dose by 70 percent.

When a lesion shape can be distinguished as round, oval, scalloped, or linear, which of the following descriptors is used? Irregular Multilocular Unilocular Regular

Regular The descriptor regular is used when a pathologic lesion shape can be distinguished as round, oval, scalloped, or linear.

Which of the following steps is the correct order for producing duplicate films? Remove duplicating film from the box and place emulsion-side down, close duplicator cover, depress exposure button, remove original radiographs from mount and place on duplicator, set time, and process the film. Remove duplicating film from the box and place emulsion-side down, remove original radiographs from mount and place on duplicator, close duplicator cover, set time, depress exposure button and process the film. Remove duplicating film from the box and place emulsion-side down, remove original radiographs from mount and place on duplicator, close duplicator cover, depress exposure button, set time, and process the film. Remove original radiographs from mount and place on duplicator, remove duplicating film from the box and place emulsion-side down, close duplicator cover, set time, depress exposure button and process the film.

Remove original radiographs from mount and place on duplicator, remove duplicating film from the box and place emulsion-side down, close duplicator cover, set time, depress exposure button and process the film. Remove original radiographs from mount and place on duplicator, remove duplicating film from the box and place emulsion-side down, close duplicator cover, set time, depress exposure button, and process the film to duplicate radiographs.

Which of the following groups of cells are correctly ranked in order of radiosensitivity beginning with the most sensitive? Red blood, bone, muscle, epithelial Brain, bone, connective tissue, white blood Muscle, brain, red blood, white blood Reproductive, bone, nerve, muscle

Reproductive, bone, nerve, muscle The more specialized a cell is, the more radioresistant it is. The exceptions to this are white blood cells (lymphocytes) and reproductive cells (oocytes), which do not divide and are very specialized, and yet are radiosensitive.

Which extraoral radiographic image is used to examine fractures of the condylar neck? Reverse towne Waters Submentovertex Lateral cephalometric

Reverse towne The reverse towne radiograph examines fractures of the condylar neck.

Which localization technique requires the exposure of an occlusal radiograph? Definitive evaluation method Tube-shift method Right-angle method

Right-angle method A cross-sectional occlusal radiograph places the image receptor at a right angle to the tooth. In this position, the occlusal radiograph will image the object clearly on the buccal or lingual.

Which of the following is the best way to describe radiographic images for pathologic lesions and anomalies? Round radiolucency adjacent to the mandibular right first molar Radiolucency adjacent to the distal of the mandibular right first molar Round radiolucency adjacent to the mandibular first molar Round radiolucency adjacent to the distal root of the mandibular right first molar

Round radiolucency adjacent to the distal root of the mandibular right first molar Round radiolucency adjacent to the distal root of the mandibular right first molar would clearly convey to another professional where the finding is located.

All of the following are indications for using CBCT during endodontic treatment planning except one. Which one is the exception? Tooth root morphology presents a challenge Symptoms associated with a tooth previously treated with endodontic therapy Presence of extra root canals is suspected Routine pre- and posttreatment or during endodontic treatment

Routine pre- and posttreatment or during endodontic treatment While valuable, CBCT should not be used routinely pre-, post-, and during endodontic treatment, but rather assessed based on diagnostic need.

Thin slice data from CBCT images are interpreted and studied from all the following anatomical planes except one. Which one is the exception? Axial Sagittal Scatter Coronal

Scatter CBCT images are displayed and can be interpreted and studied from thin slice data in three anatomical planes: axial, sagittal, and coronal. Scatter is not an anatomical plane.

In rare cases, patients with severe ASD may need to be treated using which of the following? Sedation or medical restraint Video technologies Picture cards Mobile applications

Sedation or medical restraint In rare cases of ASD, patients may need to be treated using conscious sedation, general anesthesia, and/or medical restraint.

Which of the following restorative materials appears the most radiolucent? Gutta-percha Silicate Stainless steel crown Implant

Silicate Older composite restorative material such as silicate often appears radiolucent or about the same density as dentin.

Each of the following dental materials might not be imaged on a dental radiograph or may be only slightly visible except one. Which one is the exception? Base materials Acrylic resins Silver points Sealants

Silver points The endodontic restorative material silver points are metal and therefore will attenuate more of the x-ray beam, resulting in a more radiopaque appearance.

Which size image receptor would best image a bitewing radiograph on a 4-year-old? Size 0 or 1 Size 1 or 2 Size 3 Size 1

Size 0 or 1 A size 0 or size 1 would be the best choice for exposing posterior bitewing radiographs on a 4-year-old patient.

Duplicate radiographs are needed for all of the following except for one. Which one is the exception? Third-party payment approval Legal cases Soft tissue assessment Consultation with other professionals

Soft tissue assessment Duplicate radiographs are not used for soft tissue assessment.

Which of the following statements about radiation repair is false? The quantity, duration, and body area irradiated determine the amount of damage inflicted by the radiation. Ions have a strong tendency to recombine immediately to form water again. Somatic cells cannot repair radiation damage. Scientists believe that some radiation effects are cumulative.

Somatic cells cannot repair radiation damage. Relatively minor radiation damage can be repaired in healthy individuals at the rate of 75 percent within 24 hours in somatic cells, whereas radiation damage to reproductive cells cannot be repaired.

Which of the following statements regarding radiographic detection of caries is correct? Some practitioners prefer to use a low kVp to best image caries. The periapical radiograph is the radiograph of choice to image caries. Decalcification must reach 80 to 90 percent loss of hard structure to be imaged radiographically. The depth of the caries appears more advanced radiographically than clinically.

Some practitioners prefer to use a low kVp to best image caries. A low kVp produces a high-contrast radiograph that some practitioners consider helpful in detecting dental caries.

Which of the following describes radiolucent lines observed across an image? Cupping Slicing Fanning Streaking

Streaking Streaking, radiolucent lines observed across an image, is most likely to occur when the x-ray beam passes through two objects of equal high density that are close to one another, such as adjacent teeth with large metallic restorations.

Which anatomical landmark is found in the mandibular posterior region of a panoramic radiograph? Submandibular fossa Genial tubercles Lingual foramen Mental fossa

Submandibular fossa The submandibular fossa is found in the mandibular posterior region.

Which of these extraoral radiographs is most often used to show the base of the skull? Submentovertex Posteroanterior Transcranial Lateral cephalometric

Submentovertex The submentovertex radiograph records information in the region of the base of the skull, condyles, sphenoid sinus, and the zygoma.

Which of the following is the best recommendation when it becomes impossible to place an intraoral image receptor because of an exaggerated gag reflex? Substitute a size 0 image receptor. Substitute an extraoral radiograph. Use topical anesthetic to numb the oral cavity.

Substitute an extraoral radiograph. Occasionally, the radiographer will encounter a patient or a particular region of the oral cavity where the patient cannot tolerate placement of an intraoral image receptor. The radiographer should take as many intraoral radiographs as possible and then supplement these with extraoral radiographs.

Which of these statements regarding risk management is false? Take radiographs only if the dentist is present. Establish a written quality assurance system for radiographic equipment. Obtain a duplicate copy of a new patient's radiographs if possible. Use the best equipment currently available for exposing radiographs.

Take radiographs only if the dentist is present. The radiographer should be aware of state laws governing the practice of professional responsibilities and take radiographs accordingly. It is not likely that a state law prohibits a properly licensed, certified, or trained dental assistant or dental hygienist from taking dental radiographs that have been prescribed by the dentist.

Which of the following statements is correct? The Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act requires that all x-ray equipment manufactured or sold in the United States meet federal performance standards. The Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act was designed to protect patients from unnecessary radiation. There are no federal laws regarding use of dental x-ray equipment. The Federal Performance Act of 1974 was designed to protect patients from unnecessary radiation.

The Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act was designed to protect patients from unnecessary radiation. Established in 1981 and updated in 1991, the federal Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act established guidelines regarding who can place and expose radiographs.

Which of the following sets standards for digital radiographic system compatibility and facilitates electronic transfer of digital radiographic images between systems? Cloud file sharing systems Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) Protected health-related information (PHI) Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

The Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) sets standards for digital radiographic system compatibility and facilitates electronic transfer of digital radiographic images between systems. It specifies that inspections be done by a qualified radiological expert licensed by the state.

Each of the following statements regarding the use of radiographs during endodontic therapy is true except one. Which one is the exception? The bisecting technique is the technique of choice. The avoidance of magnification and distortion is essential. Special endodontic image receptor holders are available. The presence of endodontic instrumentation makes it impossible for a patient to bite down on the biteblock of conventional image receptor holders.

The bisecting technique is the technique of choice. The paralleling technique is the technique of choice for radiographs exposed during root canal therapy.

Each of the following statements regarding dental radiography of the child patient is correct except one. Which one is the exception? The bisecting technique can produce reasonably acceptable images when parallel positioning is not possible. Increasing the vertical angulation over perpendicular will help image the root apices. Vertical angulation may need to be increased slightly. The bisecting technique will produce less distortion and magnification than the paralleling technique.

The bisecting technique will produce less distortion and magnification than the paralleling technique. The bisecting technique produces images with more distortion and magnification than the paralleling technique, whether used to expose radiographs on children or adults.

Which of the following statements is false? The detection of caries is one of the most common reasons for exposing dental radiographs. The carious process is one of remineralization of tooth structure. Caries appears radiolucent on the radiograph. The presence of caries allows more x-rays to pass through the tooth and darken the image receptor.

The carious process is one of remineralization of tooth structure. The carious process is one of demineralization of tooth structure (enamel, dentin, and cementum).

Each of the following is a limitation of radiographs in the assessment of periodontal disease except one. Which one is the exception? Changes in soft tissues will not be imaged. Two-dimensional images do not reveal infrabony changes. The destruction of periodontium is not as severe clinically. Active versus inactive disease is not distinguished.

The destruction of periodontium is not as severe clinically. Radiographs cannot detect early signs of periodontal diseases. A significant loss of bone density must occur before radiographic changes are detected.

ASD ranges from a mild form of the disorder to a severe form. A dental radiographic examination would not elicit anxiety for patients with ASD. Both sentences are true. The first sentence is true. The second sentence is false. The first sentence is false. The second sentence is true. Both sentences are false.

The first sentence is true. The second sentence is false. ASD ranges from a mild form of the disorder where an individual may exhibit slight social impairments to a severe form denoted by speech impairments, unexpected behaviors, severe emotional outbursts, and hypersensitivity to new situations; therefore, a dental examination may elicit anxiety.

Standard radiographic procedures can be altered for the older adult who presents with age-related change complications. Using the salutations "Honey" or "Dear" when addressing an elderly patient will assist the radiographic process. The first sentence is false. The second sentence is true. Both sentences are false. The first sentence is true. The second sentence is false. Both sentences are true.

The first sentence is true. The second sentence is false. Normal changes in the body due to aging do not necessarily mean that all older adult patients will present with unique conditions that require alterations in the radiographic procedure. However, the dental radiographer should be aware of an increased incidence of conditions and diseases that may require alterations in standard radiographic techniques. All patients should be addressed formally and with respect. Language appropriate to the patient's age and understanding of terminology should be used. Do not talk down to any patient.

A threshold dose-response relationship indicates that any dose, regardless of amount, can be expected to produce a biologic response. A linear dose-response relationship indicates that the biologic response is directly proportional to the dose. The first statement is false. The second statement is true. Both statements are false. The first statement is true. The second statement is false. Both statements are true.

The first statement is false. The second statement is true. A nonthreshold dose-response relationship indicates that any dose, regardless of amount, can be expected to produce a biologic response. A linear dose-response relationship indicates that the biologic response is directly proportional to the dose.

Which of the following statements regarding protection measures for the operator during exposure is false? A structural barrier provides adequate protection during exposure. The radiographer should stand at least 6 feet from the head of the patient without a barrier present. The ideal angle to stand from the path of the exiting x-ray beam is 180 degrees. A drifting tube head should not be used until corrected.

The ideal angle to stand from the path of the exiting x-ray beam is 180 degrees. The ideal angle to stand from the path of the exiting x-ray beam is 45 degrees.

Which of these periods immediately follows radiation exposure? The latent period The period of injury The recovery period The reparable damage period

The latent period Following the initial radiation exposure, and before the first detectable effect occurs, a time lag called the "latent period" occurs.

Which of these statements is false? The median palatine suture appears as a thin radiolucent line between the maxillary central incisors. The nasal fossa appears as two paired radiolucencies separated by the radiopaque nasal septum. The lateral fossa appears as a radiolucency between the maxillary canine and first premolar. The incisive foramen appears as a round or pear-shaped radiolucency between the apices of the maxillary central incisors.

The lateral fossa appears as a radiolucency between the maxillary canine and first premolar. The lateral fossa appears as a radiolucency between the maxillary lateral incisor and the maxillary canine.

Radiographs add each of the following to an assessment of periodontal disease except one. Which one is the exception? The length of a clinical crown The presence of dilacerated roots The amount of supporting bone between the teeth Root morphology and lengths

The length of a clinical crown Radiographs can reveal information about root morphology and lengths and the presence of dilacerations; root shape and width, such as multirooted teeth with ample supporting bone in between the roots; or narrow, close, or fused roots, all of which can help determine the treatment and predict treatment outcomes.

Which of the following statements regarding radiation injury is false? Individuals vary in radiation sensitivity within the same species. The lethal dose (LD 50/30) for humans is 1.5 grays. Younger, more rapidly dividing cells are more likely to incur damage. The amount of injury to an individual depends on the volume of tissue radiated.

The lethal dose (LD 50/30) for humans is 1.5 grays. --The LD 50/30 for humans is 4.5 grays.

Which of these statements is false? The radiographer should use the largest size image receptor the child can tolerate. The preferred image receptor for use with a child with transitional dentition is size 1. The amount of radiation required does not depend on the size of the intraoral image receptor. A size 0 or 1 intraoral image receptor is usually the choice for a child with primary teeth.The preferred image receptor for use with a child with transitional dentition is size 1.

The preferred image receptor for use with a child with transitional dentition is size 1. The preferred size image receptor for the child with transitional dentition is a standard size 2

Each of the following statements regarding the gag reflex is correct except one. Which one is the exception? The radiographer should let the patient place the image receptor in his or her own mouth to help control the gag reflex. The radiographer should not dismiss patient concerns about gagging as "all in the mind." Most gagging patients are embarrassed by their involuntary reaction of gagging. The radiographer should inform the patient that there are techniques to help minimize the gag reflex.

The radiographer should let the patient place the image receptor in his or her own mouth to help control the gag reflex. The radiographer should maintain control and demonstrate confidence as a means of reducing a hypersensitive gag reflex.

Which of the following statements regarding radiation injury is false? The smaller the area of tissue exposure, the greater damage to the individual. A given dose may produce fewer biologic effects if the cells have a chance to recover. The rate at which the radiation is absorbed may determine which biological effects occur. The greater the dose, the more severe the probable biological event.

The smaller the area of tissue exposure, the greater damage to the individual. The smaller the area exposed, the less likely there will be radiation-induced damage.

It is imperative that an image receptor positioner with an alignment guide be used with handheld x-ray devices because the operator must take a position in front of the unit. Both the statement and reason are correct but not related. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct. The statement is correct, but the reason is not. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

The statement is correct, but the reason is not. It is imperative that an image receptor positioner with an alignment guide be used with handheld x-ray devices because the operator must take a position behind the unit.

Which of the following is correct when encountering a shallow palatal vault? The horizontal angulation will be more difficult to visualize. The vertical angulation can be increased up to 15 degrees and still produce a reasonably acceptable image. Absolute parallelism between the image receptor and long axes of the teeth is easier to achieve. The cusp tips are most likely to be cut off of the image.

The vertical angulation can be increased up to 15 degrees and still produce a reasonably acceptable image. When a patient presents with a shallow palatal vault, increasing the vertical angulation up to 15 degrees will compensate for the lack of parallelism without noticeable distortion.

Which of the following statements regarding the theory established by a threshold dose-response curve is true? It indicates that any amount of radiation has the potential to cause a biological response. It has been adopted by the radiation protection community as the conservative approach to radiation exposure. It predicts the effects of very low levels of radiation exposure. There is a dose below which no biological response would be expected.

There is a dose below which no biological response would be expected. A threshold dose-response curve indicates that there is a "threshold" amount of radiation below which no biological response would be expected.

Each of the following is true regarding the radiographic appearance of composite restorations except one. Which one is the exception? They may mimic caries. They may appear about the same density as cementum. They may appear either radiopaque or radiolucent. They may appear with irregular or diffuse margins.

They may appear with irregular or diffuse margins. Restorations appear to have straight margins and a prepared look, whereas caries appears more diffuse.

Which of the following is not a limitation of radiographs in the evaluation of periodontal disease? They record an exaggerated assessment of actual clinical involvement of the disease. They cannot distinguish between treated versus untreated disease. They provide a two-dimensional representation of three-dimensional structures. Changes in soft tissue are not recorded.

They record an exaggerated assessment of actual clinical involvement of the disease. Actual destruction is more advanced clinically. Radiographs cannot detect early signs of periodontal diseases. A significant loss of bone density must occur before radiographic changes are detected.

Which of the following statements regarding lead aprons is false? They are fabricated of 0.25 mm lead or lead-equivalent materials. They provide a protective barrier against scatter radiation. Their use is in keeping with the ALARA concept. They should be folded and stored when not in use.

They should be folded and stored when not in use. Lead aprons should be stored flat or hung unbent. Folding the lead apron may cause the material to crack, rendering the apron defective.

All of the following are recorded on a panoramic radiograph except one. Which one is the exception? Cervical vertebra of the spine Maxilla Hyoid bone Thoracic vertebra

Thoracic vertebra The thoracic vertebra is not imaged on panoramic radiographs.

Which of the following soft tissues may be imaged on an intraoral dental radiograph? Eyelid Cheek Ear lobe Tip of the nose

Tip of the nose The tip of the nose is often in the path of the x-ray beam when positioning the PID for images of the anterior maxilla.

Which of the following is not a reason to expose radiographs on an edentulous patient? To detect retained root tips or impactions To determine the quality and condition of alveolar bone To establish the position of anatomical structures prior to implants To assess the density of tori

To assess the density of tori Tori are benign tumors consisting of a localized overgrowth of bone. While not present in all patients, tori are considered normal.

The principles of tomography are described by each of the following except one. Which one is the exception? Unusual anatomical relationships not seen on intraoral radiographs are due to wide broadening of the arches and superimposition of structures. Tomography is based on a moving x-ray source and corresponding stationary image receptor. Tomography allows panoramic radiographs to record anatomic tissues one section at a time. Tomography produces an image one slice at a time that are then combined side by side on an image receptor.

Tomography is based on a moving x-ray source and corresponding stationary image receptor.

Which of the following statements regarding tori is correct? Tori are common bony protuberances in the oral cavity. A torus palatinus is located along the lingual surface of the mandible. The correct image receptor position should be on top of the torus. The oral mucosa overlying tori is thick and calloused.

Tori are common bony protuberances in the oral cavity. While not all patients present with tori, they are common growths in the oral cavity. The torus palatinus presents in the midline of the hard palate, while the torus mandibularis arises along the lingual aspect of the mandible in the canine-premolar area.

Each of the following can be determined from radiographs except one. Which one is the exception? Interdental septal changes Crestal alveolar irregularities Total loss of periodontal attachment Amount of bone remaining rather than bone loss

Total loss of periodontal attachment Total loss of periodontal attachment takes into consideration not only the bone levels evident on radiographs but the location of soft tissue attachments as well. Radiographs do not image soft tissue periodontal conditions. Radiographs, together with a clinical exam, are needed to determine total loss of periodontal attachment.

Which of these extraoral radiographs is most often used to aid in diagnosing temporomandibular joint problems? Posteroanterior projection Lateral skull projection Transcranial projection Reverse towne projection

Transcranial projection The transcranial radiograph records information in the region of the head of condyle, glenoid fossa, temporal bone, and the temporomandibular joint in open, closed, and at-rest positions. It is often used to aid in diagnosing temporomandibular joint problems.

Certain radiographic landmarks may or may not be recorded on intraoral dental radiographs because of all of the following except one. Which one is the exception? Image receptor placement Type of image receptor used Patient positioning Angle of the x-ray beam

Type of image receptor used The type of image receptor used will not have an impact on anatomical landmarks being recorded on dental radiographs.

Extraoral radiographs are useful for each of the following except one. Which one is the exception? Unexplained gingival bleeding Suspected impactions Patient with limited ability to open the mouth Growth and development

Unexplained gingival bleeding A limitation of extraoral radiographs is that they do not record detailed information and therefore would be of limited use in detecting subtle periodontal changes.

Each of the following statements regarding risk management is correct except one. Which one is the exception? The fastest film speed currently available should be used for all radiographs. Unless required by law, personnel monitoring devices should be discouraged. Image receptor holding devices and rectangular collimation used to reduce radiation exposure. An attempt should be made to obtain duplicate copies of a new patient's radiographs.

Unless required by law, personnel monitoring devices should be discouraged. Providing all radiographers with a radiation monitoring badge, whether required by law or not, is a good risk management tool. Monitoring lack of exposure provides the practice with documentation of safe work habits.

Which of the following statements regarding the gag reflex is correct? Psychogenic stimuli are a physical reaction to a feeling of the airway being blocked. Tactile stimuli result from the suggestion of gagging. The radiographer should ask the patient, "Are you a gagger?" Unless the patient brings up the problem of gagging, the radiographer should not mention it.

Unless the patient brings up the problem of gagging, the radiographer should not mention it. The power of suggestion is a strong psychogenic stimulus that can incite the gag reflex.

Each of the following are options for communication with patients who have a hearing impairment except one. Which one is the exception? Use of speech reading behind the patient's back Relative or caregiver as interpreter Written instructions Gestures

Use of speech reading behind the patient's back Speech reading for patients with a hearing impairment should be done while facing the patient and speaking slowly and clearly, allowing the patient to read facial expressions and gestures.

Which of the following statements is correct? Vertical bone loss is also known as angular bone loss. Horizontal bone loss occurs in a plane perpendicular to the CEJ of adjacent teeth. Horizontal bone loss is also known as angular bone loss. Localized bone loss occurs throughout both arches simultaneously.

Vertical bone loss is also known as angular bone loss. Vertical (angular) bone loss occurs in a vertical direction where the resorption of one tooth root sharing the interdental septum is greater than that of the other tooth root sharing the septum.

Which of these extraoral radiographs is most often used to examine the sinuses? Lateral cephalometric Reverse towne Submentovertex Waters

Waters The Waters radiograph records information in the region of the middle third of the face to include zygoma, the coronoid process, and the sinuses. It is often used to examine the maxillary, frontal, and ethmoid sinuses.

Each of the following protects the radiographer from radiation except one. Which one is the exception? Spending less time exposing radiographs Standing behind protective shielding during exposure Wearing a personnel monitoring device Increasing the distance from the source of radiation

Wearing a personnel monitoring device Personnel monitoring devices play a valuable role in recording radiation exposures, but they do not stop radiation from exposing the wearer.

Which of the following describes a benign pathologic lesion? Pericoronal Well-defined border Interradicular Poorly defined border

Well-defined border Benign lesions are well defined and slow growing.

Which of these is not a method of localization? Right-angle method Definitive evaluation method Tube-shift method Working radiograph method

Working radiograph method The working radiograph is an image that is rapidly processed during endodontic treatment or other procedures where time is important. The working radiograph is not a method of localization.

Tissues have the capacity to repair radiation damage to a certain degree. However, some damage cannot be repaired and tissues remain weakened, especially with repeated exposures. This is called radioresistant tissue. a cumulative effect. a long-term effect. a stochastic effect.

a cumulative effect. A cumulative effect refers to the theory that radiation-exposed tissues accrue damage and may function at a diminished capacity with each repeated exposure.

Patients using wheelchairs and able to temporarily support their own weight should be transferred to the dental chair by use of the caregiver and radiographer to lift the patient. all of the above. a wheelchair transfer sliding board. a wheelchair transfer belt.

a wheelchair transfer sliding board. The patient who can temporarily support his or her own weight can be transferred to the dental chair by use of a wheelchair transfer board designed to slide from the wheelchair over to the dental chair.

The effects of occlusal trauma may be evident on a radiograph as dilacerations of the teeth roots. a widening of the PDL space. furcation involvement. an excessive buildup of calculus.

a widening of the PDL space. The effect of traumatic occlusion's excessive forces on the supporting bone can be observed radiographically as a widening or triangulation of the PDL space. The widening created appears as a radiolucent base with the apex pointing toward the apex of the tooth.

The purpose of aluminum filtration is to reduce the radiation to the patient by reducing the volume of tissue exposed. eliminate the sources of scatter or secondary radiation to the patient. absorb the penetrating short wavelengths that fog films. absorb the less penetrating long wavelengths to reduce radiation exposure.

absorb the less penetrating long wavelengths to reduce radiation exposure. A filter is an absorbing material (usually aluminum) placed in the path of the x-ray beam to remove a high percentage of the soft x-rays (the longer wavelengths) and reduce patient radiation dose.

Patients may have reasonable access to their radiographs if needed for litigation against the dentist. having a consult with a specialist. changing dentists. all of the above occur.

all of the above occur. Patients may have reasonable access to their radiographs. They may request a copy of their radiographs if they decide to change dentists, request a consultation with a dental specialist, or for any other reason.

Anomalies and pathologic lesions and conditions must be described by shape. border. size. all of the above.

all of the above. Anomalies and pathologic lesions and conditions must be described by size, shape, border, architecture, location, and affect on surrounding tissues.

Certain anatomical landmarks may or may not be imaged on dental radiographs depending on patient positioning. placement of the image receptor. the angle of the x-ray beam. all of the above.

all of the above. Depending on the placement of the image receptor, patient positioning, and the angle of the x-ray beam, certain landmarks may or may not be imaged.

Guidelines for prescribing radiographs are based on medical and dental histories. clinical examination. signs and symptoms. all of the above.

all of the above. Evidence-based selection criteria guidelines are applied only after reviewing the patient's health history and completing a clinical examination.

The first pediatric radiographic survey may not be necessary until the age of 6 years, when cooperation is more likely. the child presents with signs or symptoms of oral disease. the arches have developed sufficiently to accommodate placement of the image receptor. all primary teeth have erupted and prevent a visual inspection of interproximal surfaces.

all primary teeth have erupted and prevent a visual inspection of interproximal surfaces. The selection criteria guidelines suggest that the first radiographic survey may not be necessary until all the primary teeth have erupted, preventing a visual inspection of the proximal (contact) surfaces via a clinical inspection.

The ALARA concept implies that radiation dosages slightly above the acceptable level of risk are acceptable only in emergency treatment situations. any radiation dose that can be reduced without major difficulty, great expense, or inconvenience should be reduced or eliminated. if a radiation dose cannot be reduced without major difficulty, great expense, or inconvenience, then no radiographs should be exposed. fewer radiographs should be taken only if a radiation dose cannot be reduced due to major difficulty, inconvenience, and great expense.

any radiation dose that can be reduced without major difficulty, great expense, or inconvenience should be reduced or eliminated. The ALARA concept implies that any radiation dose that can be reduced without major difficulty, great expense, or inconvenience should be reduced or eliminated.

Positioning the image receptor slightly diagonally, with the front edge a greater distance from the lingual surfaces of molars than the back edge, will aid in avoiding overlap of the contacts between adjacent teeth. eliminating patient discomfort. using the bisecting technique. aligning the image receptor perpendicular to the embrasures.

avoiding overlap of the contacts between adjacent teeth. Because the interproximal surfaces of the molars are in a mesiodistal relationship to the patient's sagittal plane, conventional image receptor placement parallel to the buccal surfaces may result in overlapping of the contact areas and closure of the embrasure spaces. To assist with avoiding the occurrence of overlap error, the image receptor should be positioned perpendicularly to the embrasures. To achieve this position, the image receptor should be placed slightly diagonal, with the front edge of the receptor a greater distance from the lingual surfaces of the teeth than the back edge.

In panoramic radiography, structures located at increasingly greater distances from the center of the focal trough will be more radiopaque. sharper. blurred out. not imaged.

blurred out. Structures located at increasingly greater distances from the center of the focal trough will be blurred out of the image.

To assist in developing cultural sensitivity, radiographers should take into consideration a patient's communication style, comfortable zones of territory, and nonverbal gestures. comfortable zones of territory. communication style. nonverbal gestures.

communication style, comfortable zones of territory, and nonverbal gestures. To assist in developing cultural sensitivity, a radiographer should take into consideration a patient's communication style, comfortable zones of territory, and nonverbal gestures.

A less divergent x-ray beam will create a smaller diameter of exposure. result in lower quality radiographic images. increase the radiation dose to the patient. require added filtration.

create a smaller diameter of exposure. The less divergent x-ray beam creates a smaller diameter of exposure.

Composite restorations can mimic an implant. decay. orthodontic materials. a crown.

decay. When radiolucent, composite restorations can mimic decay.

Base material (calcium hydroxide pastes) and cements exhibit approximately the same degree of radiopacity as enamel. amalgam. bone. dentin.

dentin. Enamel, bone, and amalgam would all appear more radiopaque.

As a carious lesion progresses, it takes on a triangular shape with the apex pointing toward the ________ and the base toward the ________. dentinoenamel junction, outer surface of the tooth outer surface of the tooth, dentinoenamel junction outer surface of the tooth, cementoenamel junction cementoenamel junction, outer surface of the tooth

dentinoenamel junction, outer surface of the tooth Caries advances first through the enamel and often takes on a triangle shape with the apex pointing toward the DEJ and the base spreading along the outer surface of the tooth.

When the severity of change is dependent on the radiation dose, the effect is called a(n) acute radiation effect. stochastic effect. lethal dose effect. deterministic effect.

deterministic effect. When the severity of the change is dependent on the dose, the effect is called a "deterministic effect."

Due to anatomy a premolar bitewing radiograph will almost always exhibit overlap between the distal of the lateral incisor and the mesial of the canine. distal of the canine and the mesial of the first premolar. distal of the second premolar and mesial of the first molar. distal of the first premolar and mesial of the second premolar.

distal of the canine and the mesial of the first premolar. The canine periapical and bitewing radiographs will almost always exhibit overlap between the distal of the canine and the mesial of the premolar. This overlap occurs because the curve of the arches in this region superimposes the lingual cusp of the premolar onto the distal edge of the canine.

To aid in managing a patient with special needs, an organized radiographer will have all supplies and equipment ready before exposure. expose the easier projections first. progress through the procedure rapidly and accurately. do all of the above.

do all of the above. Each of these suggestions will aid in managing a patient with special needs.

The federal Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act mandates safety requirements for collimation and filtration of equipment. establishes standards for state certification/licensure of radiographic personnel. provides and updates evidence-based selection criteria guidelines. provides guidelines and recommended procedures for infection control.

establishes standards for state certification/licensure of radiographic personnel. The Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act established minimum standards for state certification and licensure of personnel who administer radiation in medical and dental radiographic procedures. The intent of the act was to minimize unnecessary exposure to potentially hazardous radiation.

The statute of limitations for bringing a malpractice suit begins from the date that treatment was started. within 5 years from the date that the patient discovered an injury. from the date that treatment was completed. from the date that the patient discovers an injury.

from the date that the patient discovers an injury. The statute of limitations is the time period during which a patient may bring a malpractice action against a dentist or radiographer. State laws govern this time period, which begins when the patient discovers, or should have discovered, an injury due to negligent dental treatment.

Bone loss between the roots of molar teeth is called triangulation. a local contributing factor. furcation involvement. horizontal bone loss.

furcation involvement. Bone loss between the roots of multirooted teeth is called "furcation involvement."

For a maxillary molar disto-oblique periapical radiograph, the vertical angulation is ________ that used for the standard paralleling technique. decreased by 10 degrees from decreased by 5 degrees from increased by 10 degrees over increased by 5 degrees over

increased by 5 degrees over Most impactions, or foreign objects in the posterior region of the maxilla, will be located farther superior than the erupted teeth, making it necessary to increase the vertical angulation by 5 degrees over the standard setting.

Dental radiographs must be retained 5 years after the date of exposure. indefinitely. when the patient ceases to be a patient. after completion of treatment.

indefinitely. Because of statute of limitation laws, it is recommended that all records (including radiographs) be retained indefinitely.

Deciding whether to expose dental radiographs on a child patient is based on individual needs of the patient. age. behavior. sensitivity of the oral cavity.

individual needs of the patient. The indication to expose dental radiographs on a child patient is based on the individual needs of the patient.

Certification and/or licensure to expose dental radiographs is regulated by individual state laws, which may vary. is not required in all states if one has accredited training. may or may not be regulated by the dentist/employer. is required by law in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

is regulated by individual state laws, which may vary. State laws regulating personnel who expose dental radiographs vary considerably for dental assistants trained on-the-job. Whereas many states have a mandatory state examination or a continuing education requirement, some states allow these uncertified dental assistants with proper training to take radiographs under the direct supervision of a dentist without certification.

The genial tubercles are most likely to be recorded on an intraoral radiograph of the maxillary anterior region. mandibular posterior region. maxillary posterior region. mandibular anterior region.

mandibular anterior region. The genial tubercles is often recorded on a mandibular anterior radiograph as a round radiopaque "doughnut" at the midline below the apices of the central incisors.

The oblique ridge is most likely to be recorded on an intraoral radiograph of the maxillary anterior region. mandibular posterior region. maxillary posterior region. mandibular anterior region.

mandibular posterior region. The oblique ridge (sometimes called the "external oblique ridge") appears as a radiopaque horizontal line of varied width superimposed across the molar roots recorded on a mandibular posterior radiograph.

The incisive foramen is most likely to be recorded on an intraoral radiograph of the maxillary posterior region. mandibular posterior region. mandibular anterior region. maxillary anterior region.

maxillary anterior region. The incisive foramen is often recorded on a maxillary anterior radiograph between the apices of the central incisors.

To gain patient confidence and compliance, the easiest region to radiograph first would be the mandibular molars. mandibular canines. maxillary incisors. maxillary premolars.

maxillary incisors. Anterior image receptor placements are less likely to initiate the gag reflex. Positioning the image receptor in the maxillary molar region is more likely to initiate the gag reflex.

The coronoid process is most likely to be recorded on an intraoral radiograph of the maxillary posterior region. maxillary anterior region. mandibular anterior region. mandibular posterior region.

maxillary posterior region. Although the coronoid process is technically a feature of the mandible, it is often in the path of the x-ray beam when positioning the PID for images of the maxillary posterior region.

The zygomatic process is most likely to be recorded on an intraoral radiograph of the mandibular anterior region. maxillary posterior region. mandibular posterior region. maxillary anterior region.

maxillary posterior region. The zygomatic process is often recorded on a maxillary posterior radiograph appearing as a broad, U-shaped band often seen above or superimposed over the roots of the first and second molars.

The caries process demineralizes tooth structures, allowing ________ x-rays to pass through the tooth and ________ the image. more, darken more, lighten less, lighten less, darken

more, darken The caries process is one of demineralization of tooth structure (enamel, dentin, and cementum). This demineralization of tooth density allows more x-rays to pass through the tooth and darken the image. Therefore, caries appear radiolucent on the radiograph.

Advanced caries is seen radiographically as a radiolucency that penetrated at or through the DEJ but less than halfway through the dentin toward the pulp. penetrated over halfway through the enamel but did not reach the DEJ. penetrated less than halfway through the enamel. penetrated over halfway through the dentin toward the pulp.

penetrated at or through the DEJ but less than halfway through the dentin toward the pulp. Advanced caries appear as a radiolucency that takes on a double triangle shape, first through the enamel with the apex pointing toward the DEJ, and a second triangle base spreading along the DEJ with the apex pointing toward the pulp. This radiolucency is less than halfway through the dentin toward the pulp.

Incipient caries is seen radiographically as a radiolucency that has penetrated less than halfway through the enamel. penetrated at or through the DEJ but less than halfway through the dentin toward the pulp. penetrated over halfway through the dentin toward the pulp. penetrated over halfway through the enamel but did not reach the DEJ.

penetrated less than halfway through the enamel. Incipient caries appear as a radiolucent notch in the enamel only. The radiolucency is less than halfway through the enamel.

Severe caries is seen radiographically as a radiolucency that has penetrated at or through the DEJ but less than halfway through the dentin toward the pulp. penetrated over halfway through the enamel but did not reach the DEJ. penetrated less than halfway through the enamel. penetrated over halfway through the dentin toward the pulp.

penetrated over halfway through the dentin toward the pulp. Severe caries appear as a radiolucency that may retain a double triangle shape or be so severe as to appear as a large diffuse radiolucency. The radiolucency is more than halfway through the dentin toward the pulp.

Moderate caries is seen radiographically as a radiolucency that has penetrated over halfway through the enamel but did not reach the DEJ. penetrated over halfway through the dentin toward the pulp. penetrated less than halfway through the enamel. penetrated at or through the DEJ but less than halfway through the dentin toward the pulp.

penetrated over halfway through the enamel but did not reach the DEJ. Moderate caries appear as a radiolucent triangle with the apex pointing toward the DEJ. The radiolucency is more than halfway through the enamel but does not invade the DEJ.

A personnel monitoring device cannot record the amount of radiation received. indicate the type of radiation received. protect the operator from receiving radiation. measure the amount of radiation received.

protect the operator from receiving radiation. Personnel monitoring devices play a valuable role in recording the amount and type of radiation received, but they do not stop radiation from exposing the wearer.

On a radiograph, an amalgam fragment may appear as a(n) radiolucency. radiopacity. overhang. bluish irregularity.

radiopacity. Amalgam that fractures during an extraction and falls into the root socket or under the gingival tissue may impart a bluish-purple color to the tissue, called an "amalgam tattoo." Because the amalgam is dense, it will appear radiopaque on the radiograph.

When all three anatomical planes are viewed together, this is known as image classification. reconstruction. dimension. prescription.

reconstruction. All three anatomical planes when viewed together are known as image reconstruction.

The function of the collimator in the dental x-ray machine is to allow for faster exposure times. eliminate secondary sources of radiation. eliminate primary sources of radiation. reduce the size of the x-ray beam.

reduce the size of the x-ray beam. The collimator constricts the diameter of the x-ray beam to reduce the radiation dose to the patient by reducing the volume of tissue exposed.

Policies and procedures used to reduce the chances a patient will file legal action against the oral health care team is known as risk management. standards protocol. a code of ethics. radiation health and safety.

risk management. Risk management can be defined as the policies and procedures to be followed by the radiographer to reduce the chances that a patient will file legal action against the dentist and oral health care team.

The legal right of the patient to refuse radiographs is a form of self-determination. liability. disclosure. the statute of limitations.

self-determination. All patients have the legal right to make choices about the health care they receive. This is called self-determination. Self-determination includes the right to refuse treatment.

Dental radiographers who are ________ contribute to the growing access to care barriers for patients with cultural diversity. stereotypical sensitive to others' beliefs good communicators knowledgeable

stereotypical Radiographers who are stereotypical with cultural diversity contribute to the growing access to care barriers.

Legally, radiographs are the property of the dentist who originally prescribed the radiographs. the patient. both the original dentist who prescribed the radiographs and a new dentist if the patient leaves the original practice. a new dentist if the patient leaves the original practice.

the dentist who originally prescribed the radiographs. The courts have ruled that radiographs are the property of the dentist who originally prescribed the radiographs.

Widening of the periodontal ligament space at the crest of the interproximal bone is called a local contributing factor. triangulation. horizontal bone loss. furcation involvement.

triangulation. Widening of the periodontal ligament space at the crest of the interproximal bone is called "triangulation."

The best way to reduce patient radiation exposure is to use evidence-based selection criteria for prescribing radiographs. expose routine radiographs. determine the risk/benefit ratio prior to exposure. develop office policy for the maximum number of exposures permissible per patient.

use evidence-based selection criteria for prescribing radiographs. The most important way to ensure that the patient receives a reasonably low dose of radiation is to use evidence-based selection criteria when selecting patients for radiographs and determining what specific radiographs are needed for each patient.

Because the image receptor may lay flatter in the oral cavity of a child, the ________ angulation may be ________ to assist in recording more of the periapical region. horizontal, decreased horizontal, increased vertical, decreased vertical, increased

vertical, increased Due to a shallow palatal vault, the image receptor will most likely lay flatter in position. Slightly increasing the vertical angulation over perpendicular will help to image the root apices and the unerupted developing permanent teeth.

The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry recommends that a child's first professional oral examination be between the ages of 3 and 6 months. soon after the eruption of all primary teeth. within 12 months following eruption of the first tooth. between the ages of 2 and 4 years.

within 12 months following eruption of the first tooth. The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry recommends that a child's first professional oral examination be made within 12 months following the eruption of the first primary tooth, usually between 6 and 12 months of age.

At what dose of whole-body radiation would an observable short-term effect of acute radiation syndrome result? 0.25 Gy 1.0 Gy 1.5 Gy 0.01 Gy

1.5 Gy If the dose of radiation is large enough (generally over 1.0 Gy or 100 rads, whole body), the resultant signs and symptoms that comprise these short-term effects are collectively known as acute radiation syndrome (ARS).

Once the first permanent teeth have erupted, the ideal full mouth survey should include a minimum of ________ radiographs. 8 10 4 12

12 At 6 years, the first permanent teeth have begun to erupt. Ideally, the survey should include a minimum of 12 radiographs: 10 periapical and 2 bitewing exposures.

What is the approximate surface (skin) dose of radiation from a full mouth series? 8 mSv 0.0005 mSv 0.4 mSv 12.6 mSv

12.6 mSv The skin exposure from a full mouth series is approximately 12.6 mSv.

A full mouth survey for a 15-year-old should consist of 14 periapicals and 4 bitewings. 12 periapicals and 4 bitewings. 12 periapicals and 2 bitewings. 14 periapicals and 2 bitewings.

14 periapicals and 4 bitewings. Following eruption of the permanent second molars, the number of radiographs recommended is the same as for the adult patient.

At what age would a child most likely benefit from the exposure of 4 bitewing and 14 periapical radiographs when a complete mouth examination is required? 11 years 15 years 5 years 10 years

15 years Once all primary teeth have exfoliated and all permanent teeth have erupted, the radiographs recommended are the same as those for adults.