RADT131 Homework #6

Look at the image below. This posteroanterior projection of the left hand is correctly displayed: True or False?

False

Under which of the following conditions is it necessary to use a grid for a shoulder image? 1. The AP measurement is over 5 inches (13 cm). 2. The kilovoltage used is above 70. 3. The inferosuperior measurement is over 5 inches (13 cm). 4. The kilovoltage used is below 70.

1 and 2 only. (Bontrager, Pg. 184)

An imaginary line connecting the humeral epicondyles is positioned perpendicular to the IR for: 1. an internally rotated AP shoulder image 2. a lateral humeral image

1 and 2. (Bontrager, Pg. 188/Pg. 191)

A lateral elbow image obtained with the distal forearm depressed and the proximal humerus positioned too high demonstrates the: 1. radial head distal (to far posteriorly) to the coronoid process 2. capitulum distal (to far anteriorly) to the medial trochlea

1 and 2. (Martensen, Pg. 223, Image 4-35)

An AP shoulder image obtained with the humeral epicondyles positioned parallel with the IR demonstrates the: 1. greater tubercle in profile laterally 2. lesser tubercle in profile medially 3. lesser tubercle demonstrated halfway between the greater tubercle and media aspect of the humeral head 4. greater tubercle superimposed over the humeral head

1 and 3 only (Bontrager, Pg. 191)

Which of the following would be present on the image of a properly positioned lateral projection of the forearm? 1. Olecranon process in profile 2. Elbow in 45° flexion 3. Superimposition of distal radius and ulna

1 and 3 only (Martensen, Pg. 204)

A lateral forearm image obtained in a patient with the proximal humerus elevated demonstrates the: 1. radial head posterior to the coronoid process 2. radial head anterior to the coronoid process 3. proximal radius and ulna demonstrate increased superimposition 4. distal radius and ulna demonstrate decreased superimposition

1 and 3 only. (Martensen, Pg. 222, Image 4-33)

An AP forearm image obtained with the wrist and elbow internally rotated demonstrates 1. superimposed first and second metacarpal bases and carpal bones 2. head of the radius and ulna with superimposition less then 1/8 of an inch 3. superimposed fourth and fifth metacarpal bases 4. head of the radius and ulna with superimposition more then 1/8 of an in

1 and 4 only. (Martensen, Pg. 200/ Pg. 201)

For an AP oblique elbow projection with medial rotation, the patient is positioned so that the: 1. Shoulder is level with the elbow 2. Elbow joint is 90° to the IR 3. Hand is supinated

1 only (Bontrager, Pg. 171)

Which of the following should be on the same plane for a lateral projection of the elbow? 1. wrist joint 2. elbow joint 3. shoulder joint

1, 2, and 3 (Bontrager, Pg. 157)

The lateral projection of the forearm should clearly demonstrate which of the following? 1. elbow joint 2. radius and ulna 3. proximal row of the carpal bones

1, 2, and 3 only (Bontrager, Pg. 173)

A lateral forearm image with accurate positioning demonstrates: 1. distal scaphoid and the pisiform are aligned 2. the ulnar styloid in profile 3. an open elbow joint space 4. the radial tuberosity in profile

1, 2, and 3 only. (Martensen, Pg. 204)

An AP elbow image with accurate positioning demonstrates: 1. the medial and lateral humeral epicondyles in profile 2. the radial tuberosity in profile medially 3. an open capitulum-radial joint (elbow joint) 4. the ulna free of radial head and radial tuberosity superimposition

1, 2, and 3 only. (Martensen, Pg. 208)

How can a radiographer control voluntary motion? (1) Provide clear instructions (2) Provide support devices (3) Apply immobilization

1, 2, and 3.

For an AP shoulder image, internal rotation, the: 1. effected shoulder positioned to place against the IR 2. central ray is centered to 1 inch inferior to the coracoid 3. imaginary line connecting the humeral epicondyles are perpendicular to the IR

1, 2, and 3. (Bontrager, Pg. 191)

The AP projection of the forearm should include the: 1. Radius and ulna 2. Proximal row of carpals 3. Distal humerus

1, 2, and 3. (Martensen, Pg. 200)

An AP forearm image with accurate positioning demonstrates the: 1. radial styloid in profile laterally 2. radial head slightly superimposed over the ulna 3. ulnar styloid in profile laterally 4. humeral epicondyles in profile

1, 2, and 4 only. (Martensen, Pg. 200)

For an AP lateral oblique (externally rotated) elbow image with accurate positioning, the: 1. capitulum is in profile 2. capitulum-radial joint space is open 3. coronoid process is in profile 4. ulna is demonstrated without radial head superimposition

1, 2, and 4 only. (Martensen, Pg. 213)

A lateral elbow image with accurate positioning demonstrates: 1. an open elbow joint space 2. the radial head distal to the coronoid process 3. the radial tuberosity on end (not in profile) 4. the anterior fat pad

1, 3, and 4. (Martensen, Pg. 217)

Which of the following would be present on the image of a properly positioned AP projection of the forearm? 1. Superimposition of the distal radius and ulna 2. Articulation between the radius and scaphoid 3. Humeral epicondyles in profile

2 and 3 only (Martensen, Pg. 200)

A PA wrist image obtained in slight external rotation demonstrates: 1. increased superimposition of the laterally located carpal bones and the MC bases 2. a closed radioulnar joint 3. open lateral carpal joint spaces 4. the radial styloid in profile

2 and 3 only. (Martensen, Pg. 178)

An AP elbow image obtained with the elbow medially (internally) rotated may demonstrate: 1. a closed capitulum-radial joint space 2. an open capitulum-radial joint space 3. more than 1/8 of proximal radial superimposition of ulna 4. less than 1/8 of proximal radial superimposition of ulna

2 and 3 only. (Martensen, Pg.209 Figure 4-146/Explanation on Pg. 207 )

An AP shoulder image with external rotation, accurate positioning demonstrates the: 1. glenoid fossa in profile 2. glenohumeral joint centered within the collimated field 3. superolateral scapular border without thorax superimposition 4. superior scapular angle superior to the midclavicle

2, 3, and 4 only. (Bontrager, Pg. 191 / Martensen, Pg. 235)

The joint space between the radial head and the capitulum on an AP projection of the elbow is closed. The patient position error could be corrected by: 1. Flexing the elbow 2. Extending the elbow 3. Placing the epicondyles perpendicular to the IR

2. Extending the elbow (Martensen, Pg. 208)

An AP medial oblique (internally rotated) elbow image with accurate positioning demonstrates which of the following structures in profile? 1. Capitulum 2. Radial head 3. Medial trochlea 4. Coronoid process

3 and 4 only. (Martensen, Pg. 213)

Which of the following is demonstrated free of superimposition on an AP oblique projection of the elbow in lateral rotation? 1. olecranon fossa 2. olecranon process 3. radial head and neck 4. trochlea

3 only (Martensen, Pg. 213)

Which of the following is shown in profile on a lateral projection of the elbow? 1. radial neck 2. radial head 3. olecranon process 4. humeral epicondyles

3 only (Martensen, Pg. 217)

What is the degree of flexion for an AP oblique projection of the elbow with internal rotation? A. 0° B. 30° C. 45° D. 90°

A. 0°° (Martensen, Pg. 213)

Which of the following projections is used to prevent crossing of the forearm bones? A. AP projection B. PA projection

A. AP projection (Martensen, Pg. 200)

What is the name of the small depression located on the anterior aspect of the distal humerus? A. Coronoid fossa B. Olecranon fossa C. Trochlear notch D. Radial notch

A. Coronoid fossa (Bontrager, Pg. 133)

A radiograph of an AP oblique elbow with medial rotation reveals that more then 3/4 of the radial head is superimposed over part of the ulna. What positioning error has been committed? A. Excessive medial rotation B. Excessive lateral rotation C. Flexion of the elbow D. Incorrect CR angulation

A. Excessive medial rotation (Internal Rotation) (Martensen, Pg.214 Figure 4-161 /Explanation on Pg. 212 )

A radiograph of a PA oblique of the hand reveals that the midshaft of the fourth and fifth metacarpals is superimposed. What specific positioning error has been committed? A. Excessive rotation of hand/wrist B. Fingers of hand are not parallel to IR C. Incorrect CR angle D. Insufficient rotation of the hand/wrist

A. Excessive rotation of hand/wrist (Martensen, Pg. 172/ Pg.173 / Comparison of Figures 4-51 and 4-54)

An AP oblique projection of the elbow with internal rotation shows the proximal radius and ulna parallel to each other. The patient positioning error could be corrected by: A. Increasing internal rotation B. Decreasing internal rotation

A. Increasing internal rotation (Martensen, Pg. 213)

A radiograph of the PA scaphoid projection (PA with deviation) reveals extensive superimposition of the scaphoid and adjacent carpals. Which of the following factors can lead to this problem? A. Insufficient ulnar deviation B. Insufficient radial deviation

A. Insufficient ulnar deviation (Bontrager, Pg. 159)

The hand is turned palm downward. This movement is called: A. Pronation B. Inversion C. Supination D. Rotation

A. Pronation (Bontrager, Pg. 28)

The capitulum articulates with the: A. Radial head B. Radial styloid process C. Ulnar head D. Ulnar olecranon process

A. Radial head (Bontrager, Pg. 133)

A well-positioned AP projection of the elbow will demonstrate: A. Slight superimposition of the proximal radius and ulna B. Complete superimposition of the proximal radius and ulna C. Complete separation of the proximal radius and ulna D. Complete superimposition of the distal radius and ulna

A. Slight superimposition of the proximal radius and ulna (Martensen, Pg. 208)

Which of the proximal humeral structures is most distal? A. Surgical neck B. Anatomical neck C. Lesser tubercle D. Greater tubercle

A. Surgical neck (Bontrager, Pg. 178)

An IR that is large enough to extend at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) beyond the elbow and wrist joints for a forearm image is: A. needed to record the elbow and wrist on the image B. needed so the beam can be tightly collimated C. not a required positioning procedure D. needed only when a joint problem is suspected

A. needed to record the elbow and wrist on the image (Bontrager Pg. 165)

The olecranon process is part of the: A. Ulna B. Radius C. Distal humerus D. Metacarpal

A. Ulna (Bontrager, Pg. 133)

Soft tissue detail is important for the lateral elbow to demonstrate A. fat pads B. fractures C. nerves D. veins

A. fat pads (Bontrager, Pg. 165)

A lateral hand image obtained with the hand in slight external rotation demonstrates the: A. shortest metacarpal anteriorly situated B. longest metacarpal anteriorly situated

A. shortest metacarpal (5th MC) anteriorly situated (Martensen, Pg. 175, Figure 4-57/ explanation Pg. 173)

What is the classification used to describe joints that are partially movable? A. Synarthroses B. Amphiarthroses C. Diarthroses D. Syndemosis

B. Amphiarthroses (Bontrager, Pg. 11)

A lateral elbow image demonstrates the radial head proximally to the coronoid process and the capitulum too far posteriorly to the medial trochlea. How was the patient positioned for such an image to be obtained? A. Distal forearm was depressed B. Distal forearm was elevated

B. Distal forearm was elevated (Martensen, Pg. 223, Image 4-36)

What type of positioning error is present when the AP elbow projection demonstrates excessive separation between the proximal radius and ulna? A. Excessive medial (internal) rotation B. Excessive lateral (external) rotation C. Flexion D. Extension

B. Excessive lateral (external) rotation (Martensen, Pg. 207)

A radiograph of an AP projection of the elbow reveals that there is complete separation of the proximal radius and ulna. What positioning error has been committed? A. Excessive medial rotation B. Excessive lateral rotation C. Incorrect CR location D. Partial flexion of the joint

B. Excessive lateral rotation (External Rotation) (Martensen, Pg.209 Figure 4-147 /Explanation on Pg. 207 )

The act of straightening a joint is termed: A. Flexion B. Extension C. Supination D. Circumduction

B. Extension (Bontrager, Pg. 26)

A PA oblique wrist image with poor positioning demonstrates a closed radioulnar articulation and excessive hamate, triquetrum and lunate superimposition. How should the positioning setup be adjusted for an optimal image to be obtained? A. Externally rotate the wrist back to a true PA B. Internally rotate the wrist back to a true PA.

B. Internally rotate the wrist back to a true PA. (Martensen, Pg. 183)

Which side marker should be used for a lateral projection of the left elbow? A. R B. L C. Either, as long as it is on the correct side of the patient D. Both: the R marker on the right side of the elbow and the L marker on the left side of the elbow

B. L

Which elbow projection demonstrates superimposition of the epicondyles? A. AP B. Lateral C. AP oblique-lateral rotation D. AP oblique-medial rotation

B. Lateral (Martensen, Pg. 217)

For the AP projection of the elbow, the humeral epicondyles are A. perpendicular to the IR B. parallel to the IR C. superimposed over each other D. not clearly seen

B. Parallel to the IR (Bontrager, Pg. 166)

In a PA projection of the forearm, the: A. Proximal ulna crosses over the radius. B. Proximal radius crosses over the ulna. C. Distal radius crosses over the ulna. D. Distal ulna crosses over the radius.

B. Proximal radius crosses over the ulna. (Bontrager, Pg. 136)

To take advantage of the anode-heel effect on a forearm image: A. The elbow is positioned at the anode end of the x-ray tube B. The wrist is positioned at the anode end of the x-ray tube

B. The wrist is positioned at the anode end of the x-ray tube (Bontrager Pg. 165)

Which one of the following structures of the forearm is most distal? A. Coronoid process B. Ulnar head C. Radial neck D. Trochlear notch

B. Ulnar head (Bontrager, Pg. 132)

For the lateral forearm, the elbow should be A. flexed 45 degrees B. flexed 90 degrees C. extended 90 degrees D. extended 0 degrees

B. flexed 90 degrees (Bontrager, Pg. 165)

The posterior fat pad lies in the A. coronoid fossa B. olecranon fossa C. radial fossa D. radial notch

B. olecranon fossa (Bontrager, Pg. 137)

The capitulum of the humerus articulates with the ______, found in the forearm. A.lateral epicondyle B. radial head C. trochlear notch D. ulnar styloid process

B. radial head (Bontrager, Pg. 133)

A lateral wrist image obtained with the wrist in slight internal rotation demonstrates the: A. proximal scaphoid anterior to the pisiform B. radius anterior to the ulna C. ulna anterior to radius

B. radius anterior to the ulna (Martensen, Pg. 188)

A lateral elbow image obtained with the wrist and hand pronated (internal rotation) demonstrates: A. the radial tuberosity in profile anteriorly B. the radial tuberosity in profile posteriorly

B. the radial tuberosity in profile posteriorly (Martensen, Pg. 222, Figure 4-182/ explanation Pg. 220)

For both AP oblique elbow projections, the epicondyles (inter-epicondylar plane) and IR form an angle of: A. 15° B. 30° C. 45° D. 60°

C. 45° (Bontrager, Pg. 171)

Which projection of the elbow best demonstrates the coronoid process? A. AP B. AP oblique with lateral rotation C. AP oblique with medial rotation D. Lateral

C. AP oblique with medial rotation (Internal Rotation) (Martensen, Pg. 213)

The structure located on the lateral aspect of the distal humerus is the: A. Olecranon process B. Coronoid process C. Capitulum D. Trochlea

C. Capitulum (Bontrager, Pg. 133)

What is the name of the structure located on the lateral aspect of the distal humerus? A. Olecranon process B. Coronoid process C. Capitulum D. Trochlea

C. Capitulum (Bontrager, Pg. 133)

Which joint classification describes the humeroulnar articulation of the elbow? A. Condyloid B. Gliding C. Hinge D. Saddle

C. Hinge (Bontrager, Pg. 135)

Which position of the elbow will clearly demonstrate the radial neck free of superimposition? A. AP B. Medial oblique C. Lateral oblique D. Lateral

C. Lateral oblique (External Rotation) (Martensen, Pg. 213)

Where is the CR directed for an AP projection of the humerus? A. elbow joint B. body of the humerus C. midpoint of the humerus D. shoulder joint

C. midpoint of the humerus (Bontrager, Pg. 187)

The head of the radius fits into a depression on the lateral aspect of the coronoid process of the ulna. This depression is called the A. coronoid fossa B. radial fossa C. radial notch D. trochlear notch

C. radial notch (Bontrager, Pg. 132)

For the AP projection of forearm, the hand is A. placed in the lateral position B. placed in a 45 degree oblique position C. supinated D. pronated

C. supinated (Bontrager, Pg. 164)

The degree of flexion for a lateral elbow is: A. 15° B. 30° C. 45° D. 90°

D. 90° (Bontrager, Pg. 133/ Pg. 172)

Which elbow projection results in the least superimposition of the radial head with other bony structures? A. AP B. Lateral C. AP oblique with medial rotation D. AP oblique with lateral rotation

D. AP oblique with lateral rotation (External Rotation) (Martensen, Pg. 213)

Which projection of the elbow results in the least superimposition of the olecranon process? A. AP B. AP oblique with lateral rotation C. AP oblique with medial rotation D. Lateral

D. Lateral (Martensen, Pg. 217)

A lateral elbow radiograph demonstrates the radial head superimposed by the coronoid process of the ulna. Which of the following occurred? A. The hand was pronated rather than in a true lateral position B. The hand and wrist were rotated laterally and not in a true lateral position. C. The shoulder was not dropped sufficiently enough to the tabletop level D. No positioning errors occurred

D. No positioning errors occurred (Martensen, Pg. 217)

Which of the following is shown in profile on a lateral projection of the humerus (lateromedial; rotational lateral) A. capitulum B. glenoid cavity C. greater tubercle D. lesser tubercle

D. lesser tubercle (Martensen, Pg. 229)

A radiograph of a PA projection of the hand reveals that the distal radius and ulna and the carpals were cut off. What should the technologist do to correct this problem? A. Accept the radiograph; carpals and distal radius/ulna are not anatomy of interest B. If the injury did not involve the carpal region and distal forearm, do not repeat it C. Make sure the carpal region and distal forearm are on the lateral D. Repeat the PA due to missing anatomy of interest

D. Repeat the PA due to missing anatomy of interest. (Martensen, Pg. 171)

How are the hands positioned in the anatomic position? A. The backs of the hands face forward. B. The palms face the body. C. The backs of the hand face the body. D. The palms face forward.

D. The palms face forward.

The olecranon process articulates with the: A. Capitulum B. Radial head C. Radial tuberosity D. Trochlea

D. Trochlea (Bontrager, Pg. 133)

Rotation of the arm medially for a lateromedial (rotational lateral) will place the epicondyles A. at a 30 degree angle with the IR B. at a 45 degree angle with the IR C. parallel with the IR D. perpendicular with the IR

D. perpendicular with the IR (Bontrager, Pg. 165)

The diaphysis of a long bone refers to its A. distal end B. growth plate C. medial end D. shaft

D. shaft

Grids are generally not required unless the anatomy measures greater than _____ cm in thickness A. 5 B. 8 C. 10 D. 14

c. 10 (Bontrager, Pg. 43)