random patho exam 2 questions

During a flu shot clinic, one of the questions the student nurse asks relates to whether the client has a history of Guillain-Barré syndrome. The client asks, "What is that?" How should the nursing student reply?

"A type of paralysis that affects movement on both sides of the body. It may even involve the respiratory muscles."

A nurse suspects an older adult client is experiencing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Which question should the nurse ask this client?

"Has the force of your urinary stream decreased?"

A child has been removed from a home in which she has experienced severe neglect and emotional abuse, and has been placed in foster care. The child has psychosocial dwarfism and the foster parents ask the nurse what this means for the future of the child. What is the best response by the nurse?

"The prognosis of the child depends on an improvement in behavior and catch-up growth."

A female client presented to her primary care physician with classic signs/symptoms of Cushing syndrome. Upon testing, it was discovered that the client had vaginal small cell carcinoma. How can the health care providers explain the Cushing syndrome signs/symptoms to this client?

"The tumor in your vagina is secreting a hormone called adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which is responsible for these signs/symptoms."

The nurse is caring for a 48-year-old female client who asks, "How do you know when you have reached menopause?" Which statement is an appropriate response by the nurse?

"You are considered to be menopausal when you have not menstruated for a full year and the hormone that fluctuates with menstruation no longer fluctuates."

A hospitalized client weights 70 kg. The nurse calculates approximately how much of this weight as intracellular fluid?

28 L

A client exhibiting problems with her thyroid has been scheduled for a radioactive scan. From the following list of clients, which would the nurse question as to whether this would be a safe procedure for this client?

A young female client who has been trying to get pregnant

A female client with anorexia nervosa tells the nurse that she has been experiencing amenorrhea. The nurse is aware that this is a result of:

Alteration of critical body fat-to-muscle ratio needed for menses to occur

A male client has smoked cigarettes for decades and currently drinks around 10 beers a day. His diet is high in fat and low in fiber. This morning he has arrived at the emergency department with weakness on his left side and an inability to speak. What is most likely causing his symptoms?

An ischemic stroke involving the middle cerebral artery

To prevent the accumulation of hormones in our bodies, the hormones are constantly being metabolized and excreted. Where are adrenal and gonadal steroid hormones excreted?

Bile and urine

The nurse in the urology office recognizes screening men at risk for prostate cancer includes which diagnostic measures?

Blood level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal exam

Serum phosphorus level has a reciprocal relationship with which serum electrolyte?

Calcium

What will the nurse teach a client with trigeminal neuralgia about the condition?

Carbamazepine is a first-line treatment.

The nurse is planning an inservice on hypoxia versus ischemia in brain-injured clients. The nurse should include which of the following?

Hypoxia produces a generalized depressive effect on the brain.

A client has been diagnosed with metabolic acidosis. What assessment finding does the nurse expect?

Decreased pH below 7.35

A client experiences an increase in thyroid hormone as a result of a thyroid tumor. Which hormonal response demonstrates the negative feedback mechanism?

Decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

In the male stages of the sexual act, emission precedes which stage, which is mediated through spinal cord reflexes?

Ejaculation

A client who sustained a complete C6 spinal cord injury 6 months ago has been admitted to the hospital for pneumonia. The nurse observes the client with diaphoresis above the level of C6 and the blood pressure is 260/140 mm Hg. What is the first intervention the nurse should provide?

Elevate the head of the bed.

A nurse examines the laboratory values of a client in heart failure. Which value indicates a compensatory hormone mechanism?

Elevated atrial natriuretic hormone

Which potential, when combining a neurotransmitter with a receptor site, causes partial depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane?

Excitatory postsynaptic

The underlying causative problem in Parkinsonism is:

Failure of dopamine release

While discussing the regulation of hormone levels, the instructor gives an example of hormones regulated by feedback mechanisms. Which example of this regulation is best?

Following a meal that was high in carbohydrates, a person's blood glucose elevates, which stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas.

Type 1A diabetes is now considered an autoimmune disorder. What factors are considered necessary for type 1A diabetes to occur?

Genetic predisposition, environmental triggering event, and a T-lymphocyte-mediated hypersensitivity reaction against some beta-cell antigen

The nurse measures a blood glucose level of 40 mg/dL (2.22 mmol/L) for a client with type 1 diabetes. Why would it be important for the nurse to institute an intervention to elevate the glucose level in this client?

Glucose is not stored in the brain and is a major fuel source for brain function.

The nurse is aware that the major role of the kidneys in regulating acid-base balance is to increase the production of:

HCO3− (bicarbonate)

A client is admitted with a prolonged and painful erection that has lasted longer than 4 hours. The nurse knows that this is a true urologic emergency, and that the cause is:

impaired blood flow in the corpora cavernosa of the penis.

A college student has been experiencing frequent headaches that he describes as throbbing; he is reporting difficulty concentrating while studying. Upon cerebral angiography, he is found to have an arteriovenous malformation. Which pathophysiologic concept is likely responsible for his symptoms?

High pressure and local hemorrhage of the venous system

Which statement best explains the function of hormone receptors?

Hormone receptors recognize a specific hormone and translate the hormonal signal into a cellular response.

Respiratory alkalosis can be caused by a respiratory rate in excess of that which maintains normal plasma PCO2 levels. What is a common cause of respiratory alkalosis?

Hyperventilation

A nurse is caring for a client with hypoparathyroidism. Which imbalance is a major concern for the client?

Hypocalcemia

Maintenance of blood gas concentrations, water balance, and food consumption are controlled by which part of the brain?

Hypothalamus

The nurse is caring for a client with ketoacidosis who is complaining of increasing lethargy and occasional confusion following several weeks of rigid adherence to a carbohydrate-free diet. The nurse understands which phenomenon is most likely occurring?

In the absence of carbohydrate energy sources, her body is metabolizing fat and releasing ketoacids.

A client with ethylene glycol toxicity is restless, and stating he has flank pain. What intervention should the nurse perform to minimize complications?

Increase IV fluids

Select the most appropriate intervention for the nurse to teach a client diagnosed with distal symmetric neuropathy related to diabetes.

Inspect the feet for blisters daily

The diagnosis of type 1 diabetes would be confirmed by which principle?

Insulin is not available for use by the body.

Which neuron connects sensory and motor neurons?

Interneurons

Lymph fluid arises directly from which space?

Interstitial

The nurse is performing an assessment for a client who is experiencing shortness of breath. The nurse notes a full and bounding pulse, crackles in the lung fields, and jugular vein distention. The nurse recognizes symptoms of which problem?

Isotonic fluid volume excess

A client with diabetic retinopathy develops a retinal bleed and asks the nurse, "How can I prevent this from happening again?" What response provides the most effective information?

Maintain healthy blood pressure and blood sugar levels.

The nurse is administering calcium carbonate, as a phosphate binder, to a client in chronic renal failure. The nurse explains that this chronic ingestion can lead to which imbalance?

Metabolic alkalosis

The nurse is caring for an older adult client with hemiplegia following a stroke. While planning the client's care, the nurse knows the client is at risk for developing which condition?

Muscle atrophy

Muscular dystrophy is characterized by what pathophysiologic changes?

Muscular necrosis, with replacement with fat and connective tissue

The hormone levels in the body need to be kept within an appropriate range. How is this accomplished for many of the hormones in the body?

Negative feedback loop

The nurse at a long-term care facility encourages the older adults to drink even though they may not feel thirsty at the time. Which statement supports the nurse's action?

Older adults often experience a decrease in the sensation of thirst, even when serum sodium levels are high.

A female client presents to her primary care physician with a report of very heavy bleeding during menstrual cycles. Tests indicate the condition is not from a hormone imbalance. Which intervention option is least invasive?

Oral contraceptives

In the normal menstrual function which of the following is primarily responsible for controlling the cyclic changes and length of the menstrual cycle?

Ovaries

Which gland is often referred to as the master gland because it secretes many hormones?

Pituitary

The nurse notifies the health care prescriber of a client's serum potassium level of 6.2 mEq/L (6.2 mmol/L). Which prescription will the nurse consider as having the first priority?

Placing the client on a cardiac monitor

Guillain-Barré syndrome is characterized by which form of neuron damage?

Polyneuropathy

Which factor influence pharmacologic choices for pain management in older adults? Select all that apply.

Poor nutrition may lead to poor drug distribution. Organ function may be less efficient. Polypharmacy may cause drug interactions.

A client is asked to stand with feet together, eyes open, and hands by the sides. Then the client is asked to close the eyes while the nurse observes for a full minute. What assessment is the nurse performing?

Proprioception

Neurotransmitters exert their actions through specific proteins that are known as:

Receptors

Following destruction of the pituitary gland, ACTH stimulation stops. Without ACTH to stimulate the adrenal glands, the adrenal glands' production of cortisol drops. This is an example of which type of endocrine disorder?

Secondary

A 77-year-old female hospital client has contracted Clostridium difficile during her stay and is experiencing severe diarrhea. Which statement best conveys a risk that this woman faces?

She is susceptible to isotonic fluid volume deficit.

Which complication of spinal cord injury is the most preventable in a paraplegic client?

Skin breakdown

Which events are involved in the negative feedback mechanism that keeps the serum thyroid hormone level within appropriate range? Select all that apply.

Stimulation of sensors in the hypothalamus Stimulation of sensors in the anterior pituitary gland Decrease in secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Increased levels of thyroid hormone

A 21-year-old female is suspected of having inadequate function of her hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system. Her care provider is planning to inject thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and then measure her levels of TSH. Which diagnostic test is being performed?

Stimulation test

The physician suspects a client may be experiencing hypofunction of an endocrine organ. Select the most appropriate test to determine organ function.

Stimulation tests

A nurse at a long term care facility provides care for an 85 year-old man who has had recent transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Which statement best identifies future complications associated with TIAs?

TIAs resolve rapidly but may place the client at an increased risk for stroke.

A client is managing diabetes with exercise and diet. The health care provider reviews the client's most recent laboratory results: fasting blood glucose level at 80 mg/dL (4.44 mmol/L) and a hemoglobin A1C of 5% (0.05). Select the response that best identifies the client.

The client is achieving normal glycemic control.

A client has recently been diagnosed with chronic back pain that requires the daily use of hydromorphone, an opioid analgesic. For the first few weeks, the client achieved relief with 4 mg every 6 hours. However, the client now requires 6 mg doses to achieve the same effect. How should the nurse best interpret this phenomenon?

The client is developing opioid tolerance, which is expected

What is the nurse's expectation about a client's ability to compensate for a metabolic blood gas disorder?

The client will compensate with the respiratory system.

A client undergoing an evaluation of hormone levels asks, "What regulates the hormone levels?" Which response by the nurse would be considered most accurate?

The hypothalamic-pituitary-target cell system

A child is born with dwarfism to normal-sized parents. The physician is explaining how growth hormone (GH) plays a central role in the increase in stature that characterizes childhood and adolescence. What is the first step in the growth hormone chain of events?

The hypothalamus secretes GHRH.

The nurse is discussing the administration of GH with a parent of a child who has short stature caused by growth hormone (GH) deficiency. What should the nurse include when educating the parents about administration?

The medication will be given daily during the period of active growth and can be continued into adulthood.

A student is feeling inside her backpack to find her mobile phone. There are a number of other items in the backpack. Which component of somatosensory conduction is most likely to provide the detailed sensory information that will help her distinguish her phone from other items?

The primary dorsal root ganglion neuron, dorsal column neuron, and the thalamic neuron

The nurse is teaching a client who has been newly diagnosed with hypothyroidism about the function of the thyroid. Which statement about the role of the thyroid gland is most accurate?

The thyroid gland is responsible for increasing the metabolic rate.

A client suffering a thrombotic stroke is brought into the emergency department by ambulance and the health care team is preparing to administer a synthetic tissue plasminogen activator for which purpose?

Thrombolysis

The nurse administers a glucocorticoid medication to a client with pneumonia. Which of these does the nurse teach the client is the purpose of the medication?

To decrease airway inflammation

The nurse is providing education to a client recently diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. The nurse instructs the client regarding which symptoms commonly occurring with multiple sclerosis? Select all that apply.

Visual loss or blurring Difficulty swallowing Paresthesias of extremities

What is the most common mechanism of hormone control?

What is the most common mechanism of hormone control?

Which unit of measure best describes the concentration of solute in a particular volume of fluid based on electrolyte equivalency?

mEq/L

The nurse is aware that the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system is:

maintenance of vital functions and responding when there is a critical threat to the integrity of the individual.

The nurse caring for a client with metabolic acidosis examines arterial blood gas (ABG) results. Which change from the initial value indicates the client's metabolic acidosis is improving?

pH has increased

The nurse in the urology unit is teaching about medication to treat erectile dysfunction. The mechanism of action of most of these medications is that the medication:

promotes increase in blood flow to the corpora cavernosa.

When caring for the client with hyperkalemia, the nurse recognizes the body should respond in which of these ways?

secrete potassium in the distal tubules for excretion

A client is admitted to the acute care facility with severe pain in the abdomen related to inflammatory bowel disease. What type of pain will the nurse be administering medication to relieve?

visceral pain (pain you feel from your internal organs)

Water movement from the side of the membrane having a lesser number of particles and greater concentration of water to the side having a greater number of particles and lesser concentration of water is termed:

Osmosis

The nurse providing teaching about the female reproductive system includes which principle?

Ovaries are responsible for ovulation and hormone production.