REAL 169 Final Study guide!! LETS GO 2020 !! RAMA CLASS Brain Damage and Disorders

Callosal Syndrome

-"Split brain" -Damage to the corpus callosum. -Disconnection syndrome can also lead to aphasia, left-sided apraxia and tactile aphasia. -Unilateral alexia/anomia -> known symptoms from the --Completely normal but different visual fields will give you different things -LEFT = only see the details/not the big picture -RIGHT = Sees the whole picture; -ex: right will only draw a circle of a smiley face;left will draw random feature of the smiley face

temporal lobe personality

-Argumentative -Stickiness of conversation -Egocentric -Obsessive -Paranoia -Intense preoccupation with religious and theological matters (hyper-religiosity) -Hypergraphia

Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE)

-abnormal sensations -hallucinations -vivid deja vu -a sudden, intense emotion not related to anything happening at the time

right fusiform gyrus

-active when you recognize someone else -active when you recognize someone of the same sex

cerebral cortex (cerebrum)

-grey, wrinkled surface that is densely packed with neurons -located in upper forebrain -connections between neurons grow as we learn and develop -surface is wrinkled to increase surface area (convolutions)

"denfense mechanisms"

-outright denial -rationalization -confabulation (make up story to protect self-image) -reaction formation (assert opposite of what is true) -projection (ascribing deficiencies to another person) -intellectualization -repression

left angular gyrus

-posterior to Wernicke's area -damage causes alexia and agraphia -language-based metaphors, including puns

Left unilateral agraphia and tactile anomia.

... This anterior cerebral artery syndrome was characterized by right hemiparesis with predominant crural involvement, unilateral left-sided "disconnection" agraphia, and left unilateral "disconnection" tactile naming deficit.

Somatoparaphrenia

A type of delusion where one denies ownership of a limb or an entire side of one's body; left hemisphere stroke that makes the right side of the body paralyzed, stroke destroyed body-image representation in right SPL and damage to right insula

2. Damage to the parietal lobes does result in which of the following deficits? (problem with patient 4 themes of class) . (detective work) a. Problems with body image. b. Problems with spatial organization. c. Difficulty with cross-modal integration. d). Problems with Memeory

All of these result from damage to the parietal lobes a. Problems with body image. b. Problems with spatial organization. c. Difficulty with cross-modal integration.

How would this differ from alexia without agraphia? (2)

DIFFER: Alexia w/o agraphia, everything is normal but they just can't read but can write WORD blindness - can still see out of eye but can't read. Stroke in Occipital and Splenium of CC Can be seen in the LVF → visual stimulation goes to the right hemisphere → but can't cross the splenium of CC to get to the left language dominant hemisphere area = can't read in the LVF. Can't read out of both eyes bc strokes in both locations

unilateral left agraphia.

Patients with callosal disconnection are unable to write with their left hand.

2. Damage to the parietal lobes does NOT result in which of the following deficits? (problem with patient 4 themes of class) . (detective work) a. Problems with body image. b. Problems with spatial organization. c. Difficulty with cross-modal integration. d. Problems with meory e. Damage to the parietal lobes does not result in either c and d.

Problems with memory

Splenium of Corpus Callosum

The posterior rounded end of the corpus callosum; it conveys visual information.

Imagine a patient with only a left occipital stroke. What symptoms would you expect? (1)

The right visual field maps onto the left hemisphere, and the left visual field maps onto the right hemisphere. But each eye connects to both hemispheres. Left Occipital damaged: so the right half of the visual cortex is damaged. Can't read in the RVF RVF --> Left Hemisphere cannot read using the left Occipital field where land is located

hypergraphia

a behavioral condition characterized by the intense desire to write

arcuate fasciculus

a bundle of axons that connects Wernicke's area with Broca's area; damage causes conduction aphasia

reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD)

a chronic pain condition that may result in extreme sensitivity and pain of bones or joints, even after recovery

blindsight

a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

Xenomelia

a desire to amputate a healthy limb; reflective that the limb does not "belong" to them (sense of self misplaced), in more than two-thirds of cases the left limb is involved

visual word form area

a functional region of the left fusiform gyrus that is hypothesized to be involved in identifying words and letters from lower-level shape images

angular gyrus

a junction where information about touch, hearing and vision flow together to enable high-level percepts; a great center in the brain for sensory convergence and integration; damage results in alexia without agraphia

hippocampus

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

Homunculus/Penfield Map

a neurological "map" of the areas and proportions of the human brain dedicated to processing motor (or sensory) functions for different parts of the body

alien hand syndrome

a phenomenon in which the hand (usually the left) is not under control of the mind but rather acts as a mind of its own

circumlocution

a phrase that circles around a specific idea with multiple words rather than directly evoking it with fewer and apter words

divided visual field method

a technique that investigates hemispheric differences in processing; information is separated in each visual field for a brief amount of time while an individual maintains fixation

popout

a test to measure whether an effect is truly perceptual (or conceptual); only certain "primitive" or elementary, perceptual features such as color or line orientation can provide a basis for grouping and popout

disinhibited feedback hypothesis

a theory that states there is no abnormal neural connections that exist in the human brain, and proposes that synesthesia is caused internally by neural connections that exist in the normal human brain

corpus callosum

a thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and acts as a communication link between them.

mirror therapy

a type of motor imagery in which the patient moves his unaffected limb while watching the movement in the mirror; this sends a visual stimulus in the brain to promote movement in the affected limb and helps alleviate pain

test-retest consistency

administering the same test twice (or more) over time to evaluate the results' stability and reliability

capgras syndrome

also referred to as "imposter syndrome" in which people have an irrational belief that someone they know/recognize has been replaced by an imposter

telephone syndrome

alternate between two states depending on whether another person was in the room ("zombie") or if the person was on the phone (conscious)

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

left IPL

angular gyrus and supramarginal gyrus, include high levels of abstraction

Bouba-Kiki Effect

association between sound and visual image

18. All of the following can be demonstrated in most right-handed split brain patients EXCEPT: (V) a. unilateral tactile agraphia. b. intact cross-replication of hand posture. c. unilateral left agraphia. d. unilateral alexia. e. all of the above can be demonstrated in these patients.

b. intact cross-replication of hand posture. B.C (have their hand on one side and replicating it with their right hand , cant do that because they can't communicate to each other, corpus coliseum only connects the cortex). (Corpus collsum only for subcortical areas_

anterior cingulate cortex

brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors; damage impairs initiation of actions; can result in alien hand syndrome and akinetic mutism

3. According to the lecture, which of the following methods did Dr. Ramachandran and Bill Hirstein use with split-brain patients to investigate whether the right hemisphere is conscious? with this experiment what was the final conclusion ?? About the 2's and 5's for instance?? (check) a. They asked patients to verbally answer questions. b. They asked patients to answer questions by pointing with their right hand. c. They asked patients to answer questions by pointing with their left hand. d. They asked patients to answer questions by writing with their left hand.e. None of the above.

c. They asked patients to answer questions by pointing with their left hand. Yes no IDK 3 boxes and then asked them questions , and they were able to answer actual questions "have a sister?" the right side of the brain that controls the left hand understands the questions. Because the left hand would point to the relevant box

anomic aphasia

can speak normally and understand speech, but cannot identify written words or pictures

Galvanic skin response (GSR)

changes in sweat gland activity that are reflective of the intensity of our emotional state or arousal

8. Which of the following is TRUE of patients with hemi-neglect? a. Their performance on the line-bisection task is similar to that of normal controls. b. Their condition results from damage to the right occipital cortex. c. When asked to retrieve a pen that is in their neglected field while viewing its reflection in a mirror, they correctly retrieve it. d. When asked to copy a drawing of a clock, they draw only one side of the object. e. Both b and d (circle was procedural, used to it from habit) (draw full circle). Details are all on one side of numbers

d. When asked to copy a drawing of a clock, they draw only one side of the object.

out of body experience

damage to the right frontoparietal regions or anesthesia administered by ketamine results in inhibition and feeling and "leaving your body"

Broca's aphasia patients can speak meaningfully but its labored-frontal lobe 1. Broca's aphasia refers mainly to a: a. reading deficit. b. problem with articulation (controlling muscles in the throat to form words) c. difficulty with grammar. d. difficulty with semantics (word meaning).

difficulty with grammar

autism

difficulty with introspection, lacking experience of self-esteem, self deprecation, self consciousness; has difficult time understanding social contract

mirror cells and "exotic" syndromes

dissolution of interpersonal boundaries may lead to a folie de deux (two people share madness) or projected hypochondriasis

transsexuality

distortions or mismatches in SPL

A right-handed, split-brain patient is briefly shown a picture of an ashtray in the LEFT visual field. When asked to say what it is, he: (all the communication is still there just can't communicate). (3 box : exp point box had yes no idk) a. says "an ashtray." b. cannot provide an answer and only knows that it is some object. c. cannot see anything, but when asked to point to it, he will point correctly. d. cannot provide an answer and has no idea what, if anything, was shown. e. cannot produce the correct name, but can demonstrate the object's use.

e. cannot produce the correct name, but can demonstrate the object's use.

If you were to present a right-handed split brain patient a picture of a dog in his LEFT visual field, he would: (S) (right hand is important because it determines where you should work from in the patient) The left handed patients have language on the right . a. be able to verbally report he had seen a dog. b. be able to pick a toy dog from a group of possible objects with his right hand c. be able to write the word "dog" with his left hand . d. do nothing, as split brain patients neglect the 1left side of the world. e. none of the above. none of the above.

e. none of the above (they can not do any of this at all)

temporal lobe (ventral)

higher visual, audition, emotion & language comprehension; "who/what pathway", includes IT (face cells)

parietal lobe (dorsal)

higher visual, somatosensory processing and spatial mapping; "where/how pathway", includes canonical and mirror cells as well as "penfield map"

prospagnosia

inability to recognize faces

mirror drawing task

indicates that procedural learning is still in tact when basal ganglia is not damaged; HM did not think that he had progressed and did not consciously remember that he had done this task multiple times

the frontal lobes and insula

insula combines multiple sensory inputs to generate an unconscious sense of embodiment

dorsomedial prefrontal cortex

involved in conceptual aspects of self (attributes)

Wernicke's area

language comprehension

hemispheric specialization

left stabilizes behavior and imposes a sense of coherence and narrative to your life; right-brain detects major discrepancies that left hemisphere has ignored or suppressed

motor cortex

located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe in each hemisphere; controls skeletal muscle movement

alexia

loss of ability to read

agraphia

loss of ability to write

retrograde amnesia

loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past

bipolar disorder

manic or delusional (left) and anxious (right); mood swings result from alternating hemispheres

semantics

meaning of words and sentences

privacy

mirror cells, frontal lobes, and sensory receptors are responsible for preserving both individuality of mind and body and your mind's reciprocity with others

frontal lobe

motor cortex, language production and strategy

learned paralysis

negative feedback of motor/sensory signals that results the brain to come to the conclusion that the (phantom) limb is paralyzed; usually the limb is paralyzed before surgery

Spilt brain patients

objects in right visual field would be easily named

somatosensory cortex

postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, posterior to the motor cortex; registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

sensory referral

primary sensation that results immediately and directly from application of stimulus; one felt elsewhere than at the site of application of a stimulus

supramarginal gyrus

production, comprehension, and imitation of complex skills; damage results in apraxia

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

receives signals from the anterior insula to generate conscious self of being embodied and motivates "desire" to take action

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

required for holding things in your current, ongoing mental landscape, also involved in logical reasoning and abstractions; connects with parietal lobe to construct a consciously experience, animated body moving through time and space

akinetic mutism

semi-conscious state of vigilant coma

medial frontal lobes

setting up the hierarchy of values that govern ethics and morals

result of blindsight

someone with blindsight has damage to the V1 area of the visual cortex and cannot see anything, however, if asked to asked to reach out to touch a spot they are able to because their old pathway between the retina and parietal lobe remains intact

area V4 of the fusiform gyrus

specialized in processing color

paraphasia

speech disturbance resulting from brain damage in which words are jumbled and sentences meaningless.

Broca's area

speech production

conduction aphasia

speech production and comprehension are intact but patient unable to repeat something that has been said because connection has been lost

caloric stimulation test

test that uses different water temperatures to assess the vestibular portion of the nerve of the inner ear (acoustic nerve) to determine if nerve damage is the cause of vertigo

plasticity

the brain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development

Anosognosia

the denial of paralysis

phrenology

the detailed study of the shape and size of the cranium as a supposed indication of character and mental abilities.

cross-activation hypothesis

the enhancing/strengthening of connections or loss of inhibition

Projector synethetes

the letter actually looks colored

phantom limb

the perception of sensations, often including pain, in an arm or leg long after the limb has been amputated

optic chiasm

the point in the brain where the visual field information from each eye "crosses over" to the opposite side of the brain for processing

hemineglect

the result of certain right parietal lobe lesions that leave a patient inattentive to stimuli to their left, including the left side of their own body

syntax

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

Associator synesthetes

the synesthete "just knows" that the letter is that color

confabulation

the unintended false recollection of episodic memories

line bisection

used to evaluate presence of unilateral neglect in which one must place a mark with a pencil through the center of a series of horizontal lines

occipital lobe

visual processing, includes primary projection area (V1 or striate)

left fusiform gyrus

visual word form area

right angular gyrus

visuospatial and body-based metaphors and abstractions

(Hyper)Religiosity

when a person experiences intense religious beliefs after temporal lobe epilepsy; patients often say that they "talked with God face-to-face"

synesthesia

when one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another

interpersonal ("mirror-touch") synesthesia

when watching another getting touched, a part of your brain stimulates what that sensation should feel like (e.g. mirror cells)