Red Summer, Tuskegee Institute, Tulsa, and Scottsboro Boys

African American leaders and activists in Tulsa

Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. DuBois. In fact, Booker T. Washington gave Greenwood its nickname: Black Wall Street.

Scottsboro Boys Role of the judicial system in case

There was an unfair judicial system. Since there was an all white jury and they had no Legal Representation and no proof.

Describe the types of jobs and services that were available for African Americans in the Greenwood District.

There were good-paying jobs and they took advantage of them. There were doctors, lawyers, pharmacists, educators, and anything that went into keeping a quality life in the Greenwood area. According to the article, "Manual laborers and hospitality workers made up the majority and the foundation of the neighborhood who faced challenging work conditions but relative-ly livable wages" (Oklahoma History Center).

Tulsa: negatives of riot

causes of riot: -white supremacy - second Ku Klux Klan (1915) -lynching -segregation -Ambulances refused to carry African Americans and hospitals were white only Cause of Great Migration: Incredible numbers of African Americans moved permanently away from the South beginning in the 1890s and continuing into the 1970s. Oklahoma's initial appeal to African Americans came in the early 1900s because of their eligibility to gain, potentially, a homestead(home) in the land runs (land that the government was giving away, auctioning off the land) all black towns and oil brought people to Oklahoma whites had racist assumptions + stereotypes about their black neighbors, and whites had superiority whites viewed blacks/their new neighbors as competitors for housing, jobs, and resources -> spread more racial tension newspapers stereotypes rather than an accurate presentation when the African American Community was in the paper -"If reports included whites participat-ing in crime, the papers frequently found a way to blame African Americans, as the papers asserted they controlled white opportunities for gambling, drinking, and prostitution." (Tulsa Reading Mr. Bierer gave us) Roy Belton was white and hung from a tree -> the African American community viewed this killing with grave concern. <-In my eyes they felt bad for him even though some whites did not feel bad for people of color being hung "On May 30, 1921, Dick Rowland went to his job as a shoe shiner in a downtown Tulsa office building. Segregation law prevented Dick Rowland from using the restroom in his building, so he was forced to use the restroom on the top floor of a nearby building—the closed "Colored" restroom. Elevators in the 1920s required operators, and women often filled these jobs. On this day Sarah Page, a white woman, was operating the elevator when Roland came to the building to use the upstairs restroom. When the elevator reached the first floor, a clerk heard Page scream and saw Rowland run out of the building. The clerk reported the incident to the police. The police, after speaking with Page, apparently did not consider investigating the incident or apprehending Rowland a high priori-ty. They waited until the next day to arrest Rowland."(Tulsa Reading Mr. Bierer gave us) - there were also rumors according to the video that we watched that Rowland had done worse when that was not the case. some rumors were that he asaluted Sarah Page. There were other rumors within the white community in Tulsa, of a plan to lynch Rowland. law inforcment did not do anything to help people of color, "The law enforcement's response may not be a primary cause of the massa-cre, but their actions once the violence began made the situation more deadly. The police chief deputized 500 men, all white, from the crowd that gathered as a potential lynch mob. He gave them weapons and sent them out to "deal" with the situation as they saw fit. These newly empow-ered men looted, burned, and killed with that police authority. The local National Guard focused their efforts on arresting and interning all African Americans that they could locate. This left Greenwood vulnerable with few to defend it. At certain points in the hours-long conflict, the National Guard also shot at African American residents in coordination with other attackers." (Tulsa Reading Mr. Bierer gave us) deputize I think means to fill in for "The Massacre The Crowd Gathers On May 31, hundreds of white Tulsans gathered outside of the Tulsa County Courthouse as the afternoon turned into evening. They sent in a group of men demanding the deputies hand Rowland over. The sheriff had taken measures to prevent anyone from taking custody of Rowland. At 9 p.m., an armed group of 25 African American men, many of whom were recent World War I veterans, came to the courthouse to offer their assistance in pro-tecting Rowland. The Sheriff declined their help and assured the men that the situation remained under control. The group returned to Greenwood. The arrival of the men angered the white mob which continued to grow in size. It now stood at approximately two thousand. The sheriff took additional precautions and pleaded with the crowd to disperse."(Tulsa Reading Mr. Bierer gave us) - deadly battles -National Guard didn't do much for African Americans, instead they made , "their primary responsibility lay in arresting all of the African Americans in Greenwood and holding them at various locations throughout the city. Another group of guardsmen assisted other whites in attacking groups of remaining African American men who were still defending their property, families, and community." (Tulsa Reading Mr. Bierer gave us) a lot of violence with weapons and there was looting : "The Invasion As dawn approached, approximately 10,000 whites hovered around the edges of Greenwood. Many African Amer-icans remained in their homes, hoping to avoid the conflict and protect their families and property. White men had hauled a machine gun to the top of a grain elevator. At 5:08 a.m., a signal pierced the air. In response to the signal, the machine gunners began firing into Greenwood. The rest of the mob began marching and driving into the neighborhood. Moving from house to house, white rioters broke into homes and businesses and forced the occu-pants out for internment. Then, they looted the properties." (Tulsa Reading Mr. Bierer gave us) fires were set by whites "As the whites moved north, they set fire to practically every building in the African American community, including a dozen churches, five hotels, 31 restaurants, four drug stores, eight doctor's offices, more than two dozen grocery stores, and the black public library. More than a thousand homes were torched, the fires becoming so hot that nearby trees and outbuildings also burst into flame." (Tulsa Race Riot: A Report by the Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, p. 198) forced labor: "By the end of the day, the internment camps held 6,000 African American residents. The next day, authorities moved them to the fairgrounds. The National Guard forced these prisoners, both men and women, to labor. The mayor threatened to arrest anyone refusing work for vagrancy. Authorities required them to clean up the destruc-tion caused by the white rioters. The length of stay varied for most of those imprisoned. Release depended on white employers vouching for their African American workers. After that the city issued passes, called green cards, for them to carry to show their employment. By the middle of June, no one remained in these camps." (Tulsa Reading Mr. Bierer gave us) residents of Greenwood/blacks were blamed for the violence "The lead attorney for the state used her power to give immunity to any whites who looted homes or murdered African Americans. This remained the dominant narrative until attention to the massacre began to fade outside the African American community in Oklahoma." (Tulsa Reading Mr. Bierer gave us)<--- immunity means that whites were given forgiveness. this is bad because they should not be forgiven for what they have done "Land Issues In early June, some city officials promised to rebuild and began setting up structures to assist the residents of Greenwood. The city directed donations from across the country to the relief efforts of the Red Cross. They ac-tively refused support for reconstruction from other cities, announcing that restoring the city was strictly a "Tulsa affair," and the residents of Tulsa would take care of it. By June 3, a trade organization called the Real Estate Ex-change floated the idea of not rebuilding, but instead rezoning the neighborhood for industrial purposes. Realtors attempted to get African American landowners to sell but wanted the land at discounted rates. Maurice Willows used his influence to convince African American property owners to keep their land. The city responded by apply-ing a fire code to the area that would make rebuilding too expensive for most individual property owners. Well known attorney and activist, B. C. Franklin, along with I. H. Spears and T. O. Chapelle, encouraged residents to start the rebuilding process even though they faced arrest by doing so. Their lawyers vowed to secure the release of anyone arrested for rebuilding. They filed a suit against the city for taking property without due process. They won the lawsuit, providing the neighborhood a chance to survive. Another challenge facing residents in their attempt to rebuild lay in the insurance companies' refusal to pay on claim for damages related to the massacre. Insurance policies contained exemptions from paying for damages related to riots. The residents of Greenwood rebuilt the neighborhood with very little outside investment or support." (Tulsa Reading Mr. Bierer gave us)

Tuskegee Significance of experiment

now/after this occured doctors must inform their patients/give consent and have it be ethical. i believe it is called The National Research Act provided procession for human subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. This connects to the Tuskegee study because if this act had been in place during the timeframe of the Tuskegee experiment, then the experiment might not have happened at all. or maybe it is the Institutional Review Board, that determines if research protocols meet ethical standards.

Red Summer Feelings of citizens post WWI

outrage against black americans

Scottsboro Boys Supreme Court rulings as a result of case

"After this initial verdict, protests emerged in the north, leading to the U.S. Supreme Court overturning the convictions in 1932, in Powell v. State of Alabama. The Supreme Court demanded a retrial on the grounds that the young men did not have adequate legal representation. A series of retrials and reconvictions followed and the Scottsboro Boys collectively served more than 100 years in prison. Subsequently, the national conversation and protests of unfair and unequal court proceedings led to two additional groundbreaking Supreme Court decisions in 1935 on jury diversification: Patterson v. State of Alabama and Norris v. State of Alabama."("The Scottsboro Boys")

what is the Red Summer

"The Red Summer lasted from April 1919 to November 1919 and was marked by a series of riots that broke out across the United States. Hundreds of people were killed, hundreds more injured, and at least one thousand Black families were left homeless."("The Red Summer: Summer of Racial Discontent - Academy 4SC")

Why was the Greenwood District unique at the time?

- Self-sustaining economic district - "wide variety of professionals, entrepreneurs, and workers shared quality school and hospital systems, a public library, hotels, parks, and theaters in Greenwood"(Oklahoma History Center). - Densely populated homes that ranged from shanties(small shacks) to luxurious multi-story homes - Many activists and leaders: Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. DuBois

List three key events that led to white outrage against Black Americans:

1. white/European Americans did not like competition for work and housing 2. They directed unemployment toward black Americans 2a.Due to the unemployment anger toward black Americans, there were stereotypes about how black men would threaten white women 3. Return of WWI? 4. The Birth of a Nation film raised anger towards black Americans

Red Summer Increased violence nationwide - why?

??The Birth of a Nation was performed by white people who were impersonating and over exaggerating false things about black people. this film was viewed in the Whitehouse so maybe it increased violence? ?Many Whites feared that the return of tens of thousands of Black veterans, with experience living abroad and, more significantly, having received military training, would be unwilling to resubmit to traditional political and social subjugation in the U.S. ?white/European Americans did not like competition for work and housing They directed unemployment toward black Americans Due to the unemployment anger toward black Americans, there were stereotypes about how black men would threaten white women Return of WWI? The Birth of a Nation film raised anger towards black Americans?

1. What is the connection between the popularity of The Birth of a Nation and the false narratives spread about Black men?

Allie you didn't explain the narratives of black men at this time. 1. Many officials and others, with little or no evidence, suspected Black workers of being pawns of Bolsheviks and anarchists. 2. Many Whites feared that the return of tens of thousands of Black veterans, with experience living abroad and, more significantly, having received military training, would be unwilling to resubmit to traditional political and social subjugation in the U.S. 3. rumor that Black men had assaulted a white woman incited mobs to attack local Black neighborhoods and assault random African American individuals on the streets. Off-duty sailors and recently discharged Army veterans led the mobs.

Congressional Hearing on the Tulsa Race Massacre (video)

Before: 1921- The speaker/survivor went to sleep at night feeling safe. On the night of the massacre, she was awakened by her family saying that she had to leave. There were black bodies being shot, black bodies on the street, and to this day she (the survivor) still smells the smoke from the fires. She still remembers business being burned and still remembers the sounds of people's screams. She remembers the noises of the planes. When her family was forced to leave Tulsa she could not have an education past the fourth grade. She lost everything. For most of her life, she was a domestic worker. During: The survivor speaks about her PTSD. Fun fact, in the video she recently celebrated her 107th birthday. After: Today she can barely afford her needs. I also think that she could be still alive because someone in the video was wearing a mask.

Awareness of the Tulsa Race Massacre (video)

Before: Can't find the before in the video or the reading. During: 1921- Tulsa was on an upwards trajectory (moving upward in power). City fathers wanted to erase the history (after?). The black community had PTSD. There was fear that it could recur and anxiety about sharing the information with family, such as children. A white man published this information in a black newspaper and received death threats. After: 1997-2001: Oklahoma Commission was studying the event. It opened awareness. 100th anniversary of the tragedy of Tulsa, Oklahoma- published on June 16, 2021- I believe that the 100th anniversary was on May 31, 2021

The Legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre (video)

Before: This event was a disrupter for black wealth. There was a wealth gap. Black wealth was 1/10th less than white wealth. Slavery was the origin story of disruption of uncompensated labor. During: However, in the Greenwood district there were millionaires. There were also people who lost everything so money could not go from generation to generation. There was distrust which was a legacy of the massacre. This was between the white and black community. Lynching was widespread. Most of the lynchings (vitims) were black. There were legacies of trauma. There were also failures of equal protection. White people would receive better protection. After: Since we have not had the courage to discuss this early on, there are still issues today.

Weapons and Aerial Attacks during the Tulsa Race Massacre (video)

Before: can't find it in the video... I checked the readings maybe false allegations or lynchings During: Types of arson that they used that caused quick damage: fully armed, machine guns, overmatched, airplanes were used for surveying what was used on the ground, someone fired guns from planes, dropped dangerous stuff from planes might have been dynamite (uncertain what it was) After: can't find it in the video.... Checked reading. National Guard/ police/ Red cross would help? According to the article, after the situation, " internment camps held 6,000 African American residents"(Oklahoma History Center).

Why did the United States government feel the need to watch Black newspapers closely?

Black newspapers had black protests and awareness about what was being done to black people. The government felt that these newspapers were dangerous. Maybe they had to watch carefully because most government officials at the time were white, so if they were also racist then maybe they didn't want wrongdoings from whites being publicized.

What parallels can you observe between the government's reactions to the Red Summer, the Civil Rights Movement, and Black Lives Matter?

During the Red Summer, the government was biased and did not support the black community. During the Civil Rights movement, the government had worked to put an end to segregation and discrimination. The Black Lives Matter movement's goals are to stop white supremacy, highlight black joy, prevent violence towards blacks, etc.

Why was Greenwood known as Black Wall Street?

It became known as Black Wall Street because of the number of business developers and entrepreneurs that came to the Greenwood area to start a business. There was a lot of opportunity for those who worked for the wealthier people who were in the oil business.

Why is it important as a nation to learn about difficult events in U.S. history like the Tulsa Race Massacre?

It is important as a nation to learn about difficult events in U.S. history like the Tulsa Race Massacre because we can learn from our mistakes. You can also learn to not trust everything you hear because not everything that you hear is true. For example, in the video about the elevator incident. Two teenagers were in an elevator. One was a black male and the other was a white female. We learn that as the black man was leaving the elevator he grabbed the white female's arm because he was startled coming out of the elevator. When this happens the white female screams. A manager who heard the scream calls the police and sends him to jail. Later we discover that this incident was over exaggerated and dramatized. Many were told that she was sexually assaulted when this was not the case. This caused a white mob to form at the jail with the intention of lynching him. The nation should learn that lynching is wrong. Just because you hear something whether it is right or wrong you should never plan to kill or harm. Since this situation was false, this proves to the nation that you should not trust everything you hear unless you see it for yourself.

Tuskegee Result of experiment and how it affected participants years later

It proves that the government, scientists, and doctors did not care about the African Americans lives since they lied to them. Now/years later, consent is needed as well as doctors telling patients the truth

Tuskegee Unethical practices in the experiment

It was unethical because there was no informed consent. Participants of the study, even after penicillin was discovered to treat syphilis, were given placebos. They were also testing, knowing they were risking the human lives involved.

How do the police and other government organizations react to these outbreaks of violence?

Police and other government organizations called black protesters in newspapers dangerous. There was a riot between white sailors and black Americans, the white sailors attacked any black American they came across as well as ransacked black-owned businesses. Marines assisted the police and rounded up all uniformed riders. The marines weren't neutral and contributed to the murders of innocent blacks. There was a riot on July 19th where bureau of investigation agents stopped all vehicles with blacks in them and beat black drivers that were armed. These riots were mainly started by whites, yet, only blacks were arrested. With that being said, the police and government organizations were racist, biased, and extremely aggressive.

1921 Tulsa Race Massacre (video)

Significant Events Before, During, and After the Tulsa Race Massacre: Before: Shoe Shiner named Rolland/Rowland goes into the Drexel building to use the restroom in a segregated part of Tulsa in the emergency elevator. A white woman named Sarah Page who was an elevator operator screams as Rolland/Rowland touches her arm. What we think happened was when he gets out of the elevator he stumbles and grabs onto her arm. A white manager heard the scream and saw Rolland/Rowland who looked startled coming out of the elevator. The manager calls the police and sends Rolland/Rowland to jail. There was then a rumor sent out that the woman was attacked in the elevator. This was exaggerated to the point that there was a rumor that she (Sarah Page) was sexually assaulted. At that point, a white mob formed at the jail with the intention of lynching Rolland/Rowland. During: May 31st, 1921- June 1st, 1921: The African American sections for Tulsa were destroyed by fire, bombs, and hundreds of people were murdered. At the time, it was called the Worst Race Riot in history. This lasted for consistently 16-18 hours. The looting took place for over a couple of days. They were looting before setting homes on fire. There were approximately 300 people killed (the number is still unknown). After: Now it is called a Massacre.

How did the African American community become financially prosperous in Tulsa?

The African American community in Tulsa was started by O. W. Gurley. He started developing this area by selling real estate to individual blacks who want to own property. There was a growth of entrepreneurs in the African American community. There was an increased population as well as goods and services. According to the article, "Greenwood reached 11,000. Manual laborers and hospitality workers made up the majority and the foundation of the neighborhood who faced challenging work conditions but relative-ly livable wages"(Oklahoma History Center).

Congressional Hearing on the Tulsa Race Massacre (video) Impact and Legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre

The impact is that someone who lived through this time period still remembers a lot of what happened. This shows how traumatic the event was.

1921 Tulsa Race Massacre (video) Impact and Legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre

The impact was that in the future people were educated on this story. We learned that rumors are not always true because this story was over-exaggerated. This brought about the massacre.

Awareness of the Tulsa Race Massacre (video) Impact and Legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre

The impact was that there was awareness spread about the event in the future. Specifically, from the time period of 1997-2001.

The Legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre (video) Impact and Legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre

The negative impact was that since events such as this one were not taught and/or discussed early on, in 2022 there are still biased and racist issues today. As stated in the other column the legacies were that there was a distrust between blacks and whites as well as legacies of trauma.

What is the purpose of the police and government?

The purpose of the police and government is to support civilians. Police should protect citizens from wrongdoings. They should arrest people if they commit a crime. Government makes laws, taxes, and makes important decisions. For example, the government helps decide what to do when a war is occurring or about to happen.

Scottsboro Boys Role of racism

The role of racism is that 9 African American teenagers were accused of raping 2 white women named Victoria Price and Ruby Bates they were 21 and 17 at the time. The Scottsboro Boys were innocent and falsely accused. On April 9, 1931, eight of the nine young men were convicted and sentenced to death. Racism played a role because they were given a speedy trial since the trial was less than a month after they were accused. They did not have the "Assistance of Counsel" because they did not have legal representation. AKA there was an ALL WHITE JURY. and there was no proof of rape which means the people in court were racist.

Why did Black Americans feel the need to arm themselves during the Red Summer?

They felt the need to arm themselves because they wanted to protect their families and property from white attacks.

Tulsa: -Early development

Tulsa: Early development 1830s: removal of 5 tribes 1880s: rail line + town grew beginning of 20th century: oil fields= oil industry many oil company headquarters would be held in Tulsa (Tulsa is in Oklaholma) nicknamed "Oil Capital of the World" growing hospitality industry (hotels, restaurants) -The African American community in Tulsa was started by O. W. Gurley. He started developing this area by selling real estate to individual blacks who wanted to own property. There was a growth of entrepreneurs in the African American community. There was an increased population as well as goods and services. According to the article, "Greenwood reached 11,000. Manual laborers and hospitality workers made up the majority and the foundation of the neighborhood who faced challenging work conditions but relative-ly livable wages"(Oklahoma History Center). -It became known as Black Wall Street because of the number of business developers and entrepreneurs that came to the Greenwood area to start a business. There was a lot of opportunity for those who worked for the wealthier people in the oil business. In Greenwood, there were good-paying jobs and they took advantage of them. There were doctors, lawyers, pharmacists, educators, and anything that went into keeping a quality life in the Greenwood area. According to the article, "Manual laborers and hospitality workers made up the majority and the foundation of the neighborhood who faced challenging work conditions but relative-ly livable wages" (Oklahoma History Center).

Weapons and Aerial Attacks during the Tulsa Race Massacre (video) Impact and Legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre

We learned the types of weapons that they used. We learned that when someone has weapons, they are not afraid to use them.

Tulsa: Positives

greenwood= all-black community great for business and great homes (hospitality, hotels, movie theatres) growth of entrepreneurs in the African American community It became known as Black Wall Street because of the number of business developers and entrepreneurs that came to the Greenwood area to start a business. There was a lot of opportunity for those who worked for the wealthier people in the oil business. greenwood= shared quality schools, hospitals, public libraries, hotels, parks, and theatres after: "The Red Cross stayed for months, assisting African American residents with food, shelter, and medical needs, both those immediately connected to the violence and those that developed under such challenging long-term conditions. As the majority of the displaced lived in tents for a year or more, the Red Cross's efforts limited suffering and death arising from the aftermath of the massacre."(Tulsa Reading Mr. Bierer gave us) people are now educated about this horrible massacure

Tuskegee Why the experiment was conducted

maybe to observe what natural untreated syphilis was like "The study was conducted on African American men, primarily poor and uneducated sharecroppers in Tuskegee, Alabama; which at the time had the highest syphilis rate in the country. "(A Doc Mr. Bierer gave us)

Tulsa: Long-term effects of the riot

negative but also effect: "Controversies The record of an event is fluid. People who experienced the event remember things differently or may have rea-sons to avoid telling the whole truth. Our current understanding can change as we learn new facts or develop new ways to look at things. Because of this, most events in history contain some controversies about what happened. There may not be enough evidence to prove or disprove a claim, some claims may not be believable in one time, but reliable in another, and people investigating the event may not explore all of the sources available or have the resources to do so. People may refuse to accept new evidence because of the impact that new evidence might have on the future. The historical record of the Tulsa Race Massacre contains many controversies." (Tulsa Reading Mr. Bierer gave us) "The Tribune Editorial Many of the survivors and witnesses of the massacre remember an editorial in the Tulsa Tribune called "To Lynch Negro Tonight," in the same issue as the front-page article "Nab Negro for Attacking Girl in Elevator." No complete issue of this paper has ever been located. Someone tore both stories out of the newspaper before historians created an archive of the paper. In 1946, Loren Gill found the front-page article and used it in his thesis on the massacre. The editorial remains a mystery." (Tulsa Reading Mr. Bierer gave us) it's hard to figure out how many died: "Number Killed and Mass Graves The earliest stories about the massacre reported between 80-175 deaths. Those estimates were reduced significant-ly. Today, the official death toll stands at 36. Most people believe this number far too low. People who witnessed the massacre stated they observed evidence of a greater number of dead. These claims led to an investigation into the existence of mass graves in Tulsa, which then became a controversial issue on its own. There is some evidence for the existence of mass graves but the investigation remains incomplete. It is not clear if the investigation will ever be completed." (Tulsa Reading Mr. Bierer gave us) "Reparations A movement to provide reparations for the harm done grew out of the increased attention and scholarship on the massacre following the 1970s. Legal scholar Alfred Brophy contributed much scholarship and support to this ef-fort. Many people who support reparations argue that the city promised to assist in rebuilding and that the massa-cre could have been prevented by government action. Legal efforts to compel governments to pay reparations for the Tulsa Race Massacre have been unsuccessful. The courts have generally stated that too much time has passed. In 2001, the Commission to Study the Tulsa Riot of 1921 recommended the payment of reparations after complet-ing their investigation. Bombing Some who witnessed the massacre recall airplanes dropping bombs on June 1. These witnesses include lawyer B. C. Franklin. Other people report the rioters used planes for reconnaissance. This part of the event will likely never be resolved to the agreement of all, but its importance is apparent. An entire chapter of the report released by the Ok-lahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 is devoted to the subject. Riot or Massacre? Another issue centers on the name of the event. Many people believe calling the events of May 31 and June 1 a "riot" does not accurately describe what happened. Some people point to the use of "riot" contributing to the in-surance companies' refusal to pay out claims. Others argue that people during that period used the word "riot" to describe any large conflict between whites and other groups. A massacre describes the killing of a large number of people indiscriminately, but it may also suggest that African Americans offered no resistance, which is inaccurate."(Tulsa Reading Mr. Bierer gave us)

Red Summer Violence in DC

not sure if this is the right answer but according to my notes, 2. How do the police and other government organizations react to these outbreaks of violence? Police and other government organizations called black protestors in newspapers dangerous. There was a riot between white sailors and black Americans, the white sailors attacked any black American they came across as well as ransacked black-owned businesses. Marines assisted the police and rounded up all uniformed riders. The marines weren't neutral and contributed to the murders of innocent blacks. There was a riot on July 19th where bureau of investigation agents stopped all vehicles with blacks in them and beat black drivers that were armed. These riots were mainly started by whites, yet, only blacks were arrested. With that being said, the police and government organizations were racist, biased, and extremely aggressive.