Reform in Islam
Mahdi
"divinely guided one" who is expected to appear at the end of time to usher in a perfect Islamic society of peace and social justice
Rashid Rida
(Syria) leading spokesman of Salafiyyah reforms in Egypt, influential member of Islamic modernism. Wanted to purge certain aspects of the West but promote science and technology.
Formative influence on Saudi Arabia and its role as an example for other revivalist movements
The significance of the Wahhabi Movement
internal decline of Muslim societies and their inability to respond to European colonialism because of Taqlid
What did Islamic modernists blame for the fall of Islam?
Bid'a
What did al-Wahab consider the beliefs and practices of his time to be?
outmoded tradition
What did secularists blame for the fall of Islam and the rise of Europe?
reenactment of Prophet Muhammad's reformation religion is integral to society deviation from Islam leads to fragmentation and decline of society purging of un-Islamic practices and returning to true Islam can restore community popular sufism and accepted traditions lead to Muslim decline Sufism reform must be accompanied by Jihad individual and community is responsible for the renewal true believers need to separate themselves to create a pure society Jihad requires moral self-discipline and armed struggle Muslims who resist are considered nonbelievers
What did the ideological wroldview of revivalist movements include?
Military and political cadres of Europe and superstition and fatalism which rendered islam to be religiously impotent
What two factors helped the Muslim world not become a spent force and helpless?
internal weakness and external political and religious and cultural threat of European Colonialism
What was Islamic modernism a response to?
17th and 18th century
When did the Sultanate period begin to fall apart?
Hanbali
al-Wahab's school of law
al-Afghani
believed Muslims could repel the West by reappropriating reason, science, and technology.
North Africa to southeast Asia
by the 19th and 20th centuries, how much of the Islamic world had Europe penetrated?
yes
did Al-Wahab reject sufism?
Sayyid Ahmad Khan Sayyid Mahdi Ali Khan
everyone should practice Ijtihad for things not explicitly stated in Quran
Ansar
followers of Mahdi movement
Shah Wali-ul-lah of Delhi
founded Naqshbandi Sufi order
Muhammad ibn al-Wahab
founder of Wahhabi movement
Muhammad Ahmad
founder of the Mahdiyyah in the Sudan
Al-Sanusi
founder of the Sanusi movement
unbelievers
how did al-Wahab and Ibn Saud view Muslims who resisted?
militant activism
how did the Sanusi movement pursue its goal of unification?
King Idris I of Libya
led Sanusi resistance to Italian colonial rule and liberated Libya
Muhammad Iqbal
most celebrated Indian Muslim thinker of the 20th century, argued for a modernist revival of Muslim faith focused on purifying and uplifting the individual self above enslavement either to reason or to conformity. English education
lodges
places of prayer and instruction as well as of military training and social welfare
Islamization
selective adaptation
Muamalat
the division (one of two) of Islamic law that concerns a Muslim's duties to others, including regulations governing public life
barelewi
transformed Waliullah's reformist school of thought into a Jihad movement
Bid'ah
unwarranted innovations
political disintegration and social and moral decliine
what caused the fall of the Sultanate period?
deviation from the straight path of Islam
what caused the political weakness of the community and its moral decline?
the Mahdi
what did Ahmad proclaim himself as
pristine monotheism
what did Barelewi emphasize?
adaptability of Islam
what did Islamic modernism stress
Sufism
what did Wali-ul-lah believe was responsible for the religious syncretism that threatened Islam?
foundation for Indian revivalism and influenced modern Indian Muslim thought
what did Wali-ul-lah provide
reinterpretation of Islam
what did Western impact of Modern Islamic reformers result in?
Mujtahid
what did al-Sanusi claim to be?
political fragmentation from tribalism and regionalism
what did al-Sanusi reject
Islamic unity and solidarity
what did al-Sanusi strive to achieve
Islam
what did al-Wahhab equate Arabs to?
divergence from Islam and deviation from tradition
what did conservative muslims believe was the cause?
withdrawal from the West
what did conservative muslims stress?
destroyed the sufi shrines and tombs, sacred tombs in Mecca and Medina, including the shrines of the Prophet and the companions
what did followers of al-Wahhab do to sufi tombs and shrines
Jahiliyya
what did he consider the conditions of the Muslim society at his time to be similar to?
its departure from true Islam
what did many Muslims believe caused the fundamental failure of their community?
reform society or create new institutions combining traditional and modern approaches
what did many reformers of the modern period sought to do?
separation of religion and politics and a nation-state molded by west
what did secularists stress?
Sudan's Ottoman Egyptian rulers by declaring them infidels (other Muslims)
what did the Mahdi wage war against?
rural lower and lower middle class to urban middle class
what did the Muslim Brotherhood expand to?
growing threat fromo European presence and their imperialist designs
what exacerbated the internal breakdown of Muslim societies?
Mughal empire was in decline
what time period did Wali-ul-lah live in?
comprehensive ideology for personal and public life . foundation for Muslim state and society
what was Islam to contemporary movements?
condemnation of Taqlid and his emphasis on reopening the gates of Ijtihad
what was Wali-ul-lah's major contribution to Islamic modernist thought?
revival of Muslim society
what was a prerequisite for the restoration of Mughal power according to Wali-ul-lah?
return to a purified Islam by weeding out the un-Islamic beliefs and practices that had infiltrated the law and life of Muslims
what was al-Wahabs opinion of Ijtihad?
Jihad against Sikh, Hindu, and later British armies
what was effective response to the rbeakup of Mughal empire to Barelewi
establish Islamic community-state reform sufism unite followers Ansar
what was the Mahdi movement mission?
divine guidance and validation of his mission
what were the gains of the Mahdi forces attributed to
return to the true and original path of Islam
where could revitalization come from?
Libya
where was Sanusiyyah brotherhood established?
the tomb of Husein at Karbala
which Shia holy place did Wahhabi followers also destroy?
European Colonialism
who did al-Sanusi resist?
Muhammad Ibn Saud
who did al-Wahab join for military support?
yes
Did Wali-ul-lah plan to reform popular Sufi practices?
Muhammad Abduh
Disciple of al-Afghani; Muslim thinker at end of 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology, recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry
Mawlana Mawdudi
Founder of the Islamic Society
Hasan al-Banna
Founder of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt
repetition of Islam's first great reformation led by Prophet Muhammad SAW community life based strictly on the Quran and the Sunnah
How would Muslims return back to true Islam?
al-Afghani
Iranian Modern Islamic reformer
Ijtihad and Islamization of Western ideas and technology
Islamic reformers pressed for internal reform through what processes?
al-Afghani
Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry.
Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal
The Sultanate period
The Wahhabi Movement
The best known movement of the 18th century revivalist movements.