Reformation Important People/Events/Terms

Predestination

God has predestined some people to go heaven and others to go to hell.

Death of Henry VIII (1547)

His son, Edward VI, come to power. He was sickly and was nine years old. The council of regency (which included Cranmer) took more power and leaned the Church of England more in the protestant direction with the Book of Common Prayer and other reforms.

Pope Paul III (r. 1534-1549)

Perceived the need for change in the Catholic Church and seek off to reform it. Summoned the Council of Trent.

Erasmus

Started and popularized the christian humanism movement. Emphasized inner piety and de-emphasized the external forms of religion.

The Oratory of Divine Love

Started in 1497 and was a group of clergy who worked to reform the church from the inside.

Diet of Augsburg (1530)

Told the German states that they needed to renounce Lutheranism by 1531. This prompted the creation of Schmalkaldic League in 1531, which opposed the forceful conversion.

Anabaptists

Took the bible literally, went back to the beginning of Christianity and thought all believers as equals. They believed in the complete separation of church and state.

Saint Teresa of Avila (1515-1582)

A nun who revive and reshaped mysticism and tied with the traditions of Catholic piety.

Revolt in the Netherlands (1566)

A Calvinist revolt in the Netherlands due to the over-taxation from the monarch. Philip II sent the duke of Alva to crush the rebellion.

John Calvin (1509-1564)

A French humanist lawyer who converted to Protestantism. He is the founder of Calvinism.

The Spiritual Exercises (1524)

A book written by Ignatuis of Loyola which was like a training manual for spiritual development.

Ecclesiastical Ordinances

A church constitution adopted by the city council in Geneva. It created a church government of both clergy and laymen in the service of the church and a body for enforcing moral discipline (overseeing the moral life and doctrinal purity) called the Consistory. It gained power and was able to excommunicate people.

Leipzig Debate (1519)

A debate between Luther and Johann Eck, where Luther was declared a heretic for condemning the pope and the Catholic Church. Got excommunicated in 1521.

Diet of Worms (1521)

A hearing by the catholic church for Luther to give him a chance to redeem himself. He refused to disclaim his works. Was issued the Edict of Worms.

Thomas More

A humanist who worked for the government in England. Wrote Utopia (1516), which about an account of an idealist community which criticized the the corruption in government. He worked for King Henry VIII of England and saw the corruption he had criticized.

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1562)

A massacre of Huguenots in Paris during the wedding of Henry IV of Navarre. 300 Huguenots were killed in 3 days. It discredited the Valois dynasty, who initiated the massacre.

The 39 Articles

A new confession of faith that answered theological issues with a half-Lutheran and half-Calvinist answer.

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

A peace treaty between Charles V and the Lutheran princes that let each prince chose what religion they wanted to be and officially recognized an official religion.

Calvinism

A protestant religion where the doctrine of salvation and predestination were emphasized. Material wealth did not correlate to the possibility of entering heaven. Calvin kept the sacraments of Baptism and the Lord's Supper (as a symbol of presence). See Presbyterian, the Huguenots, the Dutch Reform Church, and the Puritans.

Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-1547)

A series of battles in Germany of Charles V versus the Schmalkaldic League - Charles V won.

The Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)

A synthesis of Protestant thought. Was written by Calvin.

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Acknowledges Calvinism as an official religion, gives Huguenots the right to practice religion (in certain areas a.k.a. the fortified cities) and political rights.

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

Addressed the protestant reformation. It affirmed Catholic teachings. Got rid of its corruption (absenteeism and nepotism).

Dissolution of Monasteries (1536)

Cromwell financially saved Parliament and the king by dissolving the monasteries and selling off their lands to the highest bidder. This caused unrest with the lower class since the Catholic monasteries did charity to benefit them.

Act of Supremacy (1534)

Declared the king of England the head of the newly established church, the Anglican Church, breaking ties with the Catholic Church

Martin Luther

Did not believe that good work and faith would be enough to go to heaven. He wrote the doctrine of justification where he stated faith alone is enough to get into heaven.

Mary, Queen of Scots

Elizabeth's Catholic cousin who was ousted from Scotland by a Calvinist revolution in 1568. She made Catholic plans to overthrow Elizabeth but they all failed. She was finally beheaded in 1587.

Philip II of Spain (r. 1556-1598)

Inherited his father's (Charles V) lands in West Europe which included Spain, the Netherlands, and Italy. He implemented a strict Catholic conformity and enforced it using the Spanish Inquisition. His wars and importation of gold and silver from the Americas caused Spain's downfall while he was trying to make it a great power.

The Beginning of the Lutheran Church (1522)

Luther returned to Wittenburg and started a church. Started by translating the new testament into German. Denied the idea of transubstantiation (bread and wine transform to body and blood).

King Henry IV of Navarre

Once he came to power, he converted to Catholicism to appeal to the Catholic majority in France which ended the fighting.

Peasants' War (1524)

Resentment from high taxes and support from Lutheranism (not from Luther, but from Thomas Muntzer, because Luther needed the support of peasants, even though he blamed them for causing it).

The Jesuits

The Society of Jesus. Was called the sword of the Catholic Church. Founded by Ignatius of Loyola. Recognized in 1540. Was founded on the grounds of absolute obedience to the papacy, a strict hierarchy, and forced conservation. They established highly disciplined schools. They converted many non-Christian people. They also fought Protestantism.

Zwinglian Reformation

The Swiss reformation started by Zwingli in 1518. Reform of the church and its practices. The Lutheran and the Zwinglian churches disagreed over an issue and split. Catholics in Swiss rose up and killed Zwingli in 1531 during the Swiss Civil War.

Christian (Northern Renaissance) Humanism

The application of humanism ideas and beliefs outside of the classroom and to help society.

Edict of Worms (1521)

The declaration that Luther is an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire and his books were banned and burned. Got protection from the Elector of Saxony

Mary (Bloody Mary)

The first daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Tried to push the Church of England back to the side of Catholicism. Branded protestants as heretics, killing them (hence her nickname). Caused a counter movement /backlash of even more Protestantism.

Geneva

The first place where Calvinism took root. It became a religious city with religious people in the city government to oversee the morality of the people. Calvinist missionaries were trained in there and sent throughout Europe.

Queen Elizabeth (r. 1558-1603)

The half sister of Queen Mary (Bloody Mary). She favored moderation and compromise over religion. She repealed all of her sister's Catholic legislation. She brought back the Book of Common Prayer (and edited it to make more acceptable to the Catholics). her religious settlement was moderate Protestantism.

The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)

The persecution of Huguenots in France. They retaliated by hurting the economy due to their widespread infiltration of Calvinism to all sorts of occupations. There was also a growing resentment for the increasing power of the monarchy. The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre sparked a continuation of the war. The Guise family took over but was killed by Henry III, who had be dethroned and who was in turn, killed. This allowed Henry IV of Navarre to get the throne and end the conflict.

Catholic Reformation

The regeneration of religious orders where they were renewed and reformed. See the Benedictines, the Dominicans, the Franciscans. There were the emergence of new religious orders. See the Capuchins (simple living), the Theaties (good deeds), the Ursulines (feminist), and the Jesuits.

Puritans

The term was first used in 1564 as Anglicans who were inspired by Calvinism and wanted to remove all Catholic influence from the Anglican Church. They were a bigger threat than the Catholic minority in England.

Habsburg-Valois Wars (1521-1544)

Wars between Francis I of France and Charles V of the Habsburg Empire. In the second phase, the pope sided with France and because of that, Rome was sacked and pillaged.

Pope Paul IV (r. 1555-1559)

Was a conservative pope had a lot of power. Created the Index of Forbidden Books. Under him, the split between Catholicism and Protestantism increased.

95 Thesis (1517)

What Luther nailed on a church door in Wittenburg. They condemned the selling of indulgences to pay for the building of the Saint Peter's Basilica.

English Reformation

When King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife, Queen Catherine of Aragon, but the Catholic Church refused. His councilors, Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell, advised him to make a new divorce court in the form of a church.

Nepotism

Where church officials appointed family members to positions.

Absenteeism

Where church officials would hire people to do their work.