Relationships - Chapter 1

A count of the number of men for every 100 women in a population is called: A) sex ratio. B) gender ratio. C) gender schema. D) male/female count.

A

According to the Big Five personality traits, people with high scores in ________ should have more pleasant relationships. A) extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness B) neuroticism and openness to new experience C) agreeableness, neuroticism, and conscientiousness D) conscientiousness and openness to new experience

A

After encountering a single 45-year-old woman at her new job, Jonah says, "It's not normal that she's 45 and single. And I've heard it's unhealthy, too." Jonah's attitude is an example of: A) singlism. B) individualism. C) avoidance motivation. D) excessive mutuality.

A

Alonzo seems to possess both well-developed emotional skills and task-oriented talents. Alonzo can be entitled as: A) androgynous. B) masculine. C) feminine. D) undifferentiated.

A

As a participant in a research study, Chris is asked to describe his relationship with his partner. The researchers ask him to choose a pair of overlapping circles, representing him and his partner, which best describes the closeness in their relationship. In this scenario, which of the following components of intimate relationships is being assessed by the researchers? A) Mutuality B) Knowledge C) Responsiveness D) Commitment

A

As parents, women are mothers and men are fathers. This is an example of: A) a sex difference B) a gender difference. C) singlism. D) individualism.

A

Differences between individuals within a given sex are usually ________ in relation to the differences between men and women. A) large B) inaccurate C) small D) vague

A

Observation of the interaction between partners in relationships reveals: A) that relationships are more than the sum of their parts. B) the relationships that adequately capture their essence. C) the inherently positive nature of relationships. D) that there are divorce-prone people who are likely to have marital problems regardless of whom they select as a partner.

A

One primary reason why solitary confinement may be so difficult is that it interferes with the satisfaction of our: A) social needs. B) need for acceptance. C) esteem needs. D) physical needs.

A

Paternity uncertainty refers to: A) a man's uncertainty about whether a child of his partner is his. B) a woman's uncertainty about who the father of her child is. C) a child's dilemma in identifying his/her father. D) the uncertainty couples face in knowing whether a child was conceived.

A

Sex differences refer to ________, while gender differences refer to ________ between men and women. A) biological differences; social and psychological distinctions B) social and psychological distinctions; biological differences C) behavioral differences; biological differences D) social differences; behavioral differences

A

The key factor for organisms in evolution is: A) reproduction. B) survival. C) relationships. D) physical advantages.

A

The time, energy, and resources one must provide to one's offspring to reproduce is termed as: A) parental investment. B) reproduction. C) evolution. D) conscientiousness.

A

We are driven to establish and maintain intimacy with others to fulfill the need: A) to belong. B) for dependency. C) for success. D) to please others.

A

Which of the following statements is true about self-esteem? A) Self-esteem is an evolved mechanism that serves one's need to belong. B) Events that involve interpersonal rejection damage one's self-esteem in a way that other disappointments do. C) Private events affect one's self-esteem more than public events witnessed by others. D) People with high self-esteem most often sabotage their relationships by underestimating their partner's love for them.

A

According to Bartholomew, people with a ________ attachment style feel that intimacy with others isn't worth the trouble. A) secure B) dismissing C) fearful D) preoccupied

B

According to a research conducted by Anderson, most young adults now feel that it is desirable for a couple to live together before they get married so that: A) they can avoid the chances of getting divorced. B) they can spend more time together. C) they do not have to make any commitments. D) they do not have health problems.

B

According to researchers, Eberhart and Hammen, a lack of intimacy can: A) cause psychological problems only in those who are below 40 years of age. B) causes destructive behaviors, such as substance abuse. C) be fulfilled, regardless of the quality of our relationships. D) be satisfied with certain solitary pursuits if one cannot find companionship.

B

As described in the textbook, Victorian England had a ________ sex ratio and the Roaring Twenties a ________ sex ratio. A) low; high B) high; low C) low; low D) high; high

B

Attachment styles are thought to be primarily the result of: A) genetic predispositions. B) early childhood experiences. C) social cognitions. D) sex differences.

B

Between 1960 and today, which aspect of marriage declined in the United States? A) Importance of love within marriage B) Ratio of the population that gets married C) Average age at which people get married D) Divorce rate for people with less education

B

Forty years from now a survey says that there are currently more men than women in a nation. What prediction will this survey make about the social climate? A) Women will be encouraged to work outside the home. B) Women will be discouraged to work outside the home. C) Unmarried motherhood will be an option and more people will get married. D) Women will be allowed or encouraged to have sex outside of marriage.

B

In contrast to those who do not cohabitate, individuals who cohabitate are more likely to: A) have a long-lasting marriage. B) encounter infidelity. C) stay together. D) have a positive attitude toward marriage.

B

In the context of the nature and importance of intimacy, when the need to belong is satisfied, the drive to form additional relationships is: A) increased. B) reduced. C) developed. D) lost.

B

On average, an American mother now has her first child: A) after she gets married. B) before she gets married. C) by the age of 40. D) by the age of 50.

B

The concept of androgyny assumes that: A) masculinity and femininity are opposites. B) masculine and feminine qualities are separate traits. C) men are inevitably masculine and women are inevitably feminine. D) biology is the source of all gender differences.

B

The two themes that underlie the four attachment styles described by Bartholomew are: A) avoidance of intimacy and anxiety about abandonment. B) avoidance of intimacy and concern for the well-being of others. C) need to belong and anxiety about abandonment. D) need to belong and concern for the well-being of others.

B

To predict the attachment style of a child with the greatest accuracy, it is best to assess: A) the child's temperament. B) the mother's attachment style. C) the genetic influences. D) the family structure.

B

Troublesome and fearful aspects of relationships: A) were reported by a few people when asked about their relationships in the last 5 years. B) affect everyone on occasion but afflict some people more than others. C) affect older people more than younger people. D) affect low self-monitors more than high self-monitors.

B

Two-year-old Alice feels nervous and clingy when her mother is around and gets extremely distressed when her mother leaves. Which of the following attachment styles does Alice likely have? A) Anxious-ambivalent B) Secure C) Distressed D) Avoidant

B

We generally expect intimate relationships to be characterized by all of the following expectations EXCEPT: A) your partner will not unduly hurt you. B) your partnership will continue indefinitely. C) your partner will treat you fairly and honorably. D) your partner will stay the same.

B

What caused researchers to consider attachment styles as an important aspect of the close relationships of adults? A) Hazan and Shaver's Denver survey B) Bartholomew's ideas about four categories of attachment style C) Bowlby's interest in young children's actions toward their caregivers D) Brennan and colleagues' development of a short attachment style measure

B

What do recent studies suggest about the labels we use in describing attachment? A) The labels are widely and correctly used. B) It is better to describe people regarding their relative standing on dimensions of anxiety and avoidance. C) Labels should be thought of as describing distinct categories that have nothing in common. D) Labeling relationships is generally useless.

B

Which of the following Big Five personality traits is the most influential? A) Conscientiousness B) Neuroticism C) Extraversion D) Agreeableness

B

Which of the following items is an example of a gender difference? A) Any difference in physical appearance between men and women B) The belief that men are assertive while women are compassionate C) Male tendency to have more intimate partners than women do D) Male preference for savory foods and female preference for sweet foods

B

According to Marshall, married couples are likely to be the happiest when: A) each partner conforms to traditional gender roles. B) one of the partners is androgynous. C) both partners score high in expressiveness and instrumentality. D) one of the partners exhibits singlism.

C

Couples in which both partners follow the traditional gender roles (i.e., the man is masculine and the woman is feminine) tend have: A) higher compassion. B) higher marital satisfaction. C) lower marital satisfaction. D) lower self-reliance.

C

In terms of the number of sex partners, a highly active man has more in common with ________ on this trait than he does with ________. A) a low-scoring woman; an average woman B) a low-scoring man; an average woman C) an average woman; a low-scoring man D) an average man; a high-scoring woman

C

In the context of the nature and importance of intimacy, people with ________ in their lives are at a risk for a wide variety of health problems. A) excessive mutuality B) excessive commitment C) insufficient intimacy D) insufficient responsiveness

C

Sarah reveals to her boyfriend that she and her father are estranged. Which of the six characteristics of intimate relationships is illustrated by the preceding statement? A) Mutuality B) Care C) Knowledge D) Commitment

C

The idea of attachment styles was originally developed in work with: A) young adults. B) adolescents. C) infants and young children. D) middle-aged adults.

C

When cultures shift from having an approximately equal ratio of marriageable men and women to having a high sex ratio, family roles will likely become ________ traditional and sexual standards become ________ permissive. A) less; less B) less; more C) more; less D) more; more

C

Which of the following situations is currently ordinary within the United States? A) Two-thirds of Americans are married by age 30. B) Most preschool children have stay-at-home mothers. C) Most young adults will live with a lover before marriage. D) Most Americans rate their marriages as "not very happy."

C

Which of the following statements about heterosexual and same-sex relationships is accurate? A) The differences between the two are significant. B) Behaviors overlap so much that the distinction is not warranted. C) Both sets of relationship function similarly. D) There is not yet enough research on same-sex relationships to make any comparisons.

C

Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of Americans in the 1960s? A) Most children were born to parents married to each other. B) Men and women married in their early 20s. C) Most of the men and women cohabited before marriage. D) Most women did not work outside the home.

C

Which theory considers paternity uncertainty a key factor in close relationships? A) Attachment to offspring B) Self-belonging C) Evolutionary psychology D) Agreeableness

C

According to the text, which of the following is NOT a risk that we take in close relationships? A) Loss of autonomy and control B) Worry about abandonment C) Revealing secrets shared in confidence D) Sex differences

D

Fearfully attached individuals are characterized as being: A) comfortable with closeness and low in anxiety about abandonment. B) comfortable with closeness and high in anxiety about abandonment. C) uncomfortable with closeness and low in anxiety about abandonment. D) uncomfortable with closeness and high in anxiety about abandonment.

D

Identify the expressive trait among the following traits. A) Self-reliance B) Ambition C) Leadership D) Compassion

D

In his book "Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus," Gray writes that men and women almost seem to be from different planets, speaking different languages, and needing different nourishment. Social science research suggests that: A) this statement is correct, i.e., the difference between the average man and the average woman is large, and there is almost no overlap between the sexes at all. B) this statement is correct because the range of behavior among members of a given sex is small compared to the average difference between the sexes. C) sex differences are statistically real but actual differences remain to be demonstrated. D) men and women are much more similar than different on most of the dimensions and topics of interest to relationship science.

D

Joanne endorses the statement, "I want to be completely emotionally intimate with others, but I often find that others are reluctant to get close to me. I sometimes worry that others do not value me as much as I value them." Which of the following attachment styles does Joanne's statement reflect? A) Avoidant B) Dismissing C) Secure D) Preoccupied

D

John says, "I feel really good about myself." John can be said to possess high: A) extraversion. B) self-sufficiency. C) agreeableness. D) self-esteem.

D

Jorge believes that he and his partner Suzie will be together forever. He invests a lot of time in their relationship. Which of the six characteristics of intimate relationships is illustrated the preceding statements? A) Responsiveness B) Trust C) Knowledge D) Commitment

D

Pauline and Hugh begin to address themselves as "us" rather than I and he/she. This change reflects the development of: A) dependency. B) self-esteem. C) singlism. D) mutuality.

D

Which of the following Big Five personality traits represents the extent to which people are outgoing and assertive versus cautious and shy? A) Conscientiousness B) Agreeableness C) Neuroticism D) Extraversion

D

Which of the following factors has influenced the nature of close relationships in the United States since 1960? A) Increasing individualism B) Socioeconomic development C) Technological developments D) All the above

D

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which casual relationships differ from intimate relationships? A) Interdependence B) Knowledge C) Mutuality D) Honesty

D

Which of the following traits is an instrumental trait? A) Warmth B) Compassion C) Tenderness D) Decisiveness

D

Which theory considers self-esteem to be a subjective gauge of the quality of our relationships? A) Attachment B) Self-esteem C) Self-awareness D) Sociometer

D