Religion 100 Final exam questions
Q: Which of the following best describes "animism" as used by Tylor?
A: All Of these.
Q: Durkheim claims "there is no church of magic" Durkheim, therefore, would say this about magic.
A: All of these
Q: Frazer claims that magic is displaced by religion because:
A: All of these
Q: In Freud's book , Moses and Monotheism, he claims that moses:
A: All of these
Q: Which of these phrases are examples of anthropomorphism?
A: All of these
Q: which of the following is a criticism of Freud by Pals?
A: All of these are criticisms by Pals.
Q: Which of the following is criticism that Pals mentions about weber's treatment of Judaism?
A: All of these.
Q: For Tylor the progression of human thought within religion, from lowest to highest, moves from:
A: Animism to Polytheism to Monotheism
Q: Which of the following would Frazer claim is an example of "taboo" or "negative" magic?
A: Avoiding red fruits during a battle so that no injuries occur to you.
Q: Pals claims that for this thinker who was influenced by Freud's thought, religion draws on a deep fund of images and ideas that belong collectively to the human race. This thinker has a much more sympathetic of religion than does Freud.
A: Carl Jung
Q: One of the criticisms that Pals mentions against James is that regarding examples of "saintly lives" James primarily uses what kind of examples?
A: Christian saints
Q: Pals claims that a common criticism of Marx is that his critique of religion is really a critique of primarily this religion:
A: Christianity
Q: EB Tylor can be considered the founder of.
A: Cultural or social anthropology.
Q: Pals discussed some common criticisms of Durkheim's theory. Which of the following is NOT a criticism?
A: Durkheim believes in magic.
Q: which of the following is a criticism of Eliade?
A: Elaide is a Christian theologian in disguise.
Q: Which theorists has left the largest legacy within the sociological approach to religion?
A: Emile Durkheim
Q: Which of the following theorists emphasized fieldwork as an important part of anthropology?
A: Evans-Pritchard and Geertz
Q: Both Primitive Culture and the Golden Bough are Filled with:
A: Examples, instance, parallels and variations - all meant to support the broad generaliztions that are central to the theories they advance.
Q: A vow of poverty, Weber says, is absolutely necessary for the worldly ascetic
A: False
Q: Durkheim agrees with Frazer and Taylor on the conventional idea that religion is belief in supernatural beings, such as a god or a gods.
A: False
Q: Durkheim agrees with Tylor that religion's true purpose is intellectual and not social.
A: False
Q: Durkheim became a Catholic priest.
A: False
Q: E.B. Tylor claims that the "lower races" have no conception of morality at all.
A: False
Q: E.B. Tylor uses no examples of religious practices within any of his books.
A: False
Q: Evans-Pritchard accepts Tylor's and Frazer's Claim that society progresses from a belief in magic to religion and then, finally to science.
A: False
Q: Evans-Pritchard never did any fieldwork. He felt that the study of religion is best understood by solely studying Max Muller's theories.
A: False
Q: For Eliade, religious symbols generally exist in isolation and are not related to one another.
A: False
Q: For Weber, the charisma of the pure "mystic" serves only himself. The charisma of the genuine magician, therefore, also only serves himself.
A: False
Q: Frazer argues that magical explanations are better than religious explanations.
A: False
Q: Freud was a believer in Judaism.
A: False
Q: Freud would agree that mature people are guided by a combination of faith and reason.
A: False
Q: Hegel was an idealist, and so we have Marx
A: False
Q: In their work in the study of religion, both Freud and Marx argue that there is a need for extensive field work and data collection.
A: False
Q: James Claims that the center of religion involves the main scriptural texts and doctrinal statements of a particular religious tradition.
A: False
Q: James argues that religions must have apomictic or objective and logical certainty in order to be useful for a believer.
A: False
Q: James claims that the definition of religion should primarily involve a description of public religious practices.
A: False
Q: James is satisfied with philosophy described as a form of theology
A: False
Q: James says that mystical experiences have ineffability, which means that they are easily described and defined.
A: False
Q: Marx and Engels think highly of both Martin Luther and Thomas Munzer
A: False
Q: Marx believed that the spirit of free competition is beneficial for the working class person
A: False
Q: Marx never advocated revolution
A: False
Q: Marx thinks private property is essential to the success of communism.
A: False
Q: Materialists focus on the primacy of Mind over matter.
A: False
Q: Max Weber is considered the founder of the Protestant Reformation
A: False
Q: Pals claims that both Eliade and Evans-Pritchard have significant disdain for religion. They both reject any kind of religious belief whatsoever.
A: False
Q: Pals notes that ALL of the theories presented in Nine Theories Of Religion are too narrow in scope and require expansion
A: False
Q: Weber agrees with Freud, Durkheim and Marx that religion should always be considered an effect and never as a cause of social or cultural development
A: False
Q: Weber agrees with James Frazer that magic is a form of primitive science, and is therefore not religion.
A: False
Q: Weber agrees with Marx that religion is a fantasy that arose from economic exploitation.
A: False
Q: Weber agrees with Marx that the division of classes by wealth (Rich and Poor) is the only determinant social status.
A: False
Q: William James was more interested in the communal practice of religion than in what people do in solitude.
A: False
Q: EB Tylor, like F. Max Muller, believes that in order to find the origin of religion, anthropologists must appeal only to divine revelation and sacred scriptures.
A: False (Tylor and Frazer, too was trying to complete a scientific study of religion)
Q: what psychological term is used to describe the failure to move on to the next level or growth?
A: Fixations
Q: Religion as a form of "wish-fulfillment" is proposed by which theorist?
A: Freud
Q: Which theorist is most closely related with interpretive anthropology?
A: Geertz
Q: Which best describes how Tylor and Frazer seek to explain religion?
A: In terms of the prehistoric origin of religion.
Q: Freud claims that ancient societies prohibited two things. Those two prohibitions were:
A: Incest and not killing or eating the totem animal.
Q: Who claimed that religious belief was a fraud because it comforts the rich while deluding the poor?
A: Karl Marx
Q: in a case of neurosis, a traumatic event is forcibly repressed. This event may not return until much later in time. Freud would say that the effects of this event are:
A: Latent
Q: This is a philosopher who wrote The Essence of Christianity. The Author offers a "projectionist" explanation of religion.
A: Ludwig Feuerbach
Q: The two most central themes in the Golden Bough are:
A: Magic and religion
Q: These two figures are considered to be two of the important founders of the Protestant Reformation an Weber discusses their importance in the "Protestant Ethic."
A: Martin Luther and John Calvin
Q: we could say that Marx stood Hegel on his head. While perhaps simplistic, we could also say that weber stood this theorist on his head:
A: Marx
Q: Who Wrote the Protestant Ethic and the spirt of capitalism?
A: Max Weber
Q: This 1859 work by Charles Darwin influenced EB Tylor and many theorists that followed him
A: Origin of Species
Q: Which of Eliade's texts best explain his understanding of symbolism an myth?
A: Patterens in Comparative Religion
Q: Along with Charles Sanders Peirce, William James introduced this distinctive form of American philosophy
A: Pragmatism
Q: EB Tylor wrote this work:
A: Primitive Culture
Q: Which of the following does Pals discuss as a criticism of Evans-Pritchard's work in religion:
A: Scholars of religion would benefit from Evans-Pritchard's work if he offered more generalized comments on religion
Q: For Frazer, magic is an attempt at a logical organization of nature and natural laws. Therefore, magic is a prelude to, or has paved the way for.
A: Science
Q: For Frazer, Wherever there is belief in supernatural beings and wherever there are human efforts to win their help by prayers or rituals, we have moved out of the realm of ...... and into the realm of.......
A: Science and into the realm of magic.
Q: Pals tells us that Weber offers a counterpoint to Durkheim, so James offers a counterpoint to which thinker?
A: Sigmund Freud
Q: Frazer cites many examples of kings being executed to prevent them from becoming old, feeble and dying of natural causes. Why did some societies execute their own king?
A: So that the god or spirit inside would not be harmed when the king dies and it could live in a new body.
Q: Evans-Pritchard claims that for Freud, God is the father, for Durkheim, God is
A: Society
Q: For Durkheim, human beings, we must always explain individuals and through:
A: Society.
Q: Durkheim published an important study in 1897 which looked for the public, social factors behind what others of his day commonly regarded as a strictly private act of despair. This work was tilted:
A: Suicide
Q: Frazer's full name for magic is:
A: Sympathetic magic
Q: For James, which personality (or "soul") can be described as "the personality inclined to maximize, rather than marginalize, the presence of evil in the world?"
A: The "sick soul"
Q: Freud wrote three important books on religion. Which one of the following of Freud's book is not primarily about religion?
A: The Ego and the Id
Q: Durkheim wrote his best known and most important book in 1912. the title of this book is:
A: The Elementary Forms of the Religions Life
Q: Ludwig Feuerbach, Whose work influenced Karl Marx, wrote this book, which is a frontal attack on orthodox religion:
A: The Essence of Christianity
Q: JG Frazer wrote this book:
A: The Golden Bough
Q: Freud based an idea upon the story of a man who unknowinly kills his father and marries his mother. This is known as:
A: The Oedipus complex
Q: For five points, what is the title of James' Major work in religion?
A: The Varieties of Religious Experience
Q: Marx and Engels wrote this work, which can be described as a defiant call to social reformation.
A: The communist Manifesto
Q: Rather than the "natural and the supernatural" Durkheim divides the things of the world into these two separate spheres:
A: The sacred and the profane
Q: In the Norse tradition, the Myth of Balder is:
A: The story of a beautiful young god killed by an arrow of mistletoe.
Q: Ethnology is...
A: The study of a culture and all of its components
Q: What is the text that william James originally wrote for the Gifford Lectures? In them, he would offer a wider philosophical assessment of the beliefs, issues and questions raised by religious experience.
A: The varieties of Religious Experience
Q: Marx and Freud have this in common:
A: They both think religion expresses a false need for comfort and security.
Q: For Durkheim, sacred things are always set apart as superior, powerful, forbidden to normal contact, and deserving of great respect. Profane things, therefore, are best described as:
A: Things that belong to the ordinary, uneventful and practical routine of daily life.
Q: According to Weber, an ethical prophet is primarily an instrument for the proclamation of a god and his will in, for example, a concrete command or an abstract norm.
A: True
Q: An Azande is a witch because of a physical substance in the human body.
A: True
Q: Both Tylor and Frazer see some evidence of intellectual progress within the realm of religion.
A: True
Q: Durkheim argues that a key task of the state is the promotion of moral values.
A: True
Q: Durkheim claims that society shapes the individual. Weber would claim individuals also shape society
A: True
Q: Durkheim makes the argument that originally, there were no gods to command a ritual; there was only the ritual. Over time, performing the ritual created the gods.
A: True
Q: Eliade claims that more gods are associated with the moon, rather than the sun, because the moon is ever-changing and moves through various phases.
A: True
Q: Eliade developed his ideas in direct apposition to reductionist theories.
A: True
Q: Evan-Pritchard argues that primitive religions are internally consistent.
A: True
Q: For Durkheim, it is rituals or ceremonies, and not ideas, that disclose the essence of religion.
A: True
Q: For Durkheim, one significant implication of totemism is that the idea that the worship of the totem is nothing less then the worship of society itself.
A: True
Q: For Eliade, the idea of the "sky god" seems so far beyond human reach that other religious conceptions come in to replace him.
A: True
Q: For Frazer and Tylor, Scientific explanations are better than religious explanations.
A: True
Q: For Frazer magic claims more certainty about the world than religion claims.
A: True
Q: For Marx, Self-alienation is a deep sense of inner separation from our natural humanity.
A: True
Q: For Tylor, Religion is earlier, more primitive and less effective than science?
A: True
Q: For Tylor, magic is based upon the association of ideas, a tendency that lies at the very foundation of human reason.
A: True
Q: Frazer claims that the fatal flaw of magic lies not in tis general assumption of a sequence of events determined by law, but in its total misconception of the nature of the particular laws which govern that sequence.
A: True
Q: Freud and Marx apply their theories to Judeo-Christian Monotheism. They see no need to discuss other traditions.
A: True
Q: Freud's personal stance was one of complete rejection of religious belief.
A: True
Q: In Weber's view, Protestant Christians - after the Protestant Reformation - Earned money with the intent to save it as making a profit was a duty of the divine calling and a mark divine election.
A: True
Q: In his own words, Tylor makes the claim that the main tendency of human society during its long term of existence has been to pass form a savage state into a civillized state.
A: True
Q: In many of the cases that Frazer Cites, he shows how simple (or primitive) peoples everywhere assume that nature operates on the principles of imitation and contact.
A: True
Q: James argues that mystical experiences can be said to have passivity, which means the people having the mystical experience feel as if they are grasped by a higher power.
A: True
Q: James argues that we must test saintliness by the use of common sense.
A: True
Q: James says that "if the hypothesis of God works satisfactorily in the widest sense of the world, it is true"
A: True
Q: James seems to want to learn the most about religion from those who live at the fringes of ordinary life, like mystics, seers and prophets.
A: True
Q: Pals claims, as a criticism of Marx, that when Marx reduces religion to economics and the class struggle. Marx's theory is not testable.
A: True
Q: Pals makes it clear that james does not care about the mental state of a person making a truth claim about a religious experience. James only cares about the validity or applicability of any statement.
A: True
Q: Pals tells us that for James, mysticism is the premier form of religious experience
A: True
Q: Rather than theology, James ascribes the "science of religion" to the meaning of Philosophy
A: True
Q: The people of the Nuer, according to Evans-Pritchard, believe in a God who rules from a distance. In fact, they would rather that this god would not interfere in their daily activities.
A: True
Q: There are variations of communist thought that suggest that communism could be the friend of religion.
A: True
Q: Those who believe in magic, from the anthropological point of view, believe that magic is a rational effort to influence the world.
A: True
Q: Weber claims that no genuine religion of salvation has overcome the tension between their religiosity and a rational economy.
A: True
Q: Weber describes the Puritanism as a religion of virtuosos
A: True
Q: Weber understands the "prophet" as the purely individual bearer of the charisma.
A: True
Q: While Freud Seems to try to "Explain religion away," James finds religion to be a lifeline for mental health and a rescue for "sick souls."
A: True
Q: Within Freud's theory of religion we can best describe an "illlusion" as a form of belief arising merely from the immature wish that it be true.
A: True
Q: in Weber's notion of an "ideal-type," the key is that a conceptual framework is established into which all cases can be brought for analysis.
A: True
Q: weber took the position that science (or social science) must be a "value-free" endeavor
A: True
Q:Alienation, in Marx's terms, includes taking what is more properly "human" and assigning it to a being like "God"
A: True
Q: Of the following, which theorist is most concerned with the historical origin of religion?
A: Tylor
Q: Which of the following theorists is NOT thought to have a humanist orientation within the study of religion?
A: Tylor
Q: The three tools of sociological inquiry that weber employs are:
A: Verstehen, ideal- types and values
Q: Pals note three major traditions that influenced Evans-Pritchard. They are:
A: Victorian Anthropology, French Sociology and British Empirical Anthropology
Q: Freud's specialized word regarding "dreams" is:
A: Wish-fulfillment
Q: Psychoanalysis proposes:
A: a rational method for discovering the contents of the unconscious mind and explaining what purpose that part of the mind serves.
Q: Hierophant is:
A: a sacred appearance
Q: E.B. Tylor, in his doctrine of animism, claims that early (or primitive ) people believed that the human body is animated by:
A: a soul or spirt.
Q: According to Pals, all of the theorists presented to us share a commonality in defining religion. They all come close to the view that religion consists of belief and behavior associated in some way with
A: a supernatural realm of the divine or spiritual beings.
Q: Theophany is
A: a visible manifestation of a god or gods to human beings
Q: James describes "the mind" of a person as an ever-changing flow of ideas, images, and sensations continually affecting and affected by the physical body through with it passes. He also describes it as:
A: a wonderful stream of conciousness
Q: "Religious conversion" for james, involves which of the following?
A: all of these
Q: For Eliade, the realm of the profane can be described as:
A: all of these
Q: For James, which of the following claims are true within the idea of conversion:
A: all of these
Q: Marx Describes religion as:
A: all of these
Q: Weber claims that the exemplary prophet:
A: all of these
Q: Which of the following characterized Tylor's and Frazer's work?
A: all of these
Q: Which of the following would Durkheim claim as "Elementary forms" of the religious life:
A: all of these
Q: the revolt against all religion can be described as
A: all of these
Q: which if the following books did Mircea Eliade write?
A: all of these
Q: which of the following is NOT Marx's claim?
A: all of these are Marx's claims.
Q: Evans-Pritchard claims that the Nuer people's philosophy is essentially religious. Their thought is dominated by:
A: all of these.
Q: Freud notes that for early humans, clansmen both rejoice and mourn over killing their totem. This is an example of:
A: an ambivalent emotional attitude.
Q: a totem can be descried as:
A: an animal or plant that members of a tribe or clan are forbidden to eat.
Q: For Tylor, saying "God bless you" when someone sneezes is:
A: an example within the theory of "survivals"
Q: For Eliade, who are the people whose "work in the world of nature - hunting, fishing and farming- forms the daily routine?"
A: archaic people
Q: An example of the doctrine of survivals could be:
A: archery done for sport
Q: Within material determinism, people are best described as...
A: automatons or robots.
Q: William James declared, "My first act of free will shall be to..."
A: believe in free will
Q: In Marx's Words, the bourgeoisie are the class that.
A: controls the means of production.
Q: Like Durkheim and Freud, Marx is a reductionist. Scholars argue that Marx reduces religion to:
A: economics and the class struggle.
Q: Pals tells us that, for Marx, the key to religion clearly is to be found in.
A: economics.
Q: Freud identifies three parts of the human personality. Which part could be called the "choosing center" between the Id and the superego?
A: ego
Q: Evans-Pritchard embraces sociological determinism.
A: false
Q: James did not think religious experience was important in defining or discussing religion.
A: false
Q: James is completely satisfied wit the traditional proofs for God's existence, like the cosmological argument.
A: false
Q: Max Weber can be classified as a reductionist with regard to his theory of religion.
A: false
Q: Weber says that as a result of the Protestant Reformation, the acquisition of wealth was viewed as always evil.
A: false
Q: Marx's general approach to religion is similar in form to the .... explanations we have observed in both Freud and Durkheim.
A: functional
Q: Pals tells us that Tylor and Frazer have an "intellectual" approach to or, explanation of, religion. What kind of approach best describes Durkheims explanation of religion?
A: functional explanation
Q: Durkheim claims that piacular rites - or rites of atonement and mourning, which follow upon a death or other tragic event:
A: have social significance
Q: Eliade claims that we must use two separate angles of vision when approaching or explaining religion. Those two approaches in Eliade's method are:
A: history and phenomenology
Q: Frazer tells us that the primitive magician assumes that the world is controlled by:
A: influences or sympathies.
Q: For James, the choice of religious belief (theism or atheism) presents itself a
A: live, momentous and forced option
Q: This religious leader is generally part-time, and Weber claims to be "permanently endowed with charisma." When the need arose in early societies, people called upon this person to cure illness, to make the hunt succeed or to assist the crops in their growth.
A: magician
Q: Freud claims religion can be dismissed as pathological James claims that religion should be seen as:
A: normal
Q: The religion of the Nuer, for Evans-Pritchard, must be understood and studied
A: on its own terms.
Q: Weber claims that this religious leader is a full-time permanent, paid professional official.
A: priest
Q: Unlike the magician, this type of religious person exerts power simply by virtue of his personal gifts:
A: prophet
Q: which religious leader claims to have been called by either the voice of God or a vision of Truth to proclaim a life altering message:
A: prophet.
Q: The three "disciplines" studied by William James throughout his academic career include:
A: psychology, religion and philosophy
Q: Freud, Marx and Durkheim can be classified as
A: reductionists
Q: What psychological term is used to describe a phenomena where people move backward into earlier stages of development?
A: regressions
Q: James claims that the collective name for the ripe fruits of religion in a character is:
A: saintliness
Q: For weber, "inner-Worldly ascertiscim" can be defined as
A: self-denial within everyday society
Q: For Durkheim, the idea of ....? ...is the soul of religion.
A: society
Q: For Eliade, myths can be described as...in narrative form.
A: symbols
Q: Within pragmatism, the truth of something is found in
A: terms of its value or usefulness
Q: You read selections of three texts from Evans-Pritchard. What are themes or ideas discussed in those three texts?
A: the Azande, the Nuer, and Theories of Primitive Religion
Q: Eliade's explanations of time and history are best found in which one of his works?
A: the Myth of the Eternal Return
Q: Weber claims there is a close connection between religion, the rise of economic capitalism and the birth of modern civilization in Western Europe. In which of the following books does he make this claim?
A: the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
Q: A granary has collapse seriously injuring a person who was working underneath it. The Azande would most likely blame the injury of the person on:
A: the actions of a witch.
Q: Polytheism is best defined as:
A: the belief in and worship of many gods.
Q: Pantheism can be defined as:
A: the belief that nature or the cosmos is divine.
Q: what is the axis mundi?
A: the centermost of the world
Q: A totem, for Durkheim, can be described as:
A: the concrete, visible image of the clan.
Q: An example of "Contagious magic" is
A: the connection between a person and her or his removed hair or fingernails.
Q: James characterizes mystical experience as having transiency, which means:
A: the feeling dissipates quickly
Q: We can safely say that for James the "heart" of religious experience involves:
A: the feelings involved in religious experience.
Q: William James discusses two temperaments or personality types related to religion:
A: the healthy-minded and the sick soul
Q: Homeopathic or imitative magic follows this law:
A: the law of similarity.
Q: James Frazer claims that magic, generally follows this law:
A: the law of sympathy
Q: Within the Protestant Ethic, with regard to capitalism, Weber claims that man (or every human being) is dominated by:
A: the making of money
Q: Within calvinist Doctrine, if a person is a member of the "elect" this means:
A: the person is chosen by god to go to Heaven
Q: James claims that the completest religions seem t one those in which:
A: the pessimistic elements are best developed.
Q: A case of witchcraft among the Azande is confirmed by:
A: the poison oracle.
Q: Freud proposes that there are three levels of consciousness in the human mind. These
A: the pre-conscious, and the unconscious.
Q: The proletariat can be described as.
A: the workers
Q: Rather than Animism (Taylor) or magic (Frazer), Durkheim claims this is fundamental to understanding primitive culture:
A: totemism
Q: For Weber, the legitimacy of charismatic rule rests upon the belief in magical powers, revelations and hero worship.
A: true
Q: Patriarchalism, for example, means the authority of the father, the husband, the senior of the house over the others members in the house
A: true
Q: The German word, verstehen, is best described by Weber as:
A: understanding
Q: Verstehen, an important term for Weber, and an important term in interpretive sociology, can be translated from German to English as
A: understanding.
Q: Among the Azande, Evans- Pritchard writes on three major areas. They are:
A: witchcraft, oracles and magic.
Q: In Weber's terms, the... denies his or her own self in the service of God, but the unintended effect of this act is not to preserve the existing social order, but to overturn it through a revolutionary change of attitudes toward both wealth and labor
A: worldly ascetic