Religion Unit 2

CM Death of Parents

. The death of her parents inspired her to continue her religion and help the poor - just like her father James . Her father had a huge influence on Catherine, especially as he was a man of deep faith . Her father involved himself much in the lives of the poor within the community - He brought the life of the poverty into Catherine's life . After her parents died, she continued to practice her religion even in families that had strict rules against Catholics

CM - The Inheritance

. The inheritance shaped Catherine's future . By having been given $3.5 million dollars from the Callaghan's she was able to build the House of Mercy on Baggot Street, Dublin - a very wealthy are Her intention was to mix the wealthy with the poor . The money allowed her to build this house which: Provided accommodation &training for homeless girls and women Education; by being a school for poor girls . This money lead Catherine to become a sister and create the Sisters of Mercy which now has over 3000 sisters spread out within Ireland, England, Newfoundland, North America, New Zealand, Scotland and South America, along with numerous other places around the world

What are the penalties for forced marriage offences?

Australia's forced marriage offences carry heavy penalties

Dignity in Work

Catholic social teaching holds that work is dignified and an intrinsic good, and workers must always be respected and valued. Quote - "like us in all things, devoted most of the years of his life on earth to manual carpenters at the bench" - Jesus (Catholic Social Teachings, 2018)

Human rights defended in Catholic teaching

Catholic teaching on Social Justice comes in the form of official statements such as encyclicals, exhortations and addresses by Popes and bishops.

The Church's Magisterium

Catholics believe in the special gifts of the Spirit given by Christ to Peter and the Apostles. They believe in the Sacrament of Holy Orders which Christ instituted. Christians have always responded in faith to the teachings of the Apostles when they are clearly exercising the gifts and the special roles of leadership that Jesus had given them. Around 39AD, Peter baptised a Roman centurion, Cornelius, and his family into the Church. This was questioned by other Christians because Cornelius had not previously followed the Old Testament teachings. Peter taught that people who had not been of Jewish faith could be baptised as Christians. The Church accepted his teaching: This account satisfied them, and they gave glory to God, saying 'God has clearly granted to the gentiles too the repentance that leads to life. [Acts 11:18] They accepted also the teachings of the other Apostles when they taught in agreement with Peter. For example, as the Church grew, there was a dispute around 48AD about whether gentile Christians should be bound to observe the religious requirements of the Old Testament. Christians of Jewish background felt strongly that gentile Christians should have to observe these requirements. In fact, feelings were so strong that Peter feared offending the Jewish Christians, and the danger of a split developing in the Church was very real [Galatians 2:11-14]. In response to this crisis, the Apostles gathered to settle the question in what is now referred to as the Council of Jerusalem. This was the first Council of the Magisterium of the Church. The official teaching of the Apostles was recorded in an official letter. In faith, the Jewish and gentile Christians together accepted the teaching of Peter and the Apostles in their role as the Church's teachers in Jesus' name. One of the places where feelings were running high was Antioch, in modern Lebanon. The Apostles sent the letter to the Christians at Antioch with special messengers, Judas and Silas. When the people of Antioch received the letter: (They) read it and were delighted with the encouragement it gave them. Judas and Silas ... spoke for a long time, encouraging and strengthening the brothers. These two spent some time there, and then the brothers wished them peace and they went back (to Jerusalem). [Acts 15:31] The role of the Church's Magisterium in the life of the Church can be learned by studying the practice of the early Church. Many of its members had seen and heard Jesus himself. The practice of the early Church teaches much about the roles of Peter, the Apostles, and others, such as Paul, who were called to share the spiritual gifts and role given by Jesus to the Apostles. The Church's Magisterium continues to hand on the liturgies, teachings and moral commands of Jesus today. The Magisterium has the responsibility of making sure that the Christian message is not distorted by human opinions or attitudes that conflict with it. As St Paul explained: Now I want to make it quite clear to you, brothers, about the gospel that was preached by me, that it was no human message. It was not from any human being that I received it, and I was not taught it, but it came to me through a revelation of Jesus Christ. [Galatians 1:11-12] The Apostles insisted that others with whom they shared their gifts and role take this responsibility seriously. For example, Timothy, a bishop converted by St Paul, was warned bluntly: Keep as your pattern the sound teaching you have heard from me... With the help of the Holy Spirit who dwells in us, look after that precious thing given in trust. [2 Timothy 1:13-14] The Apostles understood that they could not change the teachings of Jesus, even when they were socially unpopular. As Timothy again was warned: Before God and before Christ Jesus who is to be judge of the living and the dead, I charge you... proclaim the message and, welcome or unwelcome, insist on it. Refute falsehood, correct error, give encouragement.... The time is sure to come when people will not accept sound teaching, but their ears will be itching for anything new and they will collect themselves a whole series of teachers according to their own tastes; and then they will shut their ears to the truth.... But you must keep steady all the time; put up with suffering; do the work of preaching the gospel; fulfil the service asked of you. [2 Timothy 4:1-5] St Paul showed that the teachings of Jesus, and the responsibility of teaching it accurately, were more important than the messenger: But even if we ourselves or an angel from heaven preaches to you a gospel other than the one we preached to you, let God's curse be on him. [Galatians 1:8] Catholics believe that this Magisterium is not superior to the Word of God, but is its servant. It teaches only what has been handed on to it. At the divine command and with the help of the Holy Spirit, it listens to this (Word of God) devotedly, guards it with dedication and expounds it faithfully. All that it proposes for belief as being divinely revealed is drawn from this single deposit of faith. [Divine Revelation 10]

Human Dignity

Human dignity is something that can't be taken away. Catholic Social Teaching states that each and every person has value, are worthy of great respect and must be free from slavery Quote 1 - "Catholic Social teaching believes that human beings, created in the image and likeness of God (Genesis 1:26-27) Quote 2 - "How can it be that it is not a news item when an elderly homeless person dies of exposure, but it is news when the stock market loses two points? This is a case of exclusion" (Catholic Social Teachings, 2018)

5 reasons why religion is bad for the world

Oppression of woman, Lack of responsibility, tribalism. personal gain, extremism.

The social role of religion

Religions have and do play an important role in society. In Australia, hospitals, schools and welfare services are provided by religious groups and individuals.

Preserving and passing on the teachings of Christ

The Christian mission is to present the message of Christ to people across the world. This includes working to help develop the conscience of a society from a Christian perspective. To succeed in this mission, the followers of Christ need to present his message accurately. Otherwise the means through which Jesus shares the divine power needed to live the Christian message would be lost, as would be the ideals and moral teachings Jesus taught. The Christian message has always included teachings that people have found confronting. Jesus was crucified because some people objected to particular teachings, and wanted them stopped. Jesus knew that, if left to people alone, his message risked being watered down and aspects ignored. Its authenticity would be endangered by those who feared confronting social trends and the religion he instituted would have no impact.

Human Dignity

• Recognises the sacredness of life and the dignity of each individual human person as inviolable • Ensures that every person, especially the most disadvantaged and marginalised, has reasonable access to more than just the basic necessities of life • Promotes the human rights especially of those who lack access to services, or who may not have the opportunity to participate in significant community activities and discussions • Brings with it natural rights and duties

Reasons for, and impacts of, Forced Marriage.

• What impact does forced marriage have on a person, and on their family, friends and community - the human faces of the problem? How do we deal with the situation in an empathetic and sensitive manner? Discuss how the following could be considered acceptable reasons for forced marriage: - Family tradition - Africa, Pakistan, Lebanon - 'Looking after' one's children - Taking responsibility - Financial - Cultural/religious ideas

The Dignity of the Human Person

"At stake is the dignity of the human person, whose defense and promotion have been entrusted to us by the Creator" Saint John Paul II, Solicitude Rei Socialis "For, by his Incarnation, he, the son of God, in a certain way united himself with each man" Vatican II "Dear friends, it is certainly necessary to give bread to the hungry - this is an act of justice. But there is also a deeper hunger, the hunger for a happiness that only God can satisfy, the hunger for dignity. There is neither real promotion of the common good nor real human development when there is ignorance of the fundamental pillars that govern a nation, its non-material goods: life, which is a gift of God, a value always to be protected and promoted; the family, the foundation of coexistence and a remedy against social fragmentation; integral education, which cannot be reduced to the mere transmission of information for purposes of generating profit; health, which must seek the integral well-being of the person, including the spiritual dimension, essential for human balance and healthy coexistence; security, in the conviction that violence can be overcome only by changing human hearts." Pope Francis God has imprinted his own image and likeness on human beings (cf. Gen 1:26), conferring on them an incomparable dignity ... In effect beyond the rights which one acquires by one's own work, there exist rights which do not correspond to any work performed, but which flow from one's essential dignity as a person. John Paul II, Centesimus Annus, 1991, #11 The Church sees in men and women, in every person, the living image of God himself. This image finds, and must always find anew, an ever deeper and fuller unfolding of itself in the mystery of Christ, the Perfect Image of God, the One who reveals God to the human person ... The whole of the Church's social doctrine, in fact, develops from the principle that affirms the inviolable dignity of the human person. Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church par. 105, 107

CHAPTER 6

"Change is impossible without motivation and a process of education" Proposes "some inspired guidelines for human development to be found in the treasure of Christian spiritual experience"

Laudato Si Quotes

"The Earth, our home, is beginning to look more and more like an immense pile of filth. In many parts of the plant, the elderly lament that once beautiful landscapes are now covered with rubbish" (Pope Francis, Laudato Si) "Never have we so hurt and mistreated our common home as we have in the last 200 years" (Pope Francis, Laudato Si) "We are not God. The Earth was here before us and was given to us" (Pope Francis, Laudato Si)

PRINCIPAL CONCEPTS - TAKEN UP AND ENRICHED:

- The intimate relationship between the poor and the fragility of the planet - The conviction that everything in the world is connected - The critique of new paradigms and forms of power derived from technology - The call to seek other ways of understanding the economy and progress - The value proper to each creature - The human meaning of ecology - The need for forthright and honest debate - The serious responsibility of international and local policy - The throwaway culture the proposal of a new lifestyle

Catholic Organisations

1. ACBC - Australian Catholic Bishops Conference - Submission to Inquiry into Human Trafficking 2. ACSJC - Australian Catholic Social Justice Council 3. ACRATH - Australian Catholic Religious Against Trafficking in Humans

In what ways is a person's equality taken from them if they are forced to marry?

A person's right to choose if, whom and when they marry, under the constrains of Australia's age laws, is central to their life and their dignity and equality as a human being.

What does exploitation mean?

Australia's response to forced marriage forms part of the Australian Government's strategy to combat serious forms of exploitation, including human trafficking, slavery, and other slavery like practices such as servitude and forced labour

What does 'to be a party to' mean?

Being a party to a forced marriage means agreeing to marry a person whom you know or suspect is a victim of forced marriage, unless you are a victim of the forced marriage yourself

The Venerable Mother Catherine McAuley

Born 29 September 1778 Died 11 November 1841 She was an Irish nun, who founded the Sisters of Mercy in 183. The Order has always been associated with teaching, especially in Ireland, where the nuns taught Catholics (and at times Protestants) at a time when education was mainly reserved for the wealthy.

Preferential Option for the Poor

Caring for the poor is everyone's responsibility. Preferential care should be shown to be poor and vulnerable people, whose needs and rights are given special attention in God's eyes. At caritas Australia, our programs aim to reach the poorest and most marginalised people, which often requires greater effort to reach remote regions.

CM - Catherine's Correspondence

Catherine McAuley's letters are essential primary sources for readers interested in the life and works of this remarkable Irish churchwoman and in women''s history and Irish church history more broadly. Whether McAuley is writing to family members, bishops, her solicitor, priests, lay co-workers, or Sisters of Mercy in Ireland and England, her letters reveal striking details about the church and society of her day as well as about her own spiritual convictions and unstinting personal service to poor, sick, homeless, or uneducated adults and children What is most moving about the letters of Catherine McAuley, the founder of the Sisters of Mercy is not any gleam of overt or expected virtue, but everyday love immersed deep in the human grain of her friends' and co-workers' lives. Departing from the conventions of her day about how a well-bred woman should compose letters, Catherine wrote not from a script, but from her heart - to offer affection, to give encouragement, to cheer, to affirm the demands of justice, to console, to incite laughter, to express gratitude, to keep playfulness alive. Some of her letters were indeed written to launch or settle business matters: these she had to write. But most of them were unsolicited, penned late at night or in the last moments before a post, from no requirement, but the command to love.

CM - How did the Sisters of Mercy come to be?

Catherine used her inheritance to purchase land in Baggot Street, She opened the school to teach poor woman needlework and skills that they would need to make money. Her and two of her friends were the first Sisters of Mercy.

Apostolic Offices

Catholics believe that the spiritual gifts and authority of the leaders of the Church are given to the Pope and the bishops. Together, these are referred to as 'the Church's Magisterium', from the Latin word for 'teacher', magister. Some people struggle with accepting this aspect of the Church for a number of reasons: • throughout history, there have been corrupt Popes and bishops. Instead of upholding the values and teachings of Jesus, many have compromised them • some have behaved the opposite to how Jesus intended and have betrayed their spiritual responsibilities, and sought political power and wealth • many Popes and bishops have been the cause of human suffering and misery e.g. the crusades and the Inquisition For every Pope and bishop who did not live the Gospel as they should, many more were good examples of Christian living. Another issue is that the Pope and bishops may seem to be at odds with modern trends. Their teachings seem 'out-of-date'. Throughout history there have been times when the Pope and the bishops have been mistaken. They have been firm in their teachings, only to change them later. This has left many wondering if anything that they teach is permanent. The media often portrays the leaders of the Church to be repressive of anyone who dissents from what they teach. This seems to be at odds with freedom of ideas, the consciences of individuals and many other modern values. Many people find it hard to accept any authority, including that of the Pope and the bishops. They are inclined to take the opposite view to authority figures in their lives, and to be critical of anyone in authority. There are many myths and misunderstandings about the roles of the Pope and bishops in the life of the Church. Many think that they claim everything they say as 'infallible'. Others believe that everything they teach is equally binding on Catholics.

What does free and full consent mean?

Criminalising forced marriage is consistent with Australia's international obligations to prevent and address forced marriage and ensure that marriages are entered into with the free and full consent of each spouse

Responding to religion

Each religion offers a way of life that seeks to provide people with meaning and purpose in life. How each person responds to what is offered by religion varies and is influenced by how they encounter and interact with religion in general as well with particular religions. Further influencing how this interaction occurs is a number of factors. Such factors include the context of a person's life, the experiences each person has in life and the world in which they live.

What does it mean to be free to choose?

Every adult in Australia is free to choose if, whom and when they marry if they are aged over 18

Every human life is sacred

Every human life is sacred to God. God is involved in the development of every person. Every human life is the result of parents using their God-given powers of procreation and the action of God who creates personally every soul. Everyone has a special relationship with God and God relates with each personally. God ultimately wants everyone to have the intimate union that is 'heaven'. God desires that everyone come to the joy and peace this union brings. God has taught all that is necessary for people to accept heaven, and warned that those choosing not to accept heaven will experience the eternal separation from God called 'hell'. There are three divine actions that teach people the value God has for human life: • creating human life • giving every person a special relationship by creating the soul • and calling all to live the lives that lead to eternal union with God in heaven Human life is sacred because, from its beginning, it involves the creative action of God and it remains forever in a special relationship with the Creator, who is its sole end. God alone is the Lord of life from its beginning until its end: no one can under any circumstance claim the right directly to destroy an innocent human being. [CCC 2258]

What happens when young, educated, Australian-born girls are forced into unwanted marriages - often with relatives overseas?

For the first time young women, the victims of forced marriages, are speaking out - without disguise and despite the risks of backlash from their communities. Are these women entitled to the same protection as other Australian girls? The Government thinks so; in fact they are so concerned they are introducing criminal legislation to ban forced marriage. However, outspoken members of Australian migrant communities say it is their responsibility to stop the practice and the men who enforce it. It's not only women who experience force or coercion to push them into marriage. It happens to men too, often with disastrous consequences. Reporter Sarah Ferguson tells the story of one young woman who agrees to marry a man chosen by her family. What she doesn't know until after the marriage is that he married her under duress. The relationship then descends into a spiral of alcohol and violence.

Which human right is being taken away if a person is forced into marriage?

Forced marriage deprives people of their equal enjoyment and exercise of human rights and freedoms.

What stereotypes do we need to overcome?

Forced marriage is not limited to any particular cultural group, religion or ethnicity, and there are reports of forced marriage from all over the world

What constitutes a serious crime?

Forcing anybody to get married is never acceptable and is a serious crime in Australia

What's the Catholic Church's response to this issue?

God created people to relate with their Creator. To the extent that they do so, they develop the inner spiritual strength needed to be able think, speak and behave in ways that show love and goodness. However, many people lack God's peace, instead they experience: • personal confusion • emotional conflicts • distorted moral perspectives • relationship problems • excessive family tensions • dominating peer pressure. Other examples can be seen in society. Lack of inner peace has led many to become addicted to alcohol, other drugs and sexual promiscuity. The number of people needing psychological and other professional support to address personal problems that result from many life difficulties has increased. Lack of inner peace can also lead to tensions, disagreements, and violence in society. None of these human sufferings were intended by God. They result from the lack of peace that comes from failing to relate as intended by God's state of original justice. Justice is needed for peace. Today there are many challenges to the peace God originally intended. This can be seen at local, national, regional and international levels. These challenges come from the increase in people experiencing poverty in the world, particularly extreme poverty. The majority of the poor in the world are children, women, people with disabilities, the elderly, indigenous people, migrants and refugees. For many reasons, the original balance between humanity and creation is being destroyed. Rich nations consume much more than their share, and are responsible for most of the world's pollution. Many poor countries are forced to contribute to the world's pollution. They have to adopt unsustainable and ecologically damaging practices to survive.

MASTERY OF THE EARTH MEANS TO BECOME GOD'S FELLOW WORKERS

Having been created in God's image and likeness, all humanity is called to discover the goodness in creation as God does peo0ple are called to work towards developing this goodness further remembering at all times that God's reason for creation is love Humanity is called to use and develop the earth's resources in ways that respect the welfare of all humanity Those who respond to these calls become 'God's fellow workers': o "To human beings God even gives the power of freely sharing in his providence by entrusting them with the responsibility of 'subduing' the earth and having dominion over it." (CCC 307) People can enter deliberately into the divine plan by their actions, their prayers and their sufferings they then become 'God's fellow workers' and co-workers for his kingdom God's 'all-powerful love' is inconsistent with genuine human mastery of the earth, reflecting the human condition of sinfulness after the Fall Those who exploit for selfishly are unable to see creation as the Creator does failing to relate with it as God intends and cannot be described as God's fellow-workers

Mastery of the earth means to become God's fellow workers

Having been created in God's image and likeness, all humanity is called to discover the goodness in creation as God does. People are called to work towards developing this goodness further remembering at all times that God's reason for creation is love. All humanity is called to use and develop the earth's resources in ways that respect the welfare of all of humanity. Those who respond to these calls become 'God's fellow workers': To human beings God even gives the power of freely sharing in his providence by entrusting them with the responsibility of 'subduing' the earth and having dominion over it. God thus enables men to be intelligent and free causes in order to complete the work of creation, to perfect its harmony for their good and that of their neighbours. [CCC 307] People can enter deliberately into the divine plan by their actions, their prayers and their sufferings. They then fully become 'God's fellow workers' and co-workers for his kingdom. Exploitation that conflicts with God's 'all-powerful love' is inconsistent with genuine human mastery of the earth. It reflects the human condition of sinfulness after the Fall. Those who exploit for selfishly are unable to see creation as the Creator does. They fail to relate with it as God intends and cannot be described as God's fellow-workers.

Catholic social teaching

If, as Catholics believe, all people are created in the image and likeness of God, then all people share in the respect or dignity that God deserves. Catholics therefore believe that people should show concern and respect for God and for God's creation, including respect for all people. Throughout its history, but especially since the late nineteenth century the Catholic Church has taught that the God-given dignity of each and every person needs to be respected and upheld individually and by society. From the practice of developing and expressing these teachings has grown a body of teachings that deal with justice in society. These are known as Catholic social teaching. The Christian knows that in the social doctrine of the Church can be found the principles for reflection, the criteria for judgment and the directives for action which are the starting point for the promotion of an integral and solidary humanism. Making this doctrine known constitutes, therefore, a genuine pastoral priority, so that men and women will be enlightened by it and will be thus enabled to interpret today's reality and seek appropriate paths of action: "The teaching and spreading of her social doctrine are part of the Church's evangelizing mission". (Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church 5) Catholic Social Teaching should not be seen as a fixed block of doctrine or a received wisdom from the past. Rather, it is collection of teachings that have developed in the modern world and continues to be developed in response to important issues. This body of teaching has sought to provide guidance and support for those prepared to learn from these teaching, whether Catholic or not. Through the process of developing these teachings the Church shows a way to reflect on the world as it is here and now, always viewing it as God's world, entrusted to us, and viewing all others as our brothers and sisters.

Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church 334

In addition to being free to marry, both parties must intend marriage. In the Catholic Church, it is consent that creates marriage. Consent consists in a human act by which the partners mutually pledge themselves to each other. Consent must be a free act of the will of the consenting parties, free of any coercion or grave external fear. If freedom is lacking, the consent is invalid and the marriage is invalid. For a Catholic marriage to be valid: both must be emotionally and psychologically mature and capable of consenting to the marriage and they must freely express their consent to give and accept one another irrevocably in order to establish a Catholic marriage (Can. 1095-6).

Current Issues in Soceity

In society today there are many issues that generate debate and discussion. How people participate in such debates and respond to such issues varies. Often, the difference in views is because of understandings of the issue and because of the way each view sees the world. Any comparison of societal and religious views on current issues in society needs to consider not only what action is proposed or how these views are expressed but also the nature of each view. This includes an examination of how each view understands the human person, the world, and the possibility of the existence and role of God in the world. These foundational 'beliefs' or philosophies are fundamental for understanding the types of views expressed on any given issue that arises in society today. Issue - A matter or point of public interest that may involve controversy or dispute and in which there are a range of identifiable and/or different points of view expressed. Societal views - views other than religious views.

CHAPTER 5

Insisting on transparent and inclusive dialogue, Pope Francis proposes a series of guidelines "for the renewal of international, national and local policies for decision-making processes in the public and business sector, for the relationship between politics and economy and between religion and science"

The desire for peace and harmony

Is justice important? This question has a very straightforward answer - Yes! There is something that exists in all people that cries out for justice when the rights or circumstances of people appear to be ignored and abused. The really challenging part of this question is not whether it is important but what is justice and why? To understand this, we need to consider what it means to be human, what is expected of justice and how it can be achieved. The concern and potential for goodness lies at the heart of why people desire justice. It is shared in varying degrees by most people, be they Christian or non-Christian, religious or non-religious. There are many examples that show justice to be a concern for people. For example, many feel a sense of responsibility to: • take a stand on human rights issues where these are being violated • ensure the protection of the unborn • promote the fair treatment of others • remedy unjust discrimination • ensure that the needs of refugees, the hungry and those without access to proper medical care are provided for • protect the rights of the unemployed • care for the needs of people with disabilities • work against political persecution in the world • achieve freedom for 'prisoners of conscience'. People are concerned about environmental issues. These issues relate to the right to enjoy God's creation and to access essential resources. The earth and its resources are for present and future generations. Environmental issues are both a justice issue and a moral issue. People are concerned about: • caring for the environment • reversing environmental degradation • consequences of pollution, such as the ozone layer, weather patterns and the extinction of animal and plant species. Many people are also concerned about fulfilling their responsibilities towards God, the One who created and who sustains human life. People everywhere reflect these concerns. They do so in different degrees through their actions and words. The potential for justice is part of human nature. It develops as people behave responsibly by showing respect for the rights of others and by expecting others to respect their rights.

In what ways can a person be pressured into being married against their will?

It doesn't matter where somebody lives, what their gender is, how old they are, or what their community background is; nobody is allowed to physically, emotionally, or psychologically pressure anyone to get married without their consent

The Magisterium of the Church

Jesus instituted a special Sacrament for the handing on of these gifts by the Twelve Apostles, and those who succeeded them. This is known now as the Sacrament of Holy Orders. Within eighty years, the successors to the Twelve Apostles were called 'bishops'. The successor to Peter today is called the Pope. Along with the Pope, bishops are the official teachers of the Christian message and teach in the name of Jesus. They are referred to as the Church's Magisterium. Their spiritual gifts do not mean they are holier than any other member of the Church. They are called to live fully the Christian message. As Peter and the Apostles were weak people in many respects, they even denied and deserted Jesus, so are many who have succeeded them over the centuries. Catholics recognise that the purpose of the Magisterium is to ensure that all who are trying to live and to teach the message of Christ do so authentically.

Jesus promised to remain with his Church

Jesus promised he would help his followers in several ways. He promised that he would remain present with his followers as they taught his message by example and words. He would guide and help them: And look, I am with you always; yes, to the end of time. [Matthew 28:20] Jesus promised to share the Holy Spirit who would remain present with them continually. This is the Spirit who both led and strengthened Jesus while he lived in this world [Luke 4:1, 14]. In practice, the Holy Spirit nourishes, heals and gives life to members of the Church. It is this that ensures the total Church retains its belief in the teachings of Christ. The Holy Spirit would not only protect them from changing or distorting his message, but, instead: he will lead you to the complete truth. [John 16:13] Finally, Jesus called the Twelve Apostles to accept special gifts of leadership from the Holy Spirit. Their calling was to lead the Church in his name after his Ascension. Saint Peter was called to serve as their head. He and the other Apostles were to use these gifts in a spirit of service.

Respect for all human life

Jesus revealed many ways for Christians to be guided. One of the most important ways to find guidance is to follow the Ten Commandments. In particular, the Fifth Commandment is concerned with respecting the right of every human being to the life given to them by God. God demands that human life be safeguarded and protected. God created human life, and sustains its existence in the Fifth Commandment: You shall not kill [Exodus 20:13; Deuteronomy 5:11] Through this Commandment, God forbids anyone from deliberately killing another person.

Laudato Si

Laudato si' (Medieval Central Italian for "Praise be to you") is the second encyclical of Pope Francis. The encyclical has the subtitle "On Care For Our Common Home" In it, the Pope critiques consumerism and irresponsible development, laments environmental degradation and global warming, and calls all people of the world to take "swift and unified global action". The encyclical, dated 24 May 2015, was officially published at noon on 18 June 2015 accompanied by a news conference. The Vatican released the document in Italian, German, English, Spanish, French, Polish, Portuguese and Arabic alongside the original Latin. The encyclical is the second published by Francis, after Lumen fidei ("Light of Faith") which was released in 2013. Since Lumen fidei was largely the work of Francis's predecessor Benedict XVI, Laudato si' is generally viewed as the first encyclical that is entirely the work of Francis.

What is matrimonial consent?

Matrimonial consent is given when a man and a woman manifest the will to give themselves to each other irrevocably in order to live a covenant of faithful and fruitful love. Since consent constitutes Matrimony, it is indispensable and irreplaceable. For a valid marriage the consent must have as its object true Matrimony, and be a human act which is conscious and free and not determined by duress or coercion.

LAUDATO SI

Medieval Central Italian for 'Praise be to you' Second encyclical by Pope Francis o Has the subtitle 'On Care for Our Common Home' o Dated 24 May 2015 o Released in the document in Italian, German, English, Spanish, French, Polish, Portuguese, Arabic, Latin The Pope critiques consumerism and irresponsible development, laments environmental degradation and global warming and calls all people of the world to take 'swift and unified global action'

CM - How is the spirit of the first House of Mercy visible today?

On 1841 she died, and she told the sisters to have a good cup of tea when she died. "We seek to relieve misery, to address its cause and to support all persons who struggle for full dignity" Serve God's people through education, health care, social services and ministries that further social, political, economic and social wellbeing.

The Church and social justice

One of the most tangible ways in which Catholic beliefs find expression is in a body or collection of teachings known as Catholic Social Teachings. These teachings directly seek to apply the beliefs of the Church to the needs of justice in the world today. Worldwide and in Australia Social Justice is one of the highest priorities of the Catholic Church. The Pope and bishops constantly call on Catholics to become involved in fostering Social Justice in the world. This call is direct response to the needs of people throughout the world.

Supporting religious faith

One of the purposes of the Catholic religion is to promote, support and develop within each person their ability to listen to, be in touch with and respond to their questions of the human heart. As people seek, sense and think about God they are provided with opportunities to develop their experience of God. Such opportunities can occur for people when they: • pray • think about God • join groups to find spiritual experiences • ponder on the creation of the universe • wonder about their future after death • return to places where they feel God is present • show concern for how the Creator sees them • try to work out how God wants them to behave in daily life situations • feel dissatisfied with material things • look for more from life than success • desire freedom from giving in to personal confusion, negative self-image, control by peer pressure and weakness of choice • try to treat others as the Creator intends • try to discover what the Creator reveals about the meaning of life, reason for personal existence, life after death and right and wrong. All of these activities can contribute to the personal religious development of a person and can occur at both an individual and community level.

Peace and Reconciliation

People can only come about when we lean to treat each other as brothers and sisters and recognise our shared vocation as children of God. Quote - " Peace is not merely the absence of war, nor can it be reduced solely to the maintenance of a balance of power between enemies; nor is it brought about by dictatorship, instead it is rightly and appropriately called an enterprise of justice" ( Catholic Social Teachings, 2018)

Response to religion

People respond to religions in different and complex ways and often, how they respond, vary throughout life. For some, religion does not register as anything important, with little known or understood about religion or particular religions. Some may be immersed in a culture or way of life rich in religion without ever having consciously reflecting upon the merits or deeper meanings offered by a religion. For others, there may be a much more conscious approach of either accepting or rejecting religion.

The expression of religion in culture

Religion by its very nature is involved in many aspects of life. Religions because of their activities and how they express themselves also contribute to and shape the culture of society. This participation often shapes the culture of particular societies. Members of a particular religion, just as others in society do, may seek to express their religious convictions, hopes and desires through various artistic and cultural expressions. Any form of music, art, drama that reflects upon or uses elements drawn from a religion contributes to and shapes the culture of a society.

The influence of religion

Religion can be very influential in a person's life. Sometimes this influence can motivate a person to behave in a way consistent with the way of life promoted by a religion; sometimes the opposite can be true. It is important to always remember that religion, and more importantly the way of life promoted by a particular religion, is only one of many factors that influence the development of a person.

The relationship between belief/teaching and the lives of people

Religious beliefs and teaching do not exist in a vacuum. Each religious belief and the teachings of a particular religion aims to show people what a meaningful and purpose life looks like and how to live such a life. Many people see justice as a key issue or challenge in life. Within Catholicism many beliefs and teaching speak to this issue, either directly or indirectly.

The political role of religion

Religious groups, through their leaders and members are part of society. Individually and collectively they can be interested in the discussions and decisions made about how society is to be organised and run. For example, in Australia, religious leaders and members of a particular religion will sometimes actively participate in political debates. Their participation may be because they wish to promote or defend important religious beliefs or practices, the rights of people that belong to the religion, or the rights of others in society.

Religious structures and processes

Religious structures refer to the organisation of a religion, including its leadership. Typically the way a religion is organised and led is complex and needs to be seen as a system rather than a collection of parts. These structures also may be well established and formal or less well-defined and informal. In simple terms, religious processes refer to how things are done in a religion. They often give expression to the workings of a particular religious structure. Such processes may be well defined, others less so. Typically there is system or way of doing something according to series of steps, actions or understandings.

CM - What tragedies did Catherine face in her life?

She was 4 when her father died. She experienced a great deal of poverty when she had to move in with the Callaghans. , was hungry and had to sleep on the floor. Her sister died Her friend died Cholera broke out in Ireland, and she was asked to set up a centre to help with the sick, at the height of the plague there was 600 people a day dying.

CM - What practical things did Catherine do? Explain what the House of Mercy is.

She went out and gave food and clothes to the poor. She received a large inheritance from Mr Callaghan. Taught needlework to kids, and then opened s shop to sell them, so these children could have money. Within four months there was 200 children at the school, there was 4 classrooms and dormitories for children. 24th September 1827 is when the House of Mercy opened.

5 reasons why religion is good for the world

Social inclusion, value system, guidance, charitable work, providing purpose

Solidarity

Solidarity is about valuating our fellow human beings and respecting who they are as individuals Quote - "We are all one family in the world. Building a community that empowers everyone to attain their full potential through each us respecting each other's dignity. rights and responsibilities makes the world a better place to live" ( Catholic Social Teaching, 2019)

What does it mean to be coerced? Threatened? Deceived?

Some types of coercion are obvious and easy to identify, including the use of physical or sexual violence, or refusing to let somebody leave a particular place or location until they accept the marriage. Other types of coercion are less obvious because they involve psychological and emotional pressure. These types of coercion involve making a person feel responsible for, or ashamed of the consequences of not marrying, such as bringing shame on their family.

The Apostles and their successors

The Apostles began exercising their role as leaders in the early Church as they went about their task of handing on the teachings of Jesus. They celebrated the liturgies he instituted, repeated and explained his teachings, and called everyone 'to observe all the commands' he had given [Matthew 28:20]. Many examples can be found in the books of the New Testament, especially the Acts of the Apostles. The early Christians accepted the role of the Apostles because of three promises of Jesus: • the first, given at the Last Supper, was that the Holy Spirit 'will lead you to the complete truth... he will reveal to you the things to come...he will glorify me.. all he reveals to you will be taken from what is mine' [John 16:13-15] • the second was that 'I am with you always; yes, to the end of time' [Matthew 28:20] • the third was that no evil or human weakness or pressure would prevail against the Church or its mission of handing on the message of Jesus for 'the gates of the underworld (or hell) can never overpower it' [Matthew 16:18]. Knowing the responsibilities Jesus had given his Apostles and believing these promises, the early Christians accepted the teaching authority of the Apostles. It is important to note that the foundation for their acceptance was not the personalities or the lives of the Apostles themselves. Rather, it was the teachings and the promises of Jesus. Catholics have always accepted the roles of Peter and the Apostles and their successors, the Popes and the bishops across the centuries. This leadership and teaching has only been accepted when they have been exercising the roles and gifts they have inherited from the Apostles. Corrupt Popes and bishops, over the centuries, did not exercise their roles when expressing opinions and actions that were contrary to the Gospel of Christ. Today, the Pope and bishops continue to hand on the teachings of Jesus. They continue to celebrate the liturgies he instituted and call everyone to observe the commands Jesus gave

CM - What opposition did Catherine face?

The Callaghan were very strong believers of the Protestant religion, and often mocked the Catholic Faith. Someone told her to get married and give up her work with the poor

Catholic structures and processes

The Catholic Church has many structures and processes that are designed to support the work and mission of the Church. These structures and processes typically serve at least one of the following three functions: • teaching and safeguarding the Christian message • providing for the growing holiness of believers • governing the Church in Jesus' name. Understanding the structures and processes of the Church and how and why they exist and function is built upon some important Catholic understandings.

The Catholic vision of marriage

The Church teaches that personal freedom is required for valid consent in a Catholic marriage. "To be free" means: not being under constraint. CCC 1625 The consent must be an act of the will of each of the contracting parties, free of coercion or grave external fear. CCC 1628

An essential principle for democracy

The basis for human equality is that all people have an equal right to live and to the necessities of life. Anything that is contrary to this is contrary to the will of God, the Creator and violates the foundational principle upon which democracy is built. Democratic society is itself endangered. Believers cooperate with the Holy Spirit as they promote: • respect for human life • respect for unborn human life • care for the terminally ill • provision and care for human life • defence of human life • the avoidance of war There are people who reject God's value of human life. They promote or practise behaviours which violate the absolute value God has placed upon the life of every person. They: • deliberately kill, murder, abort and euthanise • fail to care properly for the elderly, disabled, terminally ill or those lacking life-necessities • fail to protect human life adequately by being careless about their own or the health of others • fail to provide adequate defence of human life or by risking life without grave cause.

What does regardless mean?

The crime of forced marriage can apply to: • Legally recognised marriages, as well as cultural or religious ceremonies and registered relationships • Marriages that occur in Australia (including where a person was brought to Australia to get married), as well as where a person is taken overseas to get married • The conduct of any person involved in bringing about the forced marriage, including family members, friends, wedding planners and marriage celebrants • The offences apply regardless of the age, gender, sexual orientation, religious or cultural background of the victim.

The authority of the Magisterium

The early Christians accepted the authority of the Apostles when they taught in the name of Jesus. This was because they believed that, when they exercised the spiritual gifts Jesus had given them, it was Jesus who was guiding the Church through them [Acts 15:22-35]. Catholics have accepted the authority of the Pope and bishops whenever they have officially and formally exercised their roles of leadership in the name of Jesus. Catholics have accepted the human limitations of members of the Church's Magisterium, just as the early Christians accepted those of Peter and the Apostles. Catholics believe that the power of Christ is too strong to be affected by these limitations. They believe in the promises of Jesus. Today, people tend to test a teaching by the example of the one who gives it. Jesus, not the Apostles or the Magisterium of the Church, is the one who gives the Christian message. It is he who guides its teaching. Jesus lived as he taught. Catholics accept his authority exercised through the Apostles and as he has continued to exercise it through the Popes and bishops.

1. Infallible teachings of the Church

The first are those teachings which are found in what God has revealed. These are referred to as infallible teachings. Infallible teachings relate either to faith or the essential requirements for Christian morals. They fulfil the promise of Jesus: ...when the Spirit of truth comes he will lead you to the complete truth, ...all he reveals to you will be taken from what is mine. [John 16:13-14] Examples of infallible teachings include the Creeds, doctrines about the Trinity, the divinity and the humanity of Jesus, the Virgin Mary and the seven sacraments. They are called infallible for two reasons: • they are found in what God has revealed through Jesus • the Holy Spirit has guided the Church's understanding of them. Infallible teachings can be proclaimed by Councils of Popes and bishops or by Popes on their own. An example of a Council giving an infallible teaching is the Creed used at Sunday Mass. This was taught by the Council of Nicea in 325AD. Two examples of infallible teachings proclaimed by Popes are: • the doctrines of the Immaculate Conception, that Mary was conceived free from Original Sin, which was proclaimed in 1854 by Pope Pius IX • the Assumption, that Mary was assumed body and soul into heaven which was proclaimed in 1954 by Pope Pius XII. Infallible teachings cannot be changed once proclaimed. This is because what God has revealed does not change. However, in different generations, the words used to explain the teaching may change. Infallible teachings require complete acceptance in faith from Catholics.

The role religion plays in society

The followers of different religions are members of particular societies and do play a variety of roles in the societies to which they belong. Sometimes the participation of a religion or its followers in a society is welcomed and supported. In other cases it may be treated with suspicion and hostility. Often there are historical and cultural reasons for these attitudes and behaviours. Whatever the situation, religion often plays a role in society, either directly through the activities of the religion itself or indirectly through the activities of those who belong to the religion. The role religion plays in society can be classified in different ways. Four useful categories are: • Religious - supporting people in their religious way of life • Social - providing a service or support to people or groups within society • Political - promoting, explaining, and supporting the beliefs and values of a religion within society • Cultural - using art, music, literature to give expression to how people find meaning and purpose in their life.

3. Teachings which help understand Revelation

The most frequent teachings of Popes and bishops aim to help Catholics understand better the Christian message, and how it relates to daily life. The purposes of the teachings are: • to explain God's Revelation clearly • to point out how some teachings are consistent with what God has revealed • to warn about ideas that conflict with what God has revealed. Catholics are called to accept these teachings. The most regular examples of these teachings over the past few decades are those related to issues of Social Justice and the dignity of every human person. The conscience response called for by this level of teaching is religious submission of will and intellect. In other words, a Catholic with racist attitudes accepts the Church's teaching that all are created equal in, and works to ensure that in their attitudes and choices they reflect Church teaching. The person submits his or her personal inclinations. Remembering the promise of Christ about the guidance of the Holy Spirit.

CHAPTER 2 - THE GOSPEL OF CREATION

The next step picks up the wealth of Judeo-Christian tradition, particularly in biblical texts and in theological reflection on them The earth is essentially a shared inheritance, whose fruits are meant to benefit everyone For believers, this becomes a question of fidelity to the Creator, since God created the world for everyone The ultimate purpose of other creatures is not to be found in us. Rather, all creatures are moving forward with us and through us towards a common point of arrival, which is God, in that transcendent fullness where the risen Christ embraces and illumines all things (LS 83) o By asserting that nature has a value in and of itself, Francis is overturning centuries of theological interpretation that regarded the natural world with outright hostility - as a misery to be transcended and an 'allurement' to be resisted. Christianity stresses that nature was something valuable to steward and protect - some even celebrated it - but mostly as a set of resources to sustain humans

CHAPTER 4

The objective is to develop an integral ecological profile which, in its various dimensions, includes "our unique place as human beings in this world and our relationship to our surroundings"

The Apostolic Offices in the Church today

The roles of Peter and the Apostles can be broken down into the three basic functions exercised by Jesus. These are continued by the Pope and bishops today. They are the functions of: • teaching and safeguarding the Christian message • providing for the growing holiness of believers • governing the Church in Jesus' name.

Levels of official Catholic teaching

There are different levels of Catholic teaching. They call for different conscience responses from Catholics. Some teachings are given by Councils of the Pope and bishops. There have been twenty such Councils over the past two thousand years, the most recent being the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965). Others are given by Synods of the Pope and representatives of the bishops from around the world. Today, Synods are held about every four years. The bishops within a nation or region meet in what are called Synods from time to time. Popes also proclaim teachings. On significant matters, they do so only after consulting the bishops even though they are not obliged to. Popes also teach by assenting or agreeing to statements issued on particular matters by Vatican departments called Congregations. Councils, Synods and Popes use a variety of statements when teaching. Those skilled in theology know the importance of a teaching and the degree to which Popes and bishops are using their spiritual powers by the kind of statement issued.

People influenced by religion

There are many examples of individuals influenced by religion. Some, having grown up in an environment rich with examples of religious living embrace and follow the example they have learnt. Others, moved by particular situations or circumstances, discover in religion a powerful way to understand and respond to life and its challenges. Often it is through the example and words of other people that person finds themselves being influenced and shaped by a religion. Finally, it is in the very nature of a particular religion that people find themselves being influenced and shaped by religion. In particular it is through the beliefs, practices and celebrations that are central to the religion that a person can be influenced by religion. Within the Catholic faith tradition there is a rich collection of stories of people influenced and shaped by Catholic faith. The better known examples can be found in the lives of saint, but not exclusively. There are many stories of people living today that exemplify how religion can influence and shape a person.

2. Definitive Catholic teaching

There are many teachings in God's Revelation that have never required infallible teaching. These teachings help 'define' a person's faith as Catholic. Because of their relationship to what God has revealed, definitive teachings must be consciously agreed to and lived by anyone who is a Catholic. Examples include Catholic teachings that: • a person who does not believe cannot be forced to worship • no one can be forced to act contrary to his or her conscience, especially in religious matters • deliberate abortion and euthanasia break the Fifth Commandment.

Personal development

Throughout their life each person experiences a range of influences that shape who they are and how they live. Religion can be one of these influences contributing to the development of a person. This can occur in many different ways but in general, as with other influences, it is through the circumstances of a person's life, other people, events and ideas that people encounter in life that they are influenced by religion.

To serve as God's fellow-workers requires stewardship

To serve as God's fellow-workers in God's work of creation requires stewardship or proper management of the earth's resources. God has created people stewards of creation. The whole human race is called to ensure that the resources of the earth are administered as God intends. This includes: • providing for the needs of all • handing on the world with all its beauty and its resources to future generations. While people are entitled to use what they need, they are obliged to restore as best they can what they have used. Individually people are called to do what they can to foster good stewardship of creation.

Community and Participation

We are not created by God to live alone. Living in community is essential expression of who we are. but community does not just happen - it is something that men and woman must work together to develop Quote - "A community needs a soul if it is to become a true home for human beings. You, the people must give it this should" (Catholic Social Teachings, 2018)

What is gender-based violence?

While men and boys can be victims of forced marriage, most reported victims are young women and girls. Forced marriage is considered a form of gender-based violence

The involvement of religion in society

Within any society how individuals and groups perceive and react to religion and its role in a society varies. Ideology, experiences of religion, the behaviour of a religion or its members, issues in society, history and cultural factors all play a role in shaping how people view the role of religion in society. Such factors also inform the types of arguments developed for and against religion playing a role in society.

Forced Marrigae Vocabulary

Word/Term/ Acronym Definition/Meaning within the Australian forced marriage context AFP Australian Federal Police AGD Attorney General's Department aggravated offence Where the offender committed the offence for the benefit of a criminal organisation to two or more members of a criminal organisation, or at the direction of, or in association with, a criminal organisation arranged marriage A type of marital union where the bride and groom are selected by individuals other than the couple themselves; particularly family members, such as parents case study A process or record of research into the development of a particular person, group or situation over a period of time coercion The action or practice of persuading some to do something by using force or threats. confiscating Take seize ( someone's property ) with Authority consenting Give permission for something to happen culturally In a way that relates to the ideas, customs and social behaviour of different societies deceived Deliberately cause someone to believe something that is not true, especially for personal gain. ethnicity The fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition. exploitation The action or fact of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work. exploitative Making use of a situation or treating others unfairly in order to gain an advantage or benefit freedom The power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants forced marriage A marriage in which one or more of the parties is married without his or her consent or against his or her will. freely and fully If someone gives or does something freely, they give or do it willingly, without being ordered or forced to do it. human rights A right which is believed to belong to every person illegal Contrary to or forbidden by law, especially criminal law. illegality An illegal act or practice immigration The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country international Existing, occurring or carried on between nations. investigation The action of investigating something or someone ; formal or systematic examination or research jurisdiction The official power to make legal decisions and judgments legislation Laws, considered collectively. marriage The legally or formally recognised union of two people as partners in a personal relationship ( historically and in some jurisdictions, specifically a union between and man and a woman ) NGO A non-profit organisation that operates of any government, typically one whose purpose is to address a social or political issue. obligations An act or course of action to which a person is morally or legally bound; a duty or commitment. proactive Creating or controlling a situation rather than just responding to it after it has happened. prosecution The institution and conducting of legal proceedings against someone in respect of a criminal charge referral An act of referring someone or something for consultation, review or further action. residency The fact of living in a place sexual orientation A person's sexual identity in relation to the gender to which they are attracted ; the fact of being heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual slavery The state of being a slave. Slavery-like practices Resembling slavery The actual application or use of an idea, belief or method as opposed to theories relating to it. spouse A husband or wife, considered in relation to their partner. threatened State one's intention to take hostile action against someone in retribution for something done or not done trafficking Deal or trade in something illegal unlawfully detained Keeping in custody in a manner that is not permitted or recognised by law or the rules vulnerable Exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed, either physically or emotionally.

TO SERVE AS GOD'S FELLOW-WORKERS REQUIRES STEWARDSHIP

^^ This requires stewardship or proper management of the earth's resources God has created people stewards of creation The whole human race is called to ensure that the resources of the earth as administered as God intends, this includes: o Providing for the needs of all o Handing on the world with all its beauty and its resources to future generation People are entitled to use what they need, they are obliged to restore as best as they can and what they have used individually people are called to do what they can to foster good stewardship of creation

CM - Life With Callaghan's and Armstrong's

• Armstrong's • Her cousin (Dr Armstrong) was a strict protestant and he expected Catherine to give up her Catholic faith • Callaghan's • Asked her to live with them • They viewed Catholicism as superstition • Allowed her to study and practice her religion • She began to attend church services and took instruction in her faith • She received her first Holy Communion in her 30s • They asked her to not display any religious artefact's within her home • She was able to involve herself in the lives of the poor in the neighbourhood of the Coolock (a particularly poor village) and visited the poor areas of Dublin • Shaped her to become a women of Mercy - very involved in the poor and within her faith

CM -Becoming a Nun - Religious Sister

• Catherine had such a strong trusting relationship with God • Archbishop Murray encouraged Catherine to consider starting a religious congregation • Catherine become a nun to safeguard the work being done at the House of Mercy and to assure her continued work for the poor This shaped Catherine's religion as she became a women of much stronger faith. She found God through her prayers and continued to serve the poor people of the community even though she received much criticism and hatred from the community

CM - Outreach of Service To The Poor

• First introduced to serving those in poverty by her father at 5 years • Catherine • Cared for the sick and dying • Visited the homes of the poor children • Educated the children • Taught needlework to the young women and opened a shop on the estate to sell their handiwork • Took in two orphans • These acts of kindness inspired her to open up the House of Mercy - using her money to support those less fortunate than herself

CM - Criticism of Baggot Street

• Immersing the rich and the poor together was Catherine's intention • Her family & friends where angry at her for wasting her money on the thankless poor • She had fear from her protestant neighborhoods who thought the House would downgrade their prestigious locality • These criticism influenced and shaped her religions to continue her work within the community to change the lives of the poor • Received criticism from the catholic church

How are arranged marriages different to forced marriages?

The crime of forced marriage does not include: Arranged marriage—when potential spouses are introduced through the involvement of a third party or family member, and both parties have consented to marry. Arranged marriages are legal in Australia as the two people marrying have agreed to marry; they are not being forced.

Facts - FM

In Australia, the term 'forced marriage' is used to describe what happens when somebody gets married without freely and fully consenting, because they have been coerced, threatened or deceived.

What does 'to cause' mean?

It is illegal to cause a person to enter a forced marriage, and to be a party to a forced marriage

CM - How was Catherine's father integral to her life's work?

James McCauley had a great concern for the poor, and had compassion for the suffering. He was also a strong believer in the Catholic faith. He was a kind and devoted man who bought poor children to his house on weekends for instruction on the Catholic faith. His compassion was integral, and was a large influence on Catherine's life.

CM - What was Ireland like in Catherine McAuley's time (early 1800's)?

Lots of poverty and homelessness in the street, and many young woman were in difficult situations.

4. Teachings on contemporary new issues

Over the centuries Catholics have questioned how they should respond to many contemporary life issues. These have ranged from issues of slavery and usury to contemporary issues such as capital punishment, nuclear weapons and the moral use of medical technology. The Magisterium teaches in the light of the best available knowledge relating to contemporary issues. The Spirit continues to guide the understanding of Popes and bishops about the Gospel of Jesus. The conscience response called for by these statements is religious acceptance. Catholics are called to say The degree of acceptance of the teaching of the Magisterium on how the Gospel should apply to areas of human knowledge depends upon the accuracy of the knowledge available at the time. There are many examples of Church teachings at this level changing with the development of human knowledge. One example is the Church's traditional teaching on capital punishment. When other means of protecting the lives of community members by removing murderers from their midst were not available, the Church tolerated capital punishment as a means of protecting or defending innocent human life. Another belief was the idea that capital punishment served as a deterrent to would-be killers. Modern penal systems and the realisation that capital punishment does not serve generally as a deterrent has led the Church to teach now that: as a result of steady improvement in the organisation of the penal system, such cases (when capital punishment might be permitted) are very rare, if not practically non-existent. [Gospel of Life 56] The reason Catholics are called to give religious acceptance to Catholic teachings that apply to modern questions; is that the Spirit is guiding the Magisterium. It is possible for a Catholic to differ in conscience from the Church's official teaching for valid reasons. A person cannot simply dislike the Church's conclusion; they need to ask themselves the following questions: • 'Am I sure that the teaching is neither definitive nor infallible?' • 'Do I understand the reasons given by the Pope or the Pope and bishops for their teachings? • 'Which reason or reasons do I believe sincerely to be mistaken in my situation?' • 'What are my own reasons for believing this?' The Pope and bishops teach officially only after a long period of prayer, study, discussion and consultation. This is why definitive and infallible teachings are not that frequent. To take one example, the infallible teaching on the Assumption of Mary into heaven was declared only after a long consultation process. When considering modern concerns, the Magisterium consults experts from around the world. These range from experts in Scripture to experts in the sciences. People who feel that, in conscience, they cannot accept a Church teaching that is not definitive or infallible need to be really certain that they have all the necessary information to make this decision. When Catholics find themselves reluctant to accept an official teaching of the Church, they need to search their hearts sincerely to find out why. Many motives lie deep within the human heart, and not all are good. The voice of conscience often becomes clear slowly and over time. For this reason, as well as trying to form their consciences as best they can, Catholics need to pray sincerely about any doubts related to official Church teachings. At no stage do they decide lightly that their conscience is telling them to disobey an official teaching of the Church.

Care for Creation

Respect for human life means respecting all of God's creation. We must re-engage with our environment and take responsibility for it; life sustainably, live so that there is enough resources for everyone. Quote - "The relationship between human activity and global warming must be constantly monitored for "the climate is a good that must be protected" (Catholic Social Teachings, 2018)

CHAPTER 3

The analysis is then directed towards "the roots of the present situation, so as to consider not only its symptoms but also its deepest causes"

CHAPTER 1 - WHAT IS HAPPENING

The movement starts by listening spiritually to the results of the best scientific research on environmental matters available today, "letting them touch us deeply and provide a concrete foundation for the ethical and spiritual itinerary that follows" - Science is the best tool by which we can listen to the cry of the earth

Catholic perspectives

While the circumstances of life throw up many opportunities for people to search for, discover and experience the meaning and purpose offered by religion, Catholics also believe that faith is not just reliant upon chance. God reaches out to people. God has been reaching out to people from the moment of creation. Fundamental to Catholic teaching is the belief that all people are called into a deeply personal relationship with God; how a person responds to this call is a free choice. This message, in simple terms, is the Good News of Jesus Christ - the Gospel message. Proclaiming and sharing this message is the mission of all who follow Jesus, the Church.