Rel/Phil with some Social Science

One of Jonathan Edwards' most famous sermons, which warned listeners of Hell

"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

The eight threads and five knots of the tzitzit remind believers of the number of these things, which also corresponds to the numerical value of the word "Torah."

613 commandments

It ends with the author noting that he has no ulterior motive, due to the advanced age of his wife.

A Modest Proposal

This work discusses a solution to the over-hunting of deer offered by a "true Lover of his Country," but cites more approvingly the accounts of a "very knowing American" and "famous Salmanaazor, a Native of the Island Formosa."

A Modest Proposal

This work lists "introducing a vein of parsimony," "quitting our animosities and factions," and "taxing our absentees" among the expedients that the author doesn't wish to be talked about.

A Modest Proposal

This work notes that a certain commodity will be most prevalent in March, due to its proximity to Lent, and suggests a way to make gloves for ladies and boots for gentlemen.

A Modest Proposal

He argues that the mind's vices make one disposed to sin in his moral treatise Ethics, or Know Thyself.

Abelard

This thinker calls his teacher, William of Champeaux, the "supreme master" of dialectic in an autobiographical letter that recounts how Anselm of Laon persecuted him.

Abelard

wrote the book Sic et Non and married Héloïse

Abelard

In this book, a Pharisee named Gamaliel advises a council to leave some other men alone, and an Ethiopian eunuch converts to Christianity. At the opening of this book, lots are drawn and Matthias is chosen to replace a man who had died.

Acts

He argued for mandated universal education up to age ten in a book which worried that the repetition of one continuous task would dull laborers' minds.

Adam Smith

In one book, this man argues that the fall of the Roman Empire led to the rise of townsfolk with privileges over country folk

Adam Smith

One concept created by this thinker can be described with the terms "guiding friction" and "guiding principle" while his idea of understanding character development was elaborated in his work Understanding Human Nature

Adler

the foremost source of human motivation is striving for superiority

Adler's Individual Psycology

This sometime user of the pseudonym Ricardo Klement compared himself to Pontius Pilate after meeting Reinhard Heydrich and others at the Wannsee conference

Adolf Eichmann

In the wake of this nation's Saur revolution, Operation Storm-333 killed this nation's sitting president at Tajbeg Palace.

Afghanistan

The Haqqani group fights mainly against this Pashto-speaking country where Operation Cyclone, a CIA effort championed by Texas congressman Charlie Wilson, supported the mujahideen.

Afghanistan

The warrior Gulbuddin Hekmatyar had to flee this home country of his several times.

Afghanistan

This country was briefly home to a murderous left-wing party called the PDPA, which supplanted Mohammad Daoud Khan.

Afghanistan

This country's majority ethnic group still legitimates governments through loya jirga, a traditional grand council

Afghanistan

Drunken student of socrates, whose vandalism of a herm indirectly caused the death of Socrates

Alcibiades

This theologian compared the heart to a mirror that can reflect the light of God in "The Marvels of the Heart," a chapter from his book ​The Revival of the Religious Sciences​.

Algazel

At the end of this piece, the flutes and high strings play a B major chord while the cellos and basses play a low C pizzicato, thus preventing a true resolution.

Also sprach Zarathustra

In one section of this work, muted horns imitate the words "Credo in unum deum"; that section of this work was originally called "Of the Divine."

Also sprach Zarathustra

Near the beginning of this piece, the trumpets play an ascending C-G-C motif followed by two tutti chords from the orchestra and then a pounding timpani solo.

Also sprach Zarathustra

The most important gurdwara is the Harmandir Sahib, or Golden Temple, which is located in this city, where it is surrounded by a pool of "nectar."

Amristar

Protests erupted in this city during the wedding of former Hitler Youth member Claus von Amsberg to the daughter of the monarch Juliana.

Amsterdam

This book imagines the soul of a prince and a cobbler switching bodies to illustrate a view of personal identity relying on continuity of consciousness

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

This book imagines the soul of a prince and a cobbler switching bodies to illustrate a view of personal identity relying on continuity of consciousness.

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

This book introduced the term "sortal" to describe the abstract idea behind a genus, and contends that species and genus terms only describe nominal essences.

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

This book, which introduced Molyneux's problem, distinguishes observer-independent properties like shape from observer-dependent ones like color or smell

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Another two of these figures collectively known as the Kiraman Katibin and named Raqib and Atid sit on a person's shoulders and record good and bad deeds.

Angels

Name the evil spirit in Zoroastrianism

Angra Mainyu

A Portuguese saint of this name converted the heretics of Rimini after he went to a river, started preaching, and numerous fish listened to his sermons.

Anthony

A saint of this name gave his follower Serapion a sheepskin cloak after his death.

Anthony

A saint of this name, who was the subject of a biography by Athanasius, was a (*) hermit who once found a plate made of silver in the desert.

Anthony

An order named for another saint of this name became renowned for treating "holy fire," or ergotism

Anthony

This saint was a desert father who supposedly encountered a demonic satyr and centaur while trying to find Paul, and once saw many little demons while occupying a cave.

Anthony

In Judaism, this sort of figure was often depicted as a bald man with one huge eye and one small eye called Armilus. In Islam, this sort of figure is called ad-Dajjal and appears before Yawm al-Qiyamah.

Antichrist

The belief that a person who achieved salvation by faith alone is not bound to act under moral law

Antinomianism

Eos repeatedly kidnapped attractive men because an early dalliance with Ares caused this jealous goddess to curse her with insatiable desire.

Aphrodite

It was originally thought that all kouros statues represented this god, who leans on a tree and prepares to capture or kill a lizard in a sculpture by Praxiteles

Apollo

Michael Collins remained in the Command Module during this mission

Apollo 11

Norman Mailer remarked "What a name!" regarding Alarm 1202, an "Executive Overload" error that threatened to derail this mission due to different power supplies from those used in the simulator

Apollo 11

Steve Bales received an award from the President for not aborting this mission

Apollo 11

The commander of this mission troublingly observed Maskelyne W ​three seconds earlier than expected.

Apollo 11

A hymn by St. Venantius Fortunatus inspired this man to write his Pange Lingua​.

Aquinas

His other hymns for the ​Lauda sion​ sequence include ​Adoro te devote​ and ​Sacris solemniis​, whose "Panis angelicus" strophe is often excerpted

Aquinas

In 1273, this student of Albertus Magnus had a mystical experience that caused him to abandon his ​magnum opus​, which refers to Aristotle as "The Philosopher" and includes five proofs of the existence of God called the ​quinque viae​.

Aquinas

In his major work of philosophy, this author usually uses the construction "Sed Contra," meaning "On the Contrary," followed by "Respondeo," meaning "I Respond.

Aquinas

Roberto Busa produced a lemmatized and searchable version of this thinker's oeuvre in a pioneering work of digital humanities

Aquinas

This philosopher stopped writing after a mystical experience that led him to compare his thought to straw

Aquinas

Upon being shown a nun levitating in prayer, this man quipped, "I didn't know nuns wore such big boots."

Aquinas

Leads God's army against the forces of Satan in the Book of Revelation.

Archangel Michael

How many grains of sand would it take to fill the Universe

Archimedes

This country had a lengthy civil war between the Federalists and the Unitarian League

Argentina

A heresy developed in the late third century that denied Christ's full divinity, stating that Christ was a created being who was superior to human beings but inferior to God.

Arianism

This dramatist's play ​The Clouds​ satirized Socrates, whom he addresses with a speech detailing a creation myth in Plato's ​Symposium​.

Aristophanes

Avicenna stated that he read one of this man's works 40 times before al-Farabi's commentary allowed him to understand it.

Aristotle

Married women in this city who inherited their father's property were required to divorce their husband and marry their father's closest male relative.

Athens

Dan McLaughlin has been testing whether one can become an expert in this profession by following Malcolm Gladwell's 10,000 hours dictum

Athletes

This student of Henri (*) Saint-Simon (awn-ree sahn see-mohn) wrote a book suggesting that human society moves from a theological to a metaphysical stage, and finally to a stage in which scientific methods can solve the world's problems.

Auguste Comte

This non-classical thinker referred to an early book as a ladder to be thrown away after it is climbed, and opened that work with seven basic propositions.

Augustine

Intellectual heirs of this philosopher argued that there are both religious and philosophical kinds of truth, a doctrine known as "double truth."

Averroes

This philosopher asserted that God is simple and changeless but can create complex plurality by contemplating all of reality simultaneously.

Averroes

This philosopher revived the study of (*)​ Aristotle through his series of commentaries, which sought to refute contemporary Neoplatonist accounts propounded by fellow Muslim thinkers.

Averroes

This philosopher wrote "The Incoherence of Incoherence"

Averroes

This man grounded his classification of human knowledge in a tripartite division of reason, memory, and imagination.

Bacon

This 1917 letter to Baron Rothschild from the British Foreign Secretary, which ambiguously promised a Jewish "national home" in Palestine, was a major success for Zionism.

Balfour declaration

First Corinthians 15:29 ("chapter 15, verse 29") has been used to justify a vicarious form of this practice.

Baptism

John of Bohemia was killed at this battle after Genoese crossbowmen failed to help the French.

Battle of Crecy

Sorge​ is the feature of intentional beings that allows them to engage in ontology, which this book contrasts with the "ontic"

Being and Time

This book attempts to destroy the "metaphysics of presence," in part by distinguishing the present-at-hand from the ready-to-hand. ​

Being and Time

This book describes two modes of attitudes toward objects called readiness-at-hand and presence-at-hand, and takes Dasein, or existence, as its central concept.

Being and Time

This book discusses translations of Heraclitus's word ​logos​ when considering ​sorge​ , or "care," as a form of "self-interpretation."

Being and Time

This book opens by discussing a "question that has been forgotten," but which once "sustained the avid research of Plato and Aristotle."

Being and Time

This future Pope, the first to resign from the Papacy in nearly six hundred years, served as a theological consultant at Vatican II.

Benedict XVI

A limerick about this thinker's views considers a situation when "there's no one about in the quad."

Berkeley

After this thinker's attempts to establish a school for the natives of Bermuda failed, he donated the funds to Yale and Harvard

Berkeley

Against John Locke, this philosopher argued that primary qualities are subjective since they cannot be abstracted from secondary qualities.

Berkeley

He denied the existence of matter in Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous

Berkeley

Samuel Johnson's reaction to this philosopher was to kick a stone and shout "I refute it thus!"

Berkeley

This man's Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge stated his view that God maintains ideas and spirits as the only existent things

Berkeley

This philosopher believed that there are no mind-independent objects

Berkeley

This philosopher's "master argument" claims that mind-independent objects do not exist since one cannot conceive them.

Berkeley

This thinker argued that it is impossible to conceive of an unconceived object

Berkeley

This thinker used a tree secluded by a park and a book hidden in a closet as two examples for his "master argument,

Berkeley

This thinker used the example of an oar that appears crooked in water to show how we cannot always abstract from our perceptions.

Berkeley

This thinker, who is not William of Ockham, had his theory of action and reaction as mathematical hypotheses classified by Karl Popper as a use of his namesake "razor"

Berkeley

This thinker, who is not William of Ockham, had his theory of action and reaction as mathematical hypotheses classified by Karl Popper as a use of his namesake "razor."

Berkeley

Wrote that "magnitude" and "distance" are mapped by the mind onto human vision.

Berkeley

argued that "to be is to be perceived" in Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous

Berkeley

name this Irish bishop who held that the world consisted only of ideas and God in works like Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous.

Berkeley

mind-independent objects do not exist because it is impossible to conceive of them

Berkeley's master argument

to be is to be perceived

Berkeley's master argument

A woman of Moab moved to this city after promising, "Where you go, I will go," and found a job in this city gleaning the fields of Boaz

Bethlehem

Matthew holds that an event in this city fulfilled a prophecy by Jeremiah beginning, "A voice was heard in Ramah."

Bethlehem

A translation of this text with a commentary by Swami Prabhupada was often given out in airports by his followers

Bhagvad Gita

In this work, the intellect is compared to a man driving the horses of the senses.

Bhagvad Gita

This text presents jñana , bhakti, and karma yoga as paths of attaining moksha

Bhagvad Gita

This text presents ​jñana​​, ​bhakti​, and ​karma​ yoga as paths of attaining ​moksha​.

Bhagvad Gita

This concept refers to "ultimate reality" in the Vedanta school of Hinduism

Brahman

A 2017 plane crash killed this country's judge Teori Zavascki

Brazil

A January 2017 wave of prison riots in this country arose from a clash between the CV, or "Red Command", and PCC criminal organizations

Brazil

In this country, Operation Carwas has targeted its largest oil company, Petrobras

Brazil

The current leader of this country once wrote a letter beginning with the Latin phrase "Verba volant, scripta manent."

Brazil

This country washome to an investigation that fined the construction company Odebrecht and the meatpacking company JBS

Brazil

A character visits this figure's home on Vulture Peak to request his help in subduing a six-eared macaque

Buddha

Near the end of a novel, this man gives scriptures to the monk Tang Sanzang, who is a reincarnation of a follower of this man

Buddha

The Monkey King graffitis and urinates on a bronze pillar that turns out to be this man's finger

Buddha

This figure punishes his second disciple, the Golden Cicada, with reincarnation after he sleeps during this man's sermon

Buddha

This male figure requires a character who has undergone 80 ordeals to undergo one more ordeal on his way home to experience the "nine nines.

Buddha

Men under the age of 20 may become trainees known as samaneras in this group, according to regulations laid out in the Vinaya

Buddhist monks

Men under the age of 20 may become trainees known as ​samanera​s in this group, according to regulations laid out in the Vinaya.

Buddhist monks

People may become part of this group through the act of ​Pabbajja​ as many as seven times in some traditions

Buddhist monks

Saichō and Hōnen were two of these people who respectively brought the Tendai and​ Pure Land schools to Japan

Buddhist monks

Some people of this type attempted to become mummified while alive in the practice of ​sokushinbutsu​ ​

Buddhist monks

The third Jewel of Buddhism consists of people of this occupation, the community of which is called Sangha

Buddhist monks

These people may use a wooden fish to keep rhythm while chanting

Buddhist monks

A question posed by Subhuti opens one of these texts which is so-named because it cuts through illusion.

Buddhist sutras

One of these religious texts describes stanzas written on a wall as part of a contest to succeed Hongren (HONG-run) and become the Sixth Patriarch.

Buddhist sutras

This country's chief ethnic group was the subject of the "nightmare campaign" to bring them under French control, and are the Gbaya.

CAR

The protagonist is drugged and taken on a journey to Malacandra in this author's first novel about Elwin Ransom

CS Lewis

The protagonist of an epistolary novel by this author is punished after a man is killed in an air raid before he can be turned evil.

CS Lewis

This author argued that four "marks" distinguished courtly love in the work of medieval troubadours in The Allegory of Love.

CS Lewis

This author of Out of the Silent Planet framed a novel as a conversation between the title character and the demon Wormwood.

CS Lewis

In many regions, this event is most commonly celebrated on Shrove Tuesday.

Carnival

Popes Leo X and Clement VII both banned the practice of throwing rotten oranges at Jews who were forced to run naked through Rome during this event

Carnival

Popes Leo X and Clement VII both banned the practice of throwing rotten oranges at Jews who were forced to run naked through Rome during this event.

Carnival

This event begins in Cologne on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month, and in medieval times, it saw a ceremonial transfer of power to women.

Carnival

Verses from the 19th chapter of Matthew supported a re-affirmation of a doctrine concerning this practice made at the Council of Trent.

Celibacy

A 1960 experiment run by Richard Walk and Eleanor Gibson assessed depth perception in this type of subject by placing them on a "visual cliff."

Children

A work from this country considers that a white horse may not be a horse

China

This man divided certain critics into "amazed", "peevishly hostile", and "universalist" groups in his essay "Where Angels Fear to Tread",

Chinua Achebe

this author's protagonist befriends William Green's secretary Marie Tomlinson and is arrested for taking a bribe in order to pay for an abortion for his girlfriend Clara, an osu.

Chinua Achebe

A seminary that shares its name with this sect was founded by one of the leaders of the New Thought movement, Emma Curtis Hopkins

Christian Science

A text used by this denomination contains a "statement of being," which asserts that "All is infinite mind and its infinite manifestation, for God is All-in-all."

Christian Science

Bliss Knapp wrote a controversial book identifying this denomination's founder with a figure from the Book of Revelation in his ​The Destiny of the Mother Church

Christian Science

Its founder was treated by Phineas P. Quimby, a member of the "New Thought" movement who inspired this denomination's ideas

Christian Science

Mark Twain negatively compared this sect to the Spanish Inquisition in a book titled for it

Christian Science

Name this denomination founded by Mary Baker Eddy, the author of ​Science and Health​.

Christian Science

The founder of this sect "rose again" on the third day after slipping on ice, several years after being treated by the mesmerist Phineas Quimby.

Christian Science

The ​Manual of the Mother Church​ calls for the establishment of this denomination's namesake Reading Rooms.

Christian Science

This denomination holds that sickness is the result of thought, and can be cured through prayer

Christian Science

This religion's founder was healed by Phineas Quimby, and later wrote The Manual of the Mother Church.

Christian Science

This sect holds that illusions about death separate one's "mortal mind" from God's "divine Mind."

Christian Science

This religion posits that two triangles can serve as a model for improving interpersonal communication, the KRC and the ARC.

Church of Scientology

His freed slave Tiro compiled his letters to his childhood friend Titus Pomponius Atticus

Cicero

Macrobius wrote a Neoplatonic commentary on a passage by this philosopher in which Scipio is presented with visions of life after death and the nine celestial spheres

Cicero

This man got Milo acquitted after Milo's attendants killed Clodius Pulcher, who had earlier proclaimed this man an exile.

Cicero

This man's career took off after he successfully argued that Sextus Roscius had not killed his father.

Cicero

This man's tongue and hands were cut out on the orders of an enemy that he targeted in his Demosthenes-inspired ​Philippics

Cicero

Kamin blocking, which inhibits this phenomenon, can be explained with the Rescorla-Wagner model of it

Classical conditioning

Latent inhibition limits the efficacy of this phenomenon, whose second-order variety involves three cognitive steps

Classical conditioning

Nicholas Mackintosh's predictions about attentional changes in this phenomenon were contradicted by the Pearce-Hall model.

Classical conditioning

This method of learning was demonstrated in an experiment where a loud noise led a baby to fear all white, furry objects

Classical conditioning

The Raw and the Cooked in Mythologiques and wrote The Savage Mind.

Claude Strauss

Odysseus tricked her into thinking that her daughter was to marry Achilles, but in actuality, that daughter, Iphigenia, was to be sacrificed at Aulis.

Clytemnestra

This woman persuaded her husband to walk into his palace on an extravagant purple carpet.

Clytemnestra

This woman's first husband was a grandson of Tantalus who was also named Tantalus.

Clytemnestra

his mother of Chrysothemis wrote a letter to her husband asking him to light a fire on Mt. Ida so that she would be aware when he returned.

Clytemnestra

In 1986, the Giotto space probe was launched to study these phenomena, such as the Grigg-Skjellerup one.

Comets

NASA's Stardust probe found the amino acid glycine in one of these named Wild 2.

Comets

Shoemaker-Levy 9 crashed into Jupiter in 1994.

Comets

When earth passes by one named Swift-Tuttle, the Perseid meteor shower occurs.

Comets

One chapter of this work discusses "sleep crawling," and a later chapter states that parents should focus on teaching their children how to think rather than what to think.

Coming of Age in Samoa

The average amount of time spent doing this activity was found to be about one hour, a result known as Marchetti's constant

Commuting

"law of three stages"

Comte

Divinities called the ​Grand Fetish​, or the Great Earth, and the ​Grand Milieu​, or the Cosmic Space, appear in his "Religion of Humanity,"

Comte

This man suggested that the months be named after Moses and Homer in a proposal dividing the year into 13 months of 28 days

Comte

This student of Henri​ Saint-Simon wrote a book suggesting that human society moves from a theological to a metaphysical stage, and finally to a stage in which scientific methods can solve the world's problems.

Comte

Branch of Judaism whose rabbis are trained at the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York City.

Conservative Judaism

A since-discredited hypothesis of Archie Carr used this theory to explain the migration of the green sea turtle from Brazil to Ascension Island.

Continental drift

In his 1543 ​On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres​ he outlined a system of purely circular motion, an idea corrected by Johannes Kepler.

Copernicus

Some of his ideas were first communicated in the Narratio Prima by his student, Georges Joachim Rheticus.

Copernicus

Some of his ideas were first communicated in the ​Narratio Prima​ by his student, Georges Joachim Rheticus.

Copernicus

This man's work was corrected by Erasmus Reinhold, the first person to make tables based on his theories

Copernicus

Thomas Digges translated this man's principle text, which outlines a system that did not rely on the equants, deferents, and eccentrics that had dominated his field since the publication of the ​Almagest​.

Copernicus

To avoid controversy, this thinker claimed that his theory was meant only to aid in mathematical calculations and was not necessarily true

Copernicus

Some Buddhists believe that when some of these objects are burnt, pearl-like crystals called sarira are produced. In Islam, these objects are central to the janazah ritual, before which they receive ghusl and are wrapped by a cloth called a kafan.

Corpses

A rival of Stephen Gardiner with this surname became chief minister after Cardinal Wolsey's death and engineered the dissolution of the monasteries.

Cromwell

Hesiod claims that this god was the fourth to emerge, after Chaos, Gaia, and Tartarus

Cupid

In the ​Argonautica,​ Athena and Hera seek to bribe this god with a spherical toy so that he will visit Medea.

Cupid

This god draws the sleep from a girl's face and places it inside a box in a narrative from Apuleius's ​The Golden Ass

Cupid

A member of this group from Sinope was said to look for an honest man while holding a lantern and sleep without possessions in a giant jar on the street.

Cynics

A member of this intellectual group allegedly coined the term "cosmopolitan" when asked if he was a foreigner or a Greek.

Cynics

Legendarily, one person from this group plucked the feathers off a chicken to refute the definition of man as "featherless biped."

Cynics

Many members of this group were accused of defecating in public

Cynics

Philosophers of this type included Crates of Thebes and Antisthenes.

Cynics

Al-Walid built over a shrine of John the Baptist to construct this city's Great Mosque, near the burial sites of Nur al-Din,

Damascus

Despite a ban on wine, a corrupt ruler in this city was said to fill a pool with wine and bathe in it

Damascus

Wovoka founded a religious movement named for this activity, whose adherents wore shirts that were supposed to be invulnerable to bullets.

Dance

Perlmutter, Schmidt, and Riess ​were given the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics for studying type Ia supernovae that showed the significance of this parameter.

Dark energy

Heidegger's term for "being-in-the-world."

Dasein

One text about this property states that conscious individuals are able to transcend their facticity by embodying elements of two types of this property.

Dasein

A few members of this group went to procure a drink of water, but the recipient poured it out on the ground, asking "Is it not the blood of men who went at the risk of their lives?"

David's army

Because a member of this group refused an order to go home and wash his feet, he was murdered by being placed in the front lines, an act which prompted Nathan to admonish the giver of that orde

David's army

On a snowy day, one member of this group had chased a lion into a pit and killed it

David's army

The Bible places these men into divisions like the Three and the Thirty.

David's army

A character in this play tells a story about an eighty-four-year-old colleague who wears green velvet slippers and dies peacefully on a train.

Death of a Salesman

Dave Seligman represents the good old days in a conversation the main character of this play has with Howard Wagner

Death of a Salesman

That character "hears but is not aware of" a recurring flute melody during this play

Death of a Salesman

Anna Freud wrote a book on the relationship between these things and the Ego.

Defense mechanisms

Jacques-Louis David organized a festival of a religion centered on this idea, started by Robespierre, called the Cult of the Supreme Being.

Deism

According to Plutarch, this Greek ridded himself of stutter by speaking with pebbles in his mouth

Demosthenes

An essay by this author discusses La Clairon, who made Voltaire shout "Did I write that?," and posits that the title figure does not experience emotion of his or her characters.

Denis Diderot

Another work by this author opens with the narrator describing the chess players Philidor the Subtle and Legal the Profound.

Denis Diderot

This philosopher is known as the father of deconstruction

Derrida

A theorem introduced by this man gives a formula to find the radii of four mutually tangent circles

Descartes

An upper limit on the number of positive roots of a polynomial can be found using this mathematician's "rule of signs."

Descartes

He had a "clear and distinct idea" of the mind as a thinking thing, which led him to embrace mind-body dualism.

Descartes

He imagined that all his knowledge of the world was corrupted by an evil demon and doubted his own existence in his Meditations on First Philosophy.

Descartes

He used the dismissal of the Scholastic concept of "heaviness" to explain the interaction of two distinct substances in a letter to Elisabeth of Bohemia.

Descartes

In his Treatise on Man and Passions of the Soul, this philosopher described how the flow of animal spirits from the pineal gland controls one's senses and actions

Descartes

In that book, he wrote "whether I am awake or asleep, two and three add up to five" and used a (*) melting ball of wax to illustrate the importance of grasping things through reason.

Descartes

The second book of a work by this mathematician consists of a classification of algebraic curves, including his namesake "folium."

Descartes

This philosopher compared the task of separating knowledge from false belief with separating good and bad apples in the last of a set of replies to objections to one of his books.

Descartes

This philosopher described spatial extension as the primary attribute of matter

Descartes

This philosopher described spatial extension as the primary attribute of matter.

Descartes

This philosopher had a "clear and distinct idea" of the mind as a thinking thing

Descartes

This philosopher used a pressure-pad-activated statue of Neptune that threatened oncomers with his trident as a model for the mechanistic nature of the body.

Descartes

Wrote the ​"Treatise on Man"​ and "Passions of the Soul​"

Descartes

A dilemma about a man who considers stealing a life-saving drug is frequently employed in studying a person's progress in another form of this process.

Developement

In the Book of Daniel, Nebuchadnezzar hangs out with wild beasts and is covered in this substance during his seven-year madness

Dew

Everything evolves, and all change in history is the result of conflicts between antagonistic elements. Marx took this idea from Hegel

Dialectic

Both the Thracian king Lycurgus and the Theban king ​ Pentheus are said to have persecuted this god, who discovered the abandoned Ariadne on Naxos and married her.

Dionysus

He was fully born from Zeus's thigh after Zeus immolated his mother Semele

Dionysus

Orphic myths identify Zagreus as the "first" version of this god

Dionysus

This figure is dismembered, cooked, and eaten by the Titans in a system of myths that make him the son of Zeus and Persephone

Dionysus

This god's followers included a group of often-frenzied women known as the Maenads

Dionysus

A Deleuze monograph discusses the analysis of "assemblages of power" from this Foucault book, which illustrates the kind of institution that produced "docile bodies" with Bentham's Panopticon.

Discipline and Punish​: The Birth of the Prison​

This work by Machiavelli, a commentary on a Roman historian's "Ab Urbe Condita:, uses a distinction between the vivere sicuro and the vivere libero to support the establishment of republics

Discourses on Livy

These objects, which are central to the "Sally-Anne task," were used in research summarized by expert witnesses in the Brown v. Board case

Dolls

The speaker of a poem by this author wonders why, if "lecherous goats," "serpents envious," and "poisonous minerals" cannot "be damn'd," why he should be.

Donne

This poet lamented that "black sin" has "betrayed to endless night my worlds both parts" in a poem that compares the body to a microcosm

Donne

In 2013, this city opened the world's largest natural flower garden, the Miracle Garden.

Dubai

According to the Fifth Amendment, "no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property" without being subject to this requirement.

Due Process

A man executed for treason for his role in this event had earlier written a scathing namesake report on the Belgian Congo

Easter Rising

A year before this event, one of its leaders gave a funeral oration for Rossa, saying his nation "unfree shall never be at peace"

Easter Rising

Another participant in this event had his diary published while awaiting execution in Pentonville prison

Easter Rising

In the wake of this rebellion, Eamon de Valera was elected president of the party Sinn Fein.

Easter Rising

One of this event's leaders executed at Kilmainham Gaol ​(KILL-may-num jail)​ was Patrick Pearse.

Easter Rising

Roger Casement, Eoin MacNeill, Patrick Pearse

Easter Rising

The Aud​, a German ship, was intercepted before it could aid participants in this event.

Easter Rising

Troops suppressing this event gathered at Trinity College.

Easter Rising

W. J. Brennan-Whitmore wrote an account of his time at the Imperial Hotel during this event.

Easter Rising

failed Irish rebellion which began in 1916 after Holy Week

Easter Rising

On the day before this holiday, the miraculous Holy Fire is said to appear at the Church of the Holy Sepulcher

Easter Sunday

This holiday's vigil involves singing the Exsultet. The computus is used to calculate this holiday's date, which was once determined using the date of Passover.

Easter Sunday

Justinian shut down a long-standing center for this process which surrounded an olive grove sacred to Athen

Education

Participants carried wax tablets for use in a version of this process which Isocrates and other Greeks called paideia

Education

One of this painter's first major successes was a watercolor depiction of a Victorian mansion in Gloucester called The Mansard Roof.

Edward Hopper

This artist depicted an apron-clad man swinging a hammer towards three upraised spearpoints in Smash the Hun, one of his many covers for The Dry Dock Dial.

Edward Hopper

"against God we are always in the wrong"

Either/Or

A person in this work asks "Who deserves to be the unhappiest?" in a section addressed to the Symparanekromenoi, a club that writes posthumous papers.

Either/Or

It asks "What is a poet?" in its group of aphorisms, Diapsalmata

Either/Or

This work describes how a modern Antigone becomes a virgo mater because she alone knows that Oedipus married his mother

Either/Or

This work notes that Mozart uses the most abstract medium to represent the "sensuous-erotic genius" of Don Giovanni.

Either/Or

This mother of Richard Lionheart, a noblewoman from what's now southwestern France, married both Louis VII of France and Henry II of England.

Eleanor of Aquitaine

This author called the mass of knowledge and beliefs of average members of a society the "collective conscience."

Emile Durkheim

Physicist who performed the first nuclear chain reaction

Enrico Fermi

Book which focuses on the availability of salvation to all. Its author says that there is "one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God and Father of us all."

Ephesians

The reader of this book is urged to "put on the full armor of God" for protection against the "devil's schemes

Ephesians

Lucretius's ​De rerum natura​ is a long poem that seeks to lead the reader to ​ataraxia​ by advocating the system of philosophy named for this Greek philosopher.

Epicurus

The main character of a work by this author is a child of Plutus who claims that there are two types of madness, one of which is divinely inspired

Erasmus

This author of ​Handbook of a Christian Knight​ wrote a letter to his friend Thomas More

Erasmus

Who wrotre Julius Exclusus​?

Erasmus

Frumentius converted this country's kin Ezana, who, according to the Kebra Nagast , was descended from Solomon and the Queen of Sheba.

Ethiopia

In this country's celebration of Epiphany, worshipers venerate tabots, replicas of the Ark of the Covenant, before re-enacting Jesus' baptism

Ethiopia

The first muezzin, Bilal, came from this site of the Timkat Festival

Ethiopia

This country's Church of Our Lady of Zion purports to contain the original Ark of the Covenant.

Ethiopia

Though this process can occur immediately or latae sententiae, Canon 1425 states that it usually is administered ferendae sententiae by a panel of three judges

Excommunication

A lecture titled for this philosophy presents a thought experiment that claims that Kantian and Christian morality fail to solve the dilemma of a man who chooses whether to join the army or protect his mother.

Existentialism

Jews perform this action on Tisha B'Av, the saddest day of the Jewish calendar, to remember the destruction of the First and Second Temples

Fasting

Muon lifetime measurements have obtained precise measurements of this scientist's namesake coupling constant

Fermi

This scientist measured the displacement of a piece of paper to calculate the blast strength of the Trinity test.

Fermi

A god of this substance rides in a chariot pulled by either two parrots, a goat, or a ram, and is the subject of the first hymn of the Rig Veda

Fire

In Clifford Geertz's Agricultural Involution, a form of agriculture making use of this stuff called swidden is discussed

Fire

A person with this status is obliged to fast on the Fourteenth of Nisan in Judaism.

Firstborn son

According to a hadith, every Muslim will be able to read the word kafir, or "unbeliever," on one of these things belonging to the Dajjal.

Forehead

He presented an "archaeology of the human sciences" in a 1966 book which opens with an analysis of Diego Velazquez's painting Las Meninas

Foucalt

One book by this thinker closes with the image of a face being washed away by the waves of the sea to indicate the "death of man";

Foucalt

The Will to Knowledge

Foucalt

This author of The Order of Things wrote a work inspired by his time in a mental hospital which argues that "the Other" was increasingly viewed as mad during the Age of Reason.

Foucalt

This philosopher wrote "Madness and Civilization"

Foucault

In 1983, researchers in this non-America country were the first to isolate HIV

France

In 2017, women in this country started a campaign to "rat out your pig."

France

This author described an ideal college called Salomon's House in a work about the legendary island of Bensalem, The New Atlantis.

Francis Bacon

Name this approximation useful in describing parallel and monochromatic light approaching an object set at a large distance away from the image plane

Fraunhoefer diffraction regime

This man claimed conventional society has led men to hide their primitive instincts in a book that argues men to revert to an infantile state when subject to the "oceanic feeling" of religion.

Fred

Another book by this man divided the mind into parts ruled by social mores, reality, and the pleasure principle.

Freud

One work by this man criticized a hypothetical therapist who posits a forgetting preference for proper names and focused on the deviations from everyday stereotypes

Freud

One work by this man uses children's games and self-injury as examples of the universal mental urge to "restore to an earlier state".

Freud

dreams were a form of wish-fulfillment and devised the ego, the id, and the super-ego

Freud

all physical phenomena appear the same in an accelerating inertial reference frame and a uniform gravitational field.

GR

This man, who defended himself in a letter to Benedetto Castelli, was opposed by eleven Qualifiers who called his arguments "foolish and absurd."

Galileo Galeli

Naked ascetics called Naga Sadhus dance during the Peshwai Procession that occurs during a triennial festival that takes place nearby this landmark.

Ganges

A principle of this theory would be violated by the Nordtvedt effect, which has likely been ruled out by the Lunar Laser Ranging experiment.

General Relativity

A consequence of the use of torsion-free linear connections in this theory is the Bianchi identities.

General relativity

The "weak" form of a principle of this theory states that freely falling particles move on timelike geodesics.

General relativity

This theory accounted for the anomalous precession of the perihelion of Mercury

General relativity

Under certain conditions, this theory predicts that particles will precess due to "frame-dragging".

General relativity

This king disapproved of Charles James Fox, but nonetheless approved Fox's place in the "ministry of all the talents."

George III

This empire gained power when Audaghost, an independent city-state on its border, fell under its rule

Ghana

This empire was the first in its region to treat all gold nuggets larger than dust as its king's property

Ghana

This empire's ruler determined innocence with an ordeal called "trial by wood," which saw if an accused person vomited up bitter water or not.

Ghana

A traitor who converted to this group, Bocca degli Abati, cut off the hand of a standard-bearer to help it to a decisive victory at the Battle of Montaperti.

Ghibellines

this faction of Italians that supported the Holy Roman Empire, and thus opposed supporters of the pope called Guelphs.

Ghibellines

Neapolitan friar who wrote that an infinite God must have created a cosmos with infinite worlds.

Giordano Bruno

This book discusses fictional languages called BlooP and FlooP, contains sections in which Achilles and the Tortoise talk about various paradoxes, and introduces the term "strange loop".

Godel Escher Bach

An "English French German Suite" in this book contains two different translations of the poem "Jabberwocky."

Godel, Escher, Bach

It discusses fictional languages called BlooP and FlooP, contains sections in which Achilles and the Tortoise talk about various paradoxes, and introduces the term "strange loop"

Godel, Escher, Bach

This book's characters include a crab who is able to tell whether statements are true or false by playing them on his flute and analyzing their beauty

Godel, Escher, Bach

This work prints the poem "Edifying Thoughts of a Tobacco Smoker" in between pictures of the tobacco mosaic virus and Magritte's ​State of Grace​.

Godel, Escher, Bach

In First Kings, Jeroboam made two versions of this object out of fear that his people would kill him and return to Rehoboam, the king of Judah.

Golden calf

a white horse is not a horse

Gonsung Long

A prayer service called the Three Hours sometimes takes place from noon to three o'clock on this holiday

Good Friday

The nursery rhyme "Hot Cross Buns" is named for an English food eaten on this holiday

Good Friday

The service on this holiday includes the singing of the Improperia, or "Reproaches."

Good Friday

the first Gospel to be written.

Gospel of Mark

It's not debt, but increasing this quantity is the main cause of "crowding out."

Government spending

Eastern Christianity holds that this concept can be found in the Uncreated Energies of the light of the Transfiguration

Grace

The Adi Granth, the chief religious text in Sikhism, is considered to be one of these religious leaders.

Gurus

This king of Sweden offered an old woman as much land as four oxen could plow in a day; little did he know the woman was Gefjon in disguise, and the oxen plowed up the entire island of Zealand.

Gylfi

The Gaels originally celebrated this event as Samhain, during which large bonfires were held

Halloween

Eichmann in Jerusalem

Hannah Arendt

This one-time student of Martin Heidegger and author of ​"The Human Condition"​ documented the trial of a Nazi war criminal

Hannah Arendt

This philosopher rebuked a man who claimed to follow Kant's categorical imperative by noting that he failed to consider himself as a legislator instead of the head of state.

Hannah Arendt

This philosopher wrote that the Sputnik launch was "second in importance to no other" and argued that the technical achievements of space travel would diminish the stature of man

Hannah Arendt

This philosopher wrote that the Sputnik launch was "second in importance to no other" and argued that the technical achievements of space travel would diminish the stature of man.

Hannah Arendt

This thinker contended that the emergence of ​animal laborans​ over ​homo faber​ were hallmarks of modernity

Hannah Arendt

Adherents of this religion meet in groups called namahattas

Hare Krishna Movement

One of these works by this composer contains a set of variations on "La gentille et jeune Lisette" and was nicknamed for Marie Antoinette.

Haydn's symphonies

In this place, Moses helped reduce the number of obligatory prayers from fifty to five. That took place during the Mir'aj, a visit to this place that followed the Isra, a nighttime journey from Mecca to Jerusalem

Heaven

This onetime student of the Wright-Humason School detailed how the 1912 Lawrence Textile Workers Strike turned her on to Socialism in her essay, "Why I Became an IWW."

Helen Keller

According to Herodotus, this figure rewarded Cleobis ​ and Biton ​for pulling their mother's cart to a temple by allowing them to die in their sleep

Hera

Lamia's ​children were killed by this deity, who blinded Tiresias ​​for claiming that women derive more pleasure than men from sex

Hera

This character claimed to be planning a visit to Oceanus​ and Tethys​, then promised a golden throne to Hypnos as part of a plot that ended with making love in a golden cloud on Mount Ida.

Hera

This being subdued Landon, who was later made into a constellation by Hera

Heracles

In these buildings, people called ​pujari​ may perform ceremonies such as ​aarti​, in which a flame is waved in front of an image.

Hindu temples

Bans on cattle slaughter in many Indian states are supported by proponents of this ideology, the dominant form of Hindu nationalism in India.

Hindutva

The Tawagalawa Letter was written by a king of these people

Hittites

The oldest liturgy that included this practice is the St. James Liturgy. Early Christians undertook this action along with communal meals called love feasts, or (*) agape

Holy Eucharist

Another of these poems declares that the speaker will never be "chaste, except you ravish me" and implores "Break, blow, burn, and make me new."​

Holy Sonnets

A man whose title is often shortened to "Black Rod" is responsible for maintaining this building, which was designed by Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin.

House of Parliament

This thinker imagined an architect who built a house whose residents experienced "noise, confusion, fatigue, and darkness" in his formulation of the problem of evil

Hume

An impassioned radio speech was given during this event by Cardinal Mindszenty after he was freed from prison.

Hungarian Revolution of 1956

Argued that judgments about the existence of the external world must be bracketed - a method he called époche

Husserl

Wrote three volumes of Ideas and developed the idea of the "life-world" in The Crisis of the European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology.

Husserl

A 1783 volcanic eruption wrecked this country

Iceland

An official called the Lawspeaker presided in this country, which was dominated in the Middle Ages by the Sturlungs

Iceland

Many decisions in this country were made at a rocky cliff called the Logberg.

Iceland

This country gave up sovereignty in the Old Covenant

Iceland

parliament in this country which has met since the year 930 is called the Althing.

Iceland

The rise in measures of this concept over time is called the Flynn Effect.

Intelligence

The TED spread measures the difference between this quantity and short term government debt and the Fisher open hypothesis posits that this quantity reflects anticipated changes in exchange rates

Interest Rates

300 years after the Biblical flood, this place was supposedly settled by a descendant of Noah named Partholon

Ireland

It supposedly takes seven years each to learn, practice and master a traditional instrument from this country called the uilleann ​pipes.

Ireland

A figure who was "pierced for our transgressions" and "crushed for our iniquities" is known as the "man of sorrows" in this book.

Isaiah

Matthew 1:23 ​​states that a verse from this book refers to the birth of Jesus; that verse states that a virgin will conceive and bear a son, and name him Immanuel.

Isaiah

This Biblical book describes how a man burns half of his wood and makes an idol out of the other half, stating that he "feeds on ashes."

Isaiah

This book says that in the future, men will beat their spears into pruning hooks and their swords into plowshares.

Isaiah

This shrine's unique architectural style may not be copied by any other building in Japan.

Ise Jingu

A partially-extant poem describes this deity turning a bandit woman into a waterskin.

Ishtar

The Bull of Heaven was sent after Enkidu and Gilgamesh by this goddess, who removed one item of clothing at each of seven gates when descending to the underworld

Ishtar

The ​gala-tura​ and the ​kur-jara​ rescue this deity after a journey in which she is repeatedly delayed by the gatekeeper Neti.

Ishtar

This deity becomes enraged when she is reminded of a man who brought her dates but refused to sleep with her, after which she turned him into a mole.

Ishtar

Name this nighttime journey from Mecca to Jerusalem

Isra

Monks in this religion take the "five great vows" in order to attain right knowledge, right faith, and right conduct, its non-Buddhist Three Jewels.

Jainism

This religion's doctrine of "not-one-pointedness" holds that factual propositions should be turned into one of seven kinds of conditionals prefaced by the adverb syad.

Jainism

This religion's major symbol consists of a swastika above an open palm containing a chakra wheel.

Jainism

In an early post, he was convinced to start the North Berwick witch trials after storms affected his return trip from Denmark with a new wife.

James I

Sir Anthony Weldon claimed that this man was very learned but foolish in great affairs, dubbing him the "wisest fool in Christendom."

James I

This man's advisors failed to find his son a Habsburg wife via the Spanish Match.

James I

This ruler's tract The True Law of Free Monarchies expands upon a practical guide for his son Henry called Basilikon Doron

James I

Simulcra and Simulation

Jean Baudrillard

According to the Ahmadiyya, this man is buried at Roza Bal, a shrine in Kashmir

Jesus Christ

The Surat An-Nisa describes the apparent death of this man, who revealed that Injil was actually an illusion.

Jesus Christ

This man made a clay figure of a bird and breathed into it, causing it to come to life

Jesus Christ

This man will appear alongside the Mahdi and kill the Dajjal before the Day of Resurrection

Jesus Christ

After he was born, this man's mother was told to shake a palm tree for dates.

Jesus Chrsit

In the Surat Al-Ma'ida, this man asked God to send down food from heaven.

Jesus Chrsit

The titular character of this book is asked whether he can pull in another creature by a fishhook. These are the behemoth and the leviathan, respectively.

Job

The first half of the Book of Joel recounts the arrival of these creatures, which Joel compares to the army of God.

Joel

In one of his works, this thinker wrote that groups that have "full and free interplay with other forms of association" secure a "liberation of powers"

John Dewey

Philosopher who claimed experienced-based learning helped develop enlightened citizens in his book Democracy and Education.

John Dewey

This philosopher noted that the "problem of freedom" was that culture begets "human nature" and "political freedom" in his book Freedom and Culture.

John Dewey

This thinker argued that knowledge is sufficient but limited with a metaphor of a sailor who cannot measure the depth of the sea. In one thought experiment, this thinker considered a prince and a cobbler who switch bodies

John Locke

William Henry Harrison was succeeded by this man, known as "His Accidency.

John Tyler

He states "To the roots of the mountains I sank down; the earth beneath barred me in forever" in a prayer whose opening mentions "From deep in the realm of the dead I called for help, and you listened to my cry."

Jonah

This man claimed that "justice bends the arrow at your heart, and strains the bow," though the arrow does not fire.

Jonathan Edwards

Around 50,000 Iranians in Los Angeles practice this faith. The Likud party was helped by a large immigration of Persians of this faith to cities such as Tel Aviv.

Judaism

One of these two religions uses the term hanif to designate practitioners of the other during the "Age of Ignorance."

Judaism and Islam

According to a holy text of one of these religions, people of the other religion worshiped Uzair and were called y​ahud​.

Judaism vs Islam

Along with Bartholomew, this saint first spread the Gospel to Armenia

Jude

In the Gospel of John, this disciple asks Christ why he doesn't manifest himself to the whole world at the Last Supper

Jude

Like Second Peter, this man's namesake Biblical epistle condemns the ungodly apostates of past and present, and tells its addressees to "save others by snatching them from the fire."

Jude

The Golden Legend states that this man and Simon the Zealot were hacked to death in Lebanon, which is why he is often depicted with an axe.

Jude

This man is the presumed author of a canonical epistle that quotes the noncanonical Book of Enoch and refers to a fight between Satan and Michael over Moses' body.

Jude

In this book, one person uses a sword to kill King Eglon

Judges

This author created a character who is entrapped by the monstrously fat Brunelda after meeting the two drifters Robinson and Delamarche,

Kafka

He listed the good, agreeable, beautiful, and sublime as the four reflective judgments of aesthetics.

Kant

In another work, this philosopher enacted a "Copernican revolution" in philosophy by distinguishing the unknowable noumenon from the sensible phenomenon. That work outlines his transcendental idealism and distinguishes analytic and synthetic judgments.

Kant

In ​On the Genealogy of Morals​, Nietzsche asks "Who is right - [this man] or Stendhal?" in ridiculing this man's assertion that beautiful things give satisfaction without interest

Kant

This man said one ought not to lie to save someone from a murderer.

Kant

This man started with the primacy of goodwill to argue for the idea that one should only act according to maxims that they could, at the same time, will to be universal law.

Kant

This philosopher argued through genius, "nature gives the rule to art," and compares its role in producing art to that of taste in evaluating it

Kant

This philosopher argued through genius, "nature gives the rule to art," and compares its role in producing art to that of taste in evaluating it.

Kant

This philosopher listed the good, agreeable, beautiful, and sublime as the four reflective judgments of aesthetics.

Kant

This philosopher's Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose states that "no straight thing was ever made" from the "crooked timber of humanity.

Kant

This thinker illustrated his idea of "respect" with an oft-quoted passage citing "the starry sky above me and the moral law within me."

Kant

This thinker referred to beliefs that cannot be justified but ought to be accepted as "postulates".

Kant

This thinker referred to beliefs that cannot be justified but ought to be accepted as "postulates."

Kant

This modern country is the setting of Elspeth Huxley's Red Strangers.

Kenya

Japanese author of A Personal Matter and The Silent Cry.

Kenzaburo Oe

Many of his works feature characters based on his brain-damaged son Hikari.

Kenzaburo Oe

In one thought experiment, this thinker imagined a situation where it is rational to take public opinion into account when making a decision.

Keynes

Many Islamic scholars hold that Maryam is the greatest woman of all time, bar none; other commentators hold that Fatimah or this woman, Muhammad's first wife, are her equal.

Khadijah

name this community of fully initiated Sikhs.

Khalsa

One figure in a work by this author explains how to avoid boredom with the metaphor of "crop rotation"

Kierkegaard

An argument sometimes named for this concept was formulated by Frank Jackson and involves a scientist named Mary who sees red for the first time.

Knowledge

Gilbert Ryle used his namesake regress to argue for the independence of the "how" and "that" forms of this concept.

Knowledge

In "On Denoting," Bertrand Russell argued that this concept can be acquired "by description" or "by acquaintance."

Knowledge

The Diamond sutra is a member of a genre of sutras named for the perfection of this concept

Knowledge

8th avatar of Vishnu

Krishna

During the Kurukshetra War, this charioteer convinced one of the Pandavas to go to war against his cousins.

Krishna

Duryodhana chose this god's army over this god himself.

Krishna

Jara killed this god by shooting him in the foot with a reed made from the powder of an ill-omened pestle

Krishna

This god purified a river of poison by fatally dancing on the hundred heads of the serpent Kaliya

Krishna

This god was switched at birth to avoid being killed by King Kamsa.

Krishna

blue-skinned god was a butter-thief notorious for pulling pranks on the gopis

Krishna

One aspect of this policy was the formation of a Settlement Commission to target Polish culture in Posen

Kulturkampf

The name of this campaign was coined by a pathologist who later challenged its initiator to a duel involving a parasite-laden sausage

Kulturkampf

Under this policy, the salaries of individuals who didn't comply with it were suspended via the "Breadbasket Law."

Kulturkampf

Leo XIII helped end this campaign, during which Adalbert Falk released the May Laws, seminaries were closed, and the Jesuits were banned.

Kulturkampf (Bismark's anti-Catholic campaign)

Name this mortal being who supposedly knew the answer to every question posed to him. His blood was later used to create the mead of poetry.

Kvasir

During this holiday, people greet each other with a phrase meaning "what is the news?" During this time, a mat is laid out to offer a firm foundation for the ceremonies, and the unity cup is used to offer libations to ancestors.

Kwanzaa

This title, yidam , and khandroma are the Three Roots of a certain religion, according to Dzogchen texts.

Lama (from Tibetan Buddhism)

This German rationalist philosopher coined the term "theodicy" in a book that argues that this world is the best of all possible worlds.

Leibniz

This philosopher introduced a metaphysics built around simple monads in his ​Monadology​.

Leibniz

This philosopher's "Theodicy" claimed that that this world was created as the "best possible world."

Leibniz

After Jesus heals ten people with this condition in the Gospel of Luke, only one of them, a Samaritan, thanks him

Leprosy

It argues that, despite differences in strength and craft, men are equal since they are equally able to kill each other.

Leviathan

Name this book which argues that a sovereign cannot logically be accused of doing injustice, as the people have entered into an agreement to cede all power to the sovereign to avoid the state of nature.

Leviathan

This book argues that, while there is no ​summum bonum​, there is a ​summum malum​: the fear of violent death

Leviathan

This book's fourteenth chapter includes an injunction to keep one's contracts among nineteen Golden Rule-like "laws of nature,

Leviathan

This work's third book claims that people "see double" when temporal and spiritual authority are split

Leviathan

Though this work rejects the idea of a summum bonum, or greatest good, it states that the summum malum, or greatest evil, is death.

Leviathan

A section of this book repeatedly exhorts, "Be holy, for I the Lord your God am holy."

Leviticus

Book in which Nadab and Abihu are consumed by fire for using "strange fire" in a sacrifice

Leviticus

Jacob Milgrom wrote a three-volume commentary on this book, in which Nadab and Abihu are consumed by fire for using "strange fire" in a sacrifice

Leviticus

This book has three parts that correspond to three parts of a certain mountain

Leviticus

This battle prompted Congress to pass the "Sell or Starve" Bill and was fought two weeks after George Crook's troops lost the Battle of Rosebud River

Little Bighorn

One book by this philosopher uses the example of light falling on porphyry rock to argue that colors are observer-dependent secondary qualities.

Locke

One work by this man argues that men cannot enter into slavery because they do not have absolute power over themselves

Locke

This philosopher argued that the real essences of substances can never be known, and that our "species" and "genus" terms are nominal essences.

Locke

This thinker argued that spoilage prevented accumulation until the invention of money in a work where he wrote that "In the beginning all the world was America."

Locke

Peter Abelard's work on this subject was inspired by the rediscovery of the Prior Analytics from Aristotle's Organon, which expounded on non-modal syllogism.

Logic

William of Ockham laid out his nominalism in his Summa of this subject

Logic

In the Volsung Saga, this god retrieves cursed gold for Hreidmar as a wergild for killing Otr

Loki

This god arranged Thiazzi's death, leading Skadi to vow revenge against him.

Loki

This god misguidedly attacked an ox-devouring eagle with a staff, starting a crisis he ended by turning Idunn into a nut.

Loki

This god was flying as a hawk when Geirroth captured him to make this god bring an enemy to Geirroth's castle.

Loki

Duff's device is commonly used to remove these items from a piece of code.

Loops

Stefan Zweig argued that this king was circumcised as an adult to relieve his phimosis after failing to consummate his marriage for seven years.

Louis XVI

This thinker used a series of dialogues between Fabrizio and Cosimo to frame The Art of War

Machiavelli

Legends about this ruler spread to Europe in the figure of Rex Melly.

Mansa Musa

This ruler commissioned an earthen building noted for its torons that once housed the world's largest library

Mansa Musa

This ruler's son Maghan suffered a humiliating loss to the Mossi people and was succeeded by this man's brother Sulayman, who was visited by Ibn Battuta.

Mansa Musa

A missionary named Henry Williams baptized many members of this group, including a ​rangatira​ Kawiti

Maori

After Henry Menzies tried to tax members of this group a half-crown for each dog they owned, a relatively bloodless war broke out

Maori

The so-called "Battle of the Sticks" was fought by this group after one of its leaders instigated a conflict by chopping off James Busby's flagpole on top of a hill.

Maori

This group's staples include the ​kumara​, a type of sweet potato.

Maori

William Hobson authored the document that made this group the subjects of the British Empire, the Treaty of Waitangi.

Maori

This thinker helped develop visual ethnography by co-creating the book ​"Balinese Character"​ with her husband Gregory Bateson.

Margaret Mead

The relationship between "price" and this quantity was determined to be pro-cyclical in a 1986 paper by Robert Hall

Marginal cost

According to Acts, a conflict over whether to forgive this man caused a split between Paul and Barnabas.

Mark

This apostle names a cathedral in Cairo, where he founded the Coptic Church

Mark

This man's body was wrapped in pork to hide it from Muslim custom agents when it was smuggled out of Alexandria in the 11th century to a new city

Mark

One of this author's characters exclaims "Oh, this feeds my soul!" while the seven deadly sins parade before him.

Marlowe

The title character of one of this author's plays asks "Was this the face that launch'd a thousand ships?" after summoning the shade of Helen with the help of Mephistopheles

Marlowe

In a 1979 experiment, a radio signal sent to this body arrived at a time consistent with the Shapiro delay, confirming the theory of general relativity.

Mars

painted Harmony in Red and The Dance.

Matisse

Fruit juice is often used in place of water to produce the "egg" type of this item, which may not actually use eggs.

Matzah

Politics as a Vocation

Max Weber

Spirit of Capitalism, the iron cage

Max Weber

state has a "monopoly on the legitimate use of force"

Max Weber

In this book, Descartes rejects the reliability of sense knowledge by pointing out that the whole world might be a dream

Meditations on First Philosophy

In this book, the author writes that if cold is the absence of heat, the positive idea of cold must be a mistake.

Meditations on First Philosophy

This book tried to establish what is certain by imagining that all one's cognitive faculties are misled by an evil demon.

Meditations on First Philosophy

A density gradient of cesium chloride was used for the ultracentrifugation step in this experiment.

Meselson-Stahl

Its final book begins with Numa Pompilius going to Crotona, where he hears a story about the trial of Myscelus and then learns about the principles of the universe from Pythagoras

Metamorphoses

Wellesley, allowed women to preach.

Methodism

In Islam, this archangel lost the ability to laugh after gazing upon the horrors of Hell.

Michael

During a congressional hearing, this thinker stated that multi-price auctions cost the treasury money and favor the dealer community which lead to him advocating for (*) uniform price auctions

Milton Friedman

These people used the undeciphered Linear A script.

Minoans

An argument that testimony is almost never adequate to establish these events against "uniform experience" was proposed by David Hume

Miracles

This paradox asks whether a man who has been born blind and who has learnt to distinguish and name a globe and a cube by touch, would be able to distinguish and name these objects simply by sight, once he had been enabled to see.

Molyneux's problem

A work about the Philosophy of (this thing) argues that its use led to the transition to impersonal societies from communities, and was written by George Simmel

Money

The Ubsunur Hollow is located near this most sparsely-populated country's border with Russia

Mongolia

This country's Djadochta Formation is the location of a sandstone ridge named for its orange-red color where all known velociraptor fossils have been found, the Flaming Cliffs.

Mongolia

This man argued that republics become corrupt when they lose the love of virtue that animates them, just as love of fear animates tyrannies

Montesquieu

This native of La Brède mocked his own continent from a foreigner's perspective in his satirical Persian Letters.

Montesquieu

this man linked despotic slavery to hotter climates, inspiring Rousseau

Montesquieu

G. E. M. Anscombe asserted that two traditional approaches to this field should be discarded and an ancient approach revived in her essay on the "modern philosophy" of this field.

Moral Philosophy

These people comprise the entire membership of the Relief Society, which since 1977 has been considered on par with the Melchizedek priesthood

Mormon Women

Yamabushi are considered mystics of these features.

Mountains

This person rejected the idea of worshipping the goddesses Manat, Uzza, and Lat.

Muhammad

Historians identify the Axumite king Armah with a man involved in the so-called "first" version of this event, Ashama ibn Abjar, who sheltered several sahaba

Muhammad's flight from Mecca

Historians identify the Axumite king Armah with a man involved in the so-called "first" version of this event, Ashama ibn Abjar, who sheltered several ​sahaba​.

Muhammad's flight to Medina

In advance of this event, a leader asked his cousin to cover himself in a green cloak and sleep in his bed.

Muhammad's flight to Medina

The person who undertook this event ended up in Yathrib, which was renamed shortly afterward, and carried it out with Abu Bakr.

Muhammad's flight to Medina

This event, whose Julian date is April 19, 622 AD, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar.

Muhammad's flight to Medina

A black footprint in a church in this city commemorates Jorg von Halsbach winning a bet with the devil that he could build a church without visible windows.

Munich

This city was the seat of the Wittelsbach dynasty, who built its Nymphenburg Palace.

Munich

An inquiring person at one's doorstep who seeks to do this act appears in Kant's argument against a "right to lie" in rough situations.

Murder

The ancestors of the Israelites did action this to a relative of Akhenaten, according to Sigmund Freud's Moses and Monotheism

Murder

In exogenous growth models, an economy meets this condition when the variables describing it reach a balanced growth.

Nash equilibrium

The general type of this condition is the subject of a theory proposed by Leon Walras.

Nash equilibrium

This condition is met in an iterative process called tatonnement, or groping, according to a certain model of an auction.

Nash equilibrium

The official newspaper of this religion is known as The Final Call

Nation of Islam

During one protest in this nation, demonstrators on Molesworth Street wore bicycle helmets to protect against police batons

New Zealand

In this country, a Cessna 172 dropped flour bombs on a stadium

New Zealand

In this nation, Fernando Pereira died during Operation Satanique.

New Zealand

In this paradox a player is faced with Box A, which always contains a thousand dollars, and Box B, which either contains a million dollars if a nearly infallible predictor thinks the player will take both boxes, and is empty otherwise

Newcomb's paradox

This author wrote a novel in which General R. executes Mugo, who reveals that he had betrayed the killer of District Officer Robson, a resistance fighter named Kihika

Ngugi

The first canon promulgated by an ecumenical council held in this city banned eunuchs who castrated themselves from the clergy

Nicaea

This council condemned Arianism and created a creed named for it.

Nicaea

In one work, this philosopher rebukes the ahistoricism of the "English psychologists"

Nietzche

In one work, this thinker criticized Ernest Renan for portraying Jesus as a genius. In another work, he compared the work of Kant to Tartuffe.

Nietzche

Luce Irigaray ​accused this man of "fearing water" in a work titled for his "Marine Lover."

Nietzche

That work contrasts the word pairs "good/bad" and "good/evil" to explain the difference between master and slave morality.

Nietzche

This thinker made an analogy to lambs being preyed on by eagles to explain how the ​"priestly caste" invented the notion of evil out of ​ressentiment

Nietzche

Upon reading Spinoza, this man celebrated their shared tendency "to make all knowledge the most powerful affect" in a letter to Franz Overbeck.

Nietzche

Upon reading Spinoza, this man celebrated their shared tendency "to make all knowledge the most powerful affect"

Nietzsche

He challenges guests at a wedding feast to draw a sword out of the oak tree Barnstokk

Odin

He habitually seeks counsel from the head of Mimir

Odin

This god fathers the Hunnish king Sigi and has his wife give Rerir a fertility-granting golden apple

Odin

This god turns into a snake to fit through a hole in a mountain after spending a summer as Baugi's servant

Odin

This god, who retrieves the mead of poetry, scopes out the earth from Hlidskjalf and gives his meat to the wolves Geri and Freki.

Odin

In another of his novels, the narrator's brother organizes a youth group to rebel against a Korean grocery-store owner called the Emperor

Oe

One of this author's protagonists is forced to abandon dreams of traveling to Africa after receiving news that also prompts him to have an angry affair with his ex-girlfriend Himiko

Oe

This man's latest novel, 2013's In Late Style, is the sixth in a series about his "alter-ego" Kogito Choko.

Oe

In this book, Derrida discusses the concept of logocentrism( the view he view that speech and not writing, is central to language)

Of Grammatology

A partially extant poem from this language commemorates the Battle of Maldon.

Old English

A poem in this language about the story of Judith and Holofernes is found in the Nowell Codex

Old English

In a poem in this language, a monstrous woman is killed by a magical sword in her home at the bottom of a lake, after she kills Aeschere.

Old English

This language was used to write "For a Swarm of Bees", one of twelve surviving metrical charms in this language.

Old English

This language's "Rhyming Poem" is unusual because this language's verse is normally alliterative, not rhyming.

Old English

Vedic recitations typically begin with this syllable, which represents the sound of the universe

Om

This man's early push for open arms control led Harry Truman to call him a "cry-baby"

Oppenheimer

Name this religious order, sometimes called the Black Monks to contrast them with the Cistercians

Order of Saint Benedict

This still-existent chivalric order, the highest in England, was started by Edward III and based on the ideals of King Arthur. Its motto is, "Shame come to him who thinks evil of it".

Order of the Garter

Cichol Gricenchos ​fought the first battle in this country.

Oreland

These people received the Sword of Osman during their coronation.

Ottoman sultan

In the third movement of this man's second violin concerto, each instance of the rondo theme is preceded by the ringing of a bell.

Paganini

One of this composer's works uses the upper two strings of a violin to imitate flutes, while the lower two strings imitate horns, and is nicknamed "La chasse".

Paganini

Various compositions by this man served as the basis for a set of six "grandes études" by Franz Liszt.

Paganini

The psychiatrist Mary Huntoon had patients engage in this practice to achieve a synthesis through self-discovery.

Painting

In sociology, this economist developed a theory of regime change based on the "circulation of elites"

Pareto

This philosopher wrote the "Provincial Letters" under a pseudonym

Pascal

This scientist introduced the bra and ket notation in quantum mechanics

Paul Dirac

This man introduced his pragmatic maxim in "How to Make our Ideas Clear".

Peirce

rhemes, dicents, and arguments

Peirce

The haft-sinn table stays up for thirteen days after its new year, which entails jumping over bonfires.

Persia

Dysfunctions in this trait can be measured on the KON-2006 scale.

Personality

This twelfth-century bishop of Paris coined the term "extreme unction".

Peter Lombard

A different portion of this work argues that two figures enter into a relationship to avoid "abstract negation.

Phenomenology of the Spirit

Name this 1807 text that introduced its author's conception of the dialectic, the most important work of Georg Hegel.

Phenomenology of the Spirit

The Jean Hyppolite reading of this book frames it as a bildungsroman​

Phenomenology of the Spirit

The preface to this book puts forth the author's goal to "bring philosophy closer to the form of Science."

Phenomenology of the Spirit

This book reflects on a tension between a consciousness and an alienating other, which must be reconciled to the self through a process of universalization

Phenomenology of the Spirit

This book's most famous metaphor is found in a chapter titled "The Truth of Self-Certainty"

Phenomenology of the Spirit

This text portrays a series of transitions from Sense-certainty to Perception to Understanding.

Phenomenology of the Spirit

This work culminates in a state of enlightenment in which real philosophy can emerge, which this text calls "Absolute Knowing," and the development of a Geist.

Phenomenology of the Spirit

This work culminates in a state of enlightenment in which real philosophy can emerge, which this text calls "Absolute Knowing," and the development of a ​Geist​.

Phenomenology of the Spirit

This work originated its author's concept of the "ethical order."

Phenomenology of the Spirit

This work reflects a tension between a consciousness and an alienating other, which must be reconciled to the self through a process of universalization

Phenomenology of the Spirit

A city inhabited by these people produced so much papyrus that the Greek word for papyrus derives from it.

Phoenicians

A profitable export developed by these people was extracted from murex sea snails

Phoenicians

A writer named Philo compiled a lost history of these people

Phoenicians

Herodotus visited a "temple of Heracles" built by these people which contained a gold pillar next to an emerald one dedicated to their god, Melqart

Phoenicians

Another of these pieces was written after the composer's patron fled Vienna and includes movements labeled "The Absence" and "The Return"

Piano sonatas of Ludwig van Beethoven

This man names the first part of the apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus, whose second part is the basis of the Harrowing of Hell.

Pilate

This man's wife, who was sometimes identified with Saint Procula, had a disturbing dream that prompted her to urge him to have nothing to do with a certain man.

Pilate

This pope's ​Saepe Venerabilis​ formalized the collection of Peter's Pence. He became known as the "Prisoner of the Vatican" during Italian unification.

Pius IX

Michael Walzer popularized a thought experiment in which these figures must potentially violate fundamental morality in pursuit of a greater good, the problem of "dirty hands."

Politicians

This man names the first part of the apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus, whose second part is the basis of the Harrowing of Hell.

Pontius Pilate

The adventures of the Hero Twins Hunahpu and Xbalanque ​ are related in what compilation of K'iche Mayan myths?

Popol Vuh

This quantity undergoes an "explosion" between stages two and three in Warren Thompson's demographic transition model

Population

In this book's final lecture, the "mystical way of pure cosmic emotion" that is used to read Whitman's poem "To You" is rejected

Pragmatism

This book uses a metaphor from the author's friend G. Papini to compare its method to a "corridor in a hotel" that can combat "anti-intellectualist" tendencies with the corridor's rooms.

Pragmatism

A discussion about the clash between "tender-minded" and "tough-minded" people is presented in this 1907 book

Pragmatism by William James

A form of this action has a Biblical basis in Elizabeth's exclamation, "Blessed are you among women, and blessed is the fruit of your womb!"

Prayer

The theologian Abraham Joshua Heschel wrote that when he marched with MLK at Selma, his feet were performing this action

Praying

One part of this book, which consists of 22 stanzas, each beginning with a different letter of the Hebrew alphabet, is the longest chapter of the Bible.

Psalms

One segment of this book describes men "who whet their tongues like swords, who aim bitter words like arrows."

Psalms

Superscriptions appear above most parts of this book, which was paraphrased in Martin Luther's "A Mighty Fortress is Our God."

Psalms

The ashrei prayer consists entirely of segments from this book

Psalms

The opening stanza of another part of this book asks "how long will you hide your face from me," amidst a refrain of "how long?"

Psalms

The "Dodo bird verdict" is the idea that all forms of this practice are equally effective.

Psychotherapy

This analytic philosopher and formulator of the Twin Earth thought experiment has become more pragmatist in recent times

Putnam

He considered himself a reincarnation of Hermes and believed heavenly souls were trapped in a "body tomb"

Pythagoras

One of his disciples threw himself into Mount Etna and was named Empedocles

Pythagoras

This philosopher advocated the concept of ​pathei mathos​, or understanding from suffering.

Pythagoras

This thinker discovered the musical intervals of lyre strings and posited that heavenly bodies produced imperceptible tones based on their orbital periods.

Pythagoras

"guide us on the right path," is called "The Opening"

Qu'ran

This text compares men who take non-divine patrons to spiders, who build the weakest homes of any animal.

Qu'ran

this text compares divine light to "a niche and within it a lamp; the lamp enclosed in Glass: the glass as it were a brilliant star."

Qu'ran

James Nayler, a member of this faith, was arrested for re-enacting Christ's entry into Jerusalem in Bristol and was one of this faith's Valiant Sixty.

Quakers

This group's founder had a vision on Pendle Hill while traveling around England, preaching, and getting arrested for blasphemy.

Quakers

An aspect of this god that was worshipped in round temples wore a cone-shaped hat and a mask with two tubes through which he blew the wind.

Quetzalcoatl​ ​

He went to the underworld to retrieve bones, which he then ground up and mixed with his own blood to create the humans of the fifth sun

Quetzalcoatl​ ​

In one story, this god is scared into falling into a pit by some quail after convincing worms and bees to help him turn a conch shell into a working trumpet

Quetzalcoatl​ ​

This god shut himself in a stone chest, then set himself on fire, after accidentally drunkenly sleeping with his sister

Quetzalcoatl​ ​

Besides developing his "liberty principle," this man argued that inequalities are only justified if they benefit those worst off, which he called the "difference principle."

Rawls

He developed the idea of the original position, in which decisions about society are made from behind a "veil of ignorance."

Rawls

In one work, this thinker imagined a nation called Kazanistan that is decent but not liberal

Rawls

This man argued that utilitarians should appeal to a practice-based notion of rules in his "Two Concepts of Rules."

Rawls

This man claimed that people can agree on political ideas and also accept different normative doctrines, an idea he termed "overlapping consensus."

Rawls

Aristotle's text on this subject addresses topics such as style, arrangement and delivery

Rhetoric

In one work, this thinker contrasted two different kinds of self-love: amour-propre, which depends on how others view you, and amour de soi which does not

Roussea

This philosopher defined the sovereign, as opposed to the government, as a state's entire body of citizens

Rousseau

Drawing from William James, this philosopher developed a form of monism in which mental and physical entities reduce to a neutral substance, in his book The Analysis of Mind.

Russell

Drawing from William James, this philosopher developed a form of monism in which mental and physical entities reduce to a neutral substance, in his book ​The Analysis of Mind​.

Russell

In addition to "In Praise of Idleness"​, this thinker wrote about how a group "retards progress" because that organization relies on inventing allies in the sky.

Russell

In another work this thinker criticized "Oriental despotisms" for their influence on thought

Russell

In another work, this man included a page-long proof of how "one plus one equals two" as part of an attempt to axiomatically prove mathematics with a collaborator

Russell

In another work, this thinker criticized "Oriental despotisms" for their influence on thought.

Russell

This man criticized the idea that the object of morals is not to make people happy

Russell

This philosopher coined the term "logical atomism"

Russell

This philosopher criticized Meinong's views on non-existent objects in a paper about definite descriptions like "The present King of France is bald.

Russell

This philosopher, who coined the term "logical atomism," criticized Meinong's views on non-existent objects in a paper about definite descriptions like "The present King of France is bald.

Russell

The narrator of this poem asks figures "in the gold mosaic of a wall" to "consume my heart away,"

Sailing to Byzantium

This poem asserts that the only school for the soul is "studying monuments of its own magnificence," and it closes by describing "Grecian goldsmiths" who "keep a drowsy Emperor awake

Sailing to Byzantium

Unless "soul clap its hands and sing, and louder sing," this poem claims, "an aged man is but a paltry thing, a tattered coat upon a stick."

Sailing to Byzantium

In one work, this thinker examined the motion of leaderless ants and concluded that God must be leading them.

Saint Augustine

This saint and founder of the Monte Cassino monastery formulated a namesake "Rule" for monks

Saint Benedict

This saint made the sign of the cross to make the Loch Ness monster disappear

Saint Columba

Horses possibly from the Arch of Trajan decorate a basilica named for this man colloquially called the Church of Gold.

Saint Mark

Supposedly, the corpse of this man was recovered in 828 AD, and buried by a pair of merchants under pork and cabbage to deter Muslims from finding it.

Saint Mark

Name this Victorian author of "The Interlopers" and "The Open Window."

Saki

His patron was Sir Edward Montagu, the Earl of Sandwich.

Samuel Pepys

Lord Shaftesbury accused this man of murdering Edmund Berry Godfrey in the Popish Plot and persuaded John Scott to testify against him to get him thrown in the Tower of London.

Samuel Pepys

This Chief Secretary of the Admiralty under Charles II used tachygraphy to write a document between ages 27 and 36

Samuel Pepys

The paper "A Linguistic Consideration of Thinking in Primitive Communities" advances this argument by asking "Does the Hopi language show here a higher plane of thinking... than our vaunted English?"?

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

This argument argues that the structure of a language affects the way a human thinks.

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

During the Republic, the ​aerarium​, or public treasury, was kept in the temple of this husband of Op

Saturn

Name this leading member of the Muslim Brotherhood, who suggested that modern Muslims were living in a state of ​jahiliyyah​ (ignorance) in his "​Milestones​". He also emphasized the comprehensive nature of Islam in ​Social Justice in Islam​.

Sayyid ​Qutb​ ​

This thinker drew upon his experiences studying at the Colorado State College of Education to criticize American culture in his 1951 essay "The America I Have Seen."

Sayyid ​Qutb​ ​

A white-clad figure in this painting may be either a self-portrait or a depiction of the artist's mistress La Fornarina.

School of Athens

A youth in this painting holds a black tablet displaying the formula "one plus two plus three plus four equals ten"

School of Athens

The allegorical subject of this painting appears with the words "Causarum Cognitio" in a tondo above it.

School of Athens

The only man wearing armor in this painting stands below a niche with a statue holding a lyre

School of Athens

Name this religion in which members can undergo various "audits" to reach higher "Operating Thetan" levels.

Scientology

The ​Heimskringla​ details Gefjon's marriage to a version of this legendary Danish king, whose lineage and status as the great-grandfather of Hrothgar is discussed in the opening sections of ​Beowulf​.

Scyld

Reconstruction after this war was led by a group of civil servants called the "Kindergarten" of a commissioner involved in it.

Second Boer War

This war began after a meeting of Alfred Milner and Paul Kruger broke down; it included Black Week and the siege of Mafeking

Second Boer War

Twelve years after this conflict, some of its losers started the Maritz rebellion.

Second Boer War

this council that affirmed human rights in its declaration Dignitatis Humanae, and paved the way for the usage of vernacular language in Masses.

Second Vatican Council

In his short lifetime, this knight beheads the Lady of the Lake, gives the Fisher King the Dolorous Stroke, and slays his similarly-named brother

Ser Balin le Savage

This man wrote a work in which the governor of the House of Strangers tells a tale about a hierophanic pillar of light arising from the ocean, which the people of Renfusa sail toward.

Ser Francis Bacon

Ellen G. White founded this sect, preaching that the Catholic Church was the whooooore of Babylon and the Pope was the Antichrist

Seventh-day Advenstist

This denomination holds that departed souls are held in an unconscious sleep until the Day of Judgment

Seventh-day Advenstist

This religion teaches of a "heavenly sanctuary" where Jesus carries out an "investigative judgment" of the living and dead

Seventh-day Advenstist

The founder of this religion traced the contest between God and Satan in the five-volume Conflict of the Ages.

Seventh-day Adventist

Joseph Meacham and Lucy Wright helped organize this faith after the death of an illiterate founder who claimed to be Jesus' second incarnation

Shakers

Mother Ann Lee brought this faith to America

Shakers

He was dubbed a "Johannes factotum" and an "upstart Crow" who had a "Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide

Shakespeare

T.S. Eliot popularized the term "objective correlative" in an essay about one of this man's works

Shakespeare

Arguments that defenders of this thinker had with Frederick Crews in the letters page of the ​New York Review of Books​ were collected in ​The Memory Wars​.

Sigmund Freud

Beyond the Pleasure Principle

Sigmund Freud

British disciples of this man engaged in the "controversial discussions" and included his official biographer, Ernest Jones.

Sigmund Freud

Civilization and its Discontents

Sigmund Freud

His letters to his fiancée Martha Bernays were recently published

Sigmund Freud

His letters to his fiancée Martha Bernays were recently published, and his house in Hampstead, London was preserved by his daughter

Sigmund Freud

This man unsuccessfully treated his friend Ernst Fleischl von Marxow with cocaine

Sigmund Freud

Jasmine and satin were placed on the synagogues of Malabar's Jews during this holiday.

Simchat Torah

This author of Verbal Behavior denied the existence of "autonomous man" in a book that argues for "cultural engineering"

Skinner

This man designed a rejected missile system driven by pecking birds for "Project Pigeon"

Skinner

In a work titled for this kind of person, the Stranger compares these people to fishermen and defines them through a series of divisions.

Sophists

On Twitter, Donald Trump called the leader of this denomination's Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission, Russell Moore, a "nasty guy with no heart."

Southern Baptist Convention

This denomination is the largest of those that believe that being born again requires complete immersion, which is reserved for professing believers.

Southern Baptist Convention

C. S. Lewis's essay "Transposition" begins with a defense of one kind of this practice. Members of the household of Cornelius engaged in this practice after Peter preached there.

Speak in tongues

"right to ignore the state's" assaults on the social organism.

Spencer

In another book, this man argued that "over-legislation" and the army of bureaucracy led to a "New Toryism" akin to socialism

Spencer

The claimed that men will evolve away from government to a "social equilibrium" in a process often called "Social Darwinism"

Spencer

This author of System of Synthetic Philosophy introduced the "first principle" of equal freedom

Spencer

This man asserted that all life gradually moves towards self-sufficiency in a book that integrated the scientific method with the search for natural law

Spencer

The first person to observe these structures was the Third Earl of Rosse, who sketched them after using the Leviathan of Parsontown.

Spiral galaxies

Vera Rubin examined numerous HII regions in these objects to conclude that they must be held by dark matter to explain their rotation

Spiral galaxies

Died listening to Psalm 142

St Francis of Assisi

A story recounts how this man encountered a butcher and innkeeper who cut up and pickled three children in barrels, but this man resurrected them

St Nicholas

A story recounts how this man encountered a butcher and innkeeper who cut up and pickled three children in barrels, but this man resurrected them.

St Nicolas

In medieval England, a "boy bishop" who would act for a roughly three-week period was elected during a holiday commemorating this man

St Nicolas

This man, who may have punched the heretic Arius in the face, has a feast day that involves the arrival of Zwarte Piet

St Nicolas

A binomial tree of values for this variable is generated in the Cox-Ross-Rubinstein method.

Stock price

One member of this school of thought stated that "nature hath given men one tongue but two ears that we may hear twice as much as we speak"

Stoicism

Members of the Mevlevi Order of this tradition are sometimes known as "whirling dervishes".

Sufism

In another story, this god protects a princess by turning her into a comb and putting her in his hair.

Susano'o

Some translations of the ​Record of Ancient Matters​ give this god the title "His Swift-Impetuous-Male-Augustness."

Susano'o

This god forces another character to sleep in a room filled with snakes, then in one filled with centipedes and wasps.

Susano'o

This god has his hair tied to palace rafters after a suitor of his daughter is forced to find an arrow in a field that this god sets on fire.

Susano'o

This god once birthed five men from a necklace belonging to his sister, to whom he later gave a sword that he pulled from the tail of the eight-headed dragon Orochi.

Susano'o

A character in this work is compared to an ugly hollow statue filled with tiny statues of gods and had previously stood still and silent on a porch

Symposium

Along with the ​Meno​ and ​Phaedo​, one of Plato's key middle-period dialogues was this one, in which Socrates describes how Diotima taught him about the ​scala amoris​, or ladder of love.

Symposium

Erixymachus

Symposium

In a work with this title, Kallias is infatuated with Autolykos, leading the central figure to remind him of his promise to demonstrate wisdom.

Symposium

The first large section of Kierkegaard's Stages on Life's Way emulates this work.

Symposium

This work's events were told to Apollodorus by Aristodemus

Symposium

discuss the nature of love at a drunken party.

Symposium

Many of its troops died after a double-crossing defector closed access to the Salang Tunnel.

Taliban

The genealogy in Matthew includes this daughter-in-law of Judah who bore him two children after Onan refused to do his duty by impregnating her.

Tamar

The dualist Marcion of Sinope taught that the God described in this religious text was not the God taught by Jesus. The protocanonical books, but not the deuterocanonical ones, derived from this text.

Tanakh

The fourth verse of this texts opines that one of the title concepts is "yet it fills every vessel with endless supply... with it / the sharp edges become smooth

Tao Te Ching

This text details the creation of the Three Pure Ones, namely the Grand, Supreme and Jade Purities.

Tao Te Ching

An early commentary on this text was written by the "Riverside Elder" and describes the practice of "dual cultivation".

Tao te Ching

Arthur Waley's translation of this book includes a verse stating "If we stop looking for persons of superior morality" to put in power, "there will be no more jealousies".

Tao te Ching

This text is named for a concept often called "empty" and details the creation of the Three Pure Ones, namely the Grand, Supreme and Jade Purities.

Tao te Ching

One of the Celestial Masters in this religion founded the Five Pecks of Rice movement. An uncut block of wood is compared to purity or being natural in this faith.

Taoism

By visiting this walled-in trapezoidal area, Ariel Sharon provoked the Second Intifada

Temple Mount

In Jewish tradition, it is identified with Moriah, where Abraham bound Isaac

Temple Mount

Muslims venerate it because it contains the al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock

Temple Mount

This area is identified with the threshing floor bought from Araunah for fifty pieces of silver to relieve a plague.

Temple Mount

This poem, the best-known use of dactylic dimeter, was inspired by an article by William Howard Russell

The Charge of the Light Brigade

The preface to this book puts forth the author's goal to "bring philosophy closer to the form of Science."

The Phenomenology of the Spirit

During the crusade of this number, Pope Eugenius III let Saxons fight a set of Slavic pagans called Wends rather than march to the Holy Land

The Second Crusade

This work by Montesquieu called for a separation of powers and heavily influenced the formation of American government

The Spirit of the Laws

A large number of Armalite assault rifles were smuggled to one side aboard the ​QE2 ​during this period.

The Troubles

During this period, an Apprentice Boys parade sparked the Battle of the Bogside.

The Troubles

During this period, paratroopers killed 14 unarmed protesters in Derry on January 30, 1972, an incident referred to as Bloody Sunday.

The Troubles

During this period, the release from prison of two sisters known as the "Crazy Prices" was demanded in exchange for ​The Guitar Player​, a stolen Vermeer painting.

The Troubles

The "Widgery Whitewash" exonerated perpetrators of a massacre during this period

The Troubles

Wrote the Ecclesiastical History of the English People

The Venerable Bede

De Anima

The soul

An apocryphal book on his Acts posits this apostle to be the twin brother of Jesus and describes him preaching in India.

Thomas

this author stated nature is a "war of all against all".

Thomas Hobbes

In Daniel's Dream of Four Beasts, the Ancient of Days had one of these objects that "was flaming with fire."

Thrones

The A-series and B-series theories of this concept were introduced in a J. M. E. McTaggart paper titled for the "unreality" of this concept

Time

A poet inspired by a visit to this location recalled "looking on the happy autumn-fields" in his poem "Tears, Idle Tears."

Tintern Abbey

Another philosopher defined this genre as resulting from the fusion of elements representing order and chaos, which he termed the Apollonian and Dionysian.

Tragedy

sentences are the "bearers" of this property

Truth

An "ethnic" right to use one of these things was granted in the UK case of Mandla v. Dowell-Lee.

Turbans

A corruption scandal at its state-owned Halkbank highlighted the power struggle between the ruling party and the Hizmet movement in this country

Turkey

This country's Prime Minister has tried to censor its wildly popular period drama Magnificent Century.

Turkey

After this country's Luwero War in the 1980s, short-ruling president Tito Okello was replaced with a leader of the National Resistance Army.

Uganda

An earlier leader of this country persecuted the Acholi and Langi ethnic groups and offered safe harbour to Air France Flight 139's Palestinian hijackers.

Uganda

Israel's Entebbe raid took place in this country after the ouster of Milton Obote and the expulsion of its South Asian population

Uganda

This modern-day country contains a still-extant kingdom whose king, or Kabaka, is Muwenda Mutebi II.

Uganda

One thought experiment from this school of thought imagines a child drowning and argues that it is worth muddying your clothes to rescue them

Utilitarianism

This philosopher helped publish the treatise "Anti-Machiavel" after befriending Frederick the Great of Prussia.

Voltaire

Russian educational theorist who claimed that individuals learn new skills in the "zone of proximal development" through challenges, a technique called scaffolding.

Vygotsky

Eleanor de Montfort was captured by pirates en route to this kingdom, forcing its ruler to sign the Treaty of Aberconwy.

Wales

It was traditionally divided into commotes.

Wales

Its eastern border was governed by the Marcher Lords, and it lies west of Offa's Dyke

Wales

Magnus Barefoot saved this kingdom by stumbling into an uprising and inadvertently shooting Hugh Montgomery's eye.

Wales

Name this kingdom whose pre-Anglo-Saxon peoples were once led by Llywelyn the Great

Wales

Powys and Dyfed are sub-kingdoms within this country, where a rebel known as "the Last" lost to Edward Longshanks.

Wales

This kingdom's lore appears in the Red and White Books of Hergest.

Wales

The original was painted in Düsseldorf after its artist received a commission from Montgomery Meigs in the late 1840s.

Washington crossing the Delaware

A verse that claims that Allah made every creature from this "stuff" distinguishes creatures that move on their bellies from those that walk on two and four legs.

Water

In the Quran, Hagar runs between Safa and Marwa in search of this substance for her son Ishmael

Water

One article by this thinker denied the existence of true objective scientific analysis of culture.

Weber

This man distingished between the charismatic, traditional, and legal "ideal types" of leadership

Weber

development of institutions that "dominate through knowledge" in Economy and Society.

Weber

individuals were increasing trapped in an "iron cage" of bureaucratic rationality

Weber

A tradition within this religion was founded by Gerald Gardner

Wicca

Its eight seasonal festivals are marked by the Wheel of the Year; those festivals are called sabbats

Wicca

Many of this religion's rituals include an element called the fivefold kiss

Wicca

This religion's ethical code is summarized by the statement "An it harm none, do what ye will," which is known as its namesake Rede

Wicca

This religion's ethical code is summarized by the statement "An it harm none, do what ye will," which is known as its namesake Rede.

Wicca

This 19th century philosopher and brother of a novelist wrote The Principles of Psychology

William James

This philosopher used a theory of "cash-value" to try and resolve "the present dilemma in philosophy".

William James

This philosopher addressed the problem of evil with the example of a deer caught in a forest fire

William Rowe

A work by this man opens with a quotation on the origins of language from Augustine.

Wittgenstein

G. E. M. Anscombe edited a book by this man, which begins with a quotation on learning language by St. Augustine and argues that forms of life are verbalized in language games

Wittgenstein

G. E. M. Anscombe edited a book by this man, which begins with a quotation on learning language by St. Augustine and argues that forms of life are verbalized in language games.

Wittgenstein

In his later work, this man demonstrated the impossibility of a private language with the "beetle in a box" thought experiment.

Wittgenstein

One work by this man opens by examining a "particular picture" of language from the Confessions of St. Augustine.

Wittgenstein

Rush Rhees transcribed a lecture by this philosopher in which he claimed that a face drawn with four strokes could convey emotions with more exactitude than any adjective.

Wittgenstein

Saul Kripke used an example involving the operation "quus" to illustrate a skeptical rule-following paradox this man supposedly posed.

Wittgenstein

This man was inspired by the method used in Paris traffic courts to develop his "picture theory."

Wittgenstein

This philosopher imagined a builders' vocabulary made of words like "block" and "slab" in a work that distinguishes between "seeing that" and "seeing as something else".

Wittgenstein

This philosopher opened another book with "The world is all that is the case."

Wittgenstein

This thinker argued that because there is nothing common to all games, they must be characterized by a family resemblance.

Wittgenstein

This thinker said philosophy tries "to show the fly the way out of the fly-bottle" as part of his theory of philosophy as therapy

Wittgenstein

This thinker stated that "the object drops out of consideration as irrelevant" when arguing against the idea of a private language using the "beetle in a box" thought experiment

Wittgenstein

Simon Pilkings catastrophically prevents a ritual suicide in this author's "Death and the King's Horseman."

Wole Soyinka

The Lion and the Jewel , Requiem for a Futurologist, Madmen and Specialists

Wole Soyinka

In another essay, this author of "On Not Knowing Greek" attacks the opinions of Lord Birkenhead and, in a section narrated by the Four Marys, suggests the necessity of having five hundred pounds a year in order to write

Woolf

In one essay, this author declared that "the pause is fatal" when we stop to laugh while reading a translation of Homer.

Woolf

In one of her novels, the title character remembers a kiss with Sally Seton being interrupted by Peter Walsh.

Woolf

This man described poetry as the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" in his "Lyrical Ballads"

Wordsworth

The Bhagavad Gita enumerates three types of this practice, one of which involves devotion to a deity and is called bhakti; the other two are karma and jñana

Yoga

On this holiday, men wear white robes normally worn for weddings or funerals name kittel

Yom Kippur

This Day of Atonement takes place 10 days after Rosh Hashanah.

Yom Kippur

This high holiday ended with an elaborate Closing of the Doors ceremony

Yom Kippur

200 years after the death of this thinker, Archimedes used the "method of exhaustion" to challenge some of this author's ideas

Zeno

Boethius's The Consolation of Philosophy relates an anecdote in which this philosopher died after biting off the ear of the tyrant of Nearchus.

Zeno

Boethius's ​The Consolation of Philosophy​ relates an anecdote in which this philosopher died after biting off the ear of the tyrant of Nearchus.

Zeno

Book 6 of Aristotle's ​Physics​ is a discussion of this philosopher's ideas, in which he distinguishes between actual and possible infinities

Zeno

He once suspended his wife from the clouds using a silver thread while her feet were tied with anvils.

Zeus

In one story, this god gave a mortal woman Laelaps, a javelin that never missed and Talos

Zeus

When this god was still in the womb, his mother pressed her fingers on the soil to create the dactyls

Zeus

While this god was a child, the Curetes made loud noises to mask his crying

Zeus

With his son, this god was fed by the elderly Phrygian couple Baucis and Philemon, and he turned them into an oak and linden tree for their hospitality

Zeus

The British Empire annexed this country using a creative interpretation of the Moffat Treaty and the Rudd Concession that were signed with its king, Lobengula.

Zimbabwe

One member of this group, who was known as "Doug,", was offered to be made a snitch in return for "easy treatment."

Zimbardo's prisoners

One person in this group, dubbed "416," went on a hunger strike.

Zimbardo's prisoners

The book ​The​ Lucifer Effect​ compares the poor treatment of this group to those who suffered at Abu Ghraib.

Zimbardo's prisoners

This group was given a pair of thong sandals and a muslin smock, and was not allowed to wear underwear

Zimbardo's prisoners

This group was given a pair of thong sandals and a muslin smock, and was not allowed to wear underwear. One person in this group, dubbed "416," went on a hunger strike.

Zimbardo's prisoners

In this religion, the god Zurvan rules over time

Zoroastrianism

This religion venerates the amesha spentas, the six "divine sparks" of its supreme deity. Its scriptures are written in Avestan.

Zoroastrianism

In this religion, the end times will involve a comet impacting Earth and covering the earth in molten metal, which the resurrected dead will wade in to prove their righteousness.

Zoroastrian​ism

In php, this kind of variable is the output of the explode function.

arrays

The associative type of this data structure is actually a map of key and value pairs.

arrays

insertion and deletion from them is performed in amortized constant time

arrays

These angel-like female cloud spirits in Hinduism and Buddhism live in Indra's domain and make a sport out of seducing ascetics.

asparas

A controversial form of this practice has been used on Anne Frank and other Holocaust victims by Mormons, who believe it can be used on the dead.

baptism

Catechumens ​are individuals who are receiving instruction to be prepared for this practice.

baptism

First Corinthians 15:29 ​ ​has been used to justify a vicarious form of this practice

baptism

In the Great Commission, Jesus urged this practice to be performed in all nations.

baptism

The Elchasaite ​sect reportedly engaged in a form of this practice to treat those who have been bitten by rabid dogs.

baptism

Hyginus states that this transformation befell Cecrops since he was the first to pour libations for the gods.

becoming a constellation

One of these beings from a non-fictional religion carries a staff with jingling rings and is called "Lord of the Six Paths."

bodhisattvas

The Chinese goddess Kannon derives from the most compassionate of these beings

bodhisattvas

In microwave spectroscopy, this quantity can be empirically calculated as h-bar over the square root of twice the rotational constant times reduced mass

bond length

This fate befell a Neapolitan friar who wrote that an infinite God must have created a cosmos with infinite worlds.

burning at the stake

Because "the present form of this world is passing away," Paul advocates for this practice in First Corinthians Chapter 7

celibacy

A 1960 experiment run by Richard Walk and Eleanor Gibson assessed depth perception in this type of subject by placing them on a (*)​ "visual cliff."

children

Mary Ainsworth's assessment of subjects of this type in the "strange situation" aided her and John Bowlby's formulation of "attachment theory.

children

Alvin Toffler's "Future Shock" theorized a type of "overload" facing people engaging in this activity.

choice

Alvin Toffler's ​Future Shock​ theorized a type of "overload" facing people engaging in this activity.

choice

Name this concept, introduced to explain the origin of free will, in which atoms sometimes move unpredictably rather than simply fall straight through the void.

clinamen

A man who plants a sapling while hearing about this event is advised to go on planting that sapling.

coming of the Messiah

It is followed by the Olam Ha-Ba.

coming of the Messiah

The Herfindahl Index calculates how well this condition is being met in an industry.

competition

The concentration of the Megascolecidae family of earthworms was used to support this theory.

continental drift

In Zoroastrianism, these objects are placed on top of ​dakhma​s, or Towers of Silence

coprses

In Islam, these objects are central to the ​janazah​ ritual, before which they receive ​ghusl​ and are wrapped by a cloth called a ​kafan​.

corpses

Some Buddhists believe that when some of these objects are burnt, pearl-like crystals called ​sarira​ are produced.

corpses

These objects are used by some practitioners of Tantric Buddhism to create cups called ​kapala​.

corpses

Caspar David Friedrich's Tetschen Altarpiece sets this scene in a mountain landscape

crucifixion of Jesus Christ

thinkers whose name meant "dog-like

cynics

In his analysis of the Grant Study subjects, George E. Vaillant categorized these things into four levels, with healthy adults demonstrating "mature" examples such as humor and anticipation.

defense mechanisms

Along with the sangha and the Buddha, it is one of the Three Jewels

dharma

The Esala Perahera Festival also commemorates the day that Buddha taught his mother, Queen Maya, about the "abhi-" form of this concept.

dharma

This concept is the namesake of a monk whose eighteenth vow promised that anyone who called on his name ten times would be reborn in the Pure Land.

dharma

names the monk who became Amitabha Buddha

dharma

Identify this excitingly-named sacrament performed on people who are in danger of dying.

extreme unction

In Eastern Orthodoxy, an intricate form of this practice begins with the reading of Psalm 50, following by the pouring of wine and olive oil into a shrine lamp

extreme unction

In "The Prince", Machiavelli compares this entity to a woman who must be beaten into submission.

fortune

Maximum number of wives allowed under Sharia Law

four

Martin Heidegger illustrated these concepts using a silver chalice in "The Question Concerning Technology."

four causes

In the Qur'an, a man named Samiri made this object by collecting a handful of dust from the footsteps of Gabriel

golden calf

This object prompted a man to order the sons of Levi to kill 3,000 men, after having thrown two tablets out of his hands.

golden calf

This object was burnt, ground down into powder, and scattered on water, which the people of Israel drank.

golden calf

Sikh places of worship

gurdwaras

According to Christoph Luxenberg's interpretation of a certain text, this place contains many white raisins.

heaven

In this place, Moses helped reduce the number of obligatory prayers from fifty to five

heaven

In this place, people can drink a ginger-containing mixture from a fountain named Salsabil.

heaven

People will inhabit ​barzakh​ until they are sent to Jahannam​ or this other place on the Day of Resurrection according to Islamic tradition

heaven

The furthermost boundary of this place is marked by a lote-tree, according to Islamic beliefs

heaven

Three brass, three iron, and three adamantine gates stand at this place's exit, where a character encounters his serpent-bodied daughter and the shadowy shape he fathered on her

hell

The Esala Perahera Festival celebrates this sacred relic that belonged to the Buddha.

his tooth

Acheiropoieta​ ​are artworks of this type believed not to have been made by humans, such as the legendary Mandylion of Edessa.

icons

One pose in these artworks is called "Pantocrator," and another, called "Hodegetria," shows the Theotokos, or Virgin Mary, pointing towards the infant Jesus by her side.

icons

These objects may be protected by a ​riza​, a partial cover of ornamented metal.

icons

A maḥẓar written by Shaykh Mubarak granted Akbar the Great the right to use independent reasoning while interpreting the Qur'an, an action which is denoted by this Arabic term that can be literally translated as "effort."

ijtihad

Another of these beings offers a choice of deaths to the man who finds him, but later leads him to a pond of exotic fish that talk when fried;

jinni

One of these beings threatens to burn down a palace when a princess tries to get an egg to hang from its ceiling.

jinni

One of these creatures became evil after arrogantly refusing to bow before the first man

jinni

The marids, ghul, and ifrit belong to this class of beings, one of which is attached to a magic ring and rescues a young Chinese boy from a cave of treasures.

jinni

The study of this concept is called ​pramana​ in Sanskrit thought, and it is gained through Vipassana meditation.

knowledge

name this central concept of philosophy studied in epistemology.

knowledge

After death, a person with this title will guide a soul into the first of six ​bardo​s.

lama

This title, ​yidam​ ​, and khandroma​ ​are the Three Roots of a certain religion, according to ​Dzogchen ​texts.

lama

The "cultural" form of this position holds that a culture should be analyzed with respect to its own values, and not to those of some other culture.

linguistic relativism

The first half of the Book of Joel recounts the arrival of these creatures, which Joel compares to the army of God.

locusts

Peter Abelard's work on this subject was inspired by the rediscovery of the Prior Analytics​ from Aristotle's ​Organon​, which expounded on non-modal syllogism

logic

William of Ockham laid out his nominalism in his ​Summa of​ this subject.

logic

When converting between "rest" and "total" forms of the quantities in this principle, an additional factor of momentum times speed of light, all squared, appears.

mass-energy equivalence

An argument against naturalism from a book titled after these events was revised after its author, C. S. Lewis, debated Elizabeth Anscombe.

miracles

Augustine argues that these events are only "contrary to what we know as nature."

miracles

Accusations that an object housed in these places at Hailes ​contained either duck's blood or saffron honey led a group of commissioners to seize that vial.

monasteries

Supporters of these places carried a banner that depicted arms and feet around a heart and chalice to represent the "Five Wounds of Christ."

monasteries

The "lesser" type of these places were the first to be targeted after a tour of visitation conducted by Thomas Cromwell.

monasteries

G. E. M. Anscombe asserted that two traditional approaches to this field should be discarded and an ancient approach revived in her essay on the "modern philosophy" of this field.

moral philosophy

The notion that there is no universal manifestation of this concept for all of humanity underlies this field's namesake "relativism."

moral philosophy

A theory of this concept's development was tested using the "Heinz dilemma" about stealing a life-saving drug

morality

the subject of a six-stage theory of its "development" by Lawrence Kohlberg

morality

The second movement of Khachaturian's Masquerade Suite is one of these pieces, as is the Elgar-inspired first movement of Shostakovich's first violin concerto.

nocturne

t's not a serenade, but Benjamin Britten dedicated a song cycle for tenor, seven instruments, and strings named for this genre to Alma Mahler.

nocturne

A naturally occurring instance of this process was discovered by Francis Perrin at Oklo in Gabon

nuclear fission

The poem "Sailing to Byzantium" declares "that is no country for," men with what attribute, often lamented in poems by William Butler Yeats?

oldness

Maria Goeppert-Meyer names a unit for the cross-section for the absorption of two of these particles at once.

photons

A game theory analysis pioneered by William Riker determines how these figures leverage mutual interest to form coalitions that maximize their "power index."

politicians

In one treatise, Aristotle compares these figures' role to that of craftsmen and directly equates them with​ lawgivers.

politicians

Michael Walzer popularized a thought experiment in which these figures must potentially violate fundamental morality in pursuit of a greater good, the problem of "dirty hands."

politicians

After hearing a verse from First Thessalonians about performing this action, the narrator of the text ​The Way of a Pilgrim​ embarks on a journey throughout Russia.

prayer

In a parable about two people who perform this action, a self-righteous man compares himself to a nearby tax collector.

prayer

David Hume's statement of this problem included the question "Is he willing... but not able? Then he is impotent.

problem of evil

This issue is addressed by philosopher William Rowe with the example of a deer caught in a forest fire

problem of evil

Running this kind of quicksort can bound the worst-case runtime against malicious inputs.

randomness

These kinds of inputs are necessary to perform (*) Monte Carlo algorithms, and this kind of process can be modeled using a Markov chain.

randomness

This kind of output is produced by the Mersenne Twister, and it is often necessary to "seed" functions that produce this type of output when using said functions.

randomness

Using a primitive polynomial, this type of output can be obtained from a linear feedback shift register. An algorithm that produces an output with this property has a period of 2 to the 19,937th power minus one.

randomness

This school of thought traces its origins to Hans Morgenthau's ​Politics Among Nations

realism

A text about this sociological phenomenon describes intense tribal bonding experiences known as "collective effervescence."

religion

Émile Durkheim suggested that differing integration levels of two of these institutions led to different suicide rates.

religion

Max Weber's "​Economy and Society"​ described three pursuits of this institution: asceticism, mysticism, and salvation.

religion

A text about this sociological phenomenon describes intense tribal bonding experiences known as "collective effervescence.

religions

In Judaism, it is followed by the removal of the sciatic nerve, and in Islam, it is accomplished by the slicing of both carotids and jugulars.

ritual slaughter

The glatt status must be maintained prior to this action, which is accomplished using the halluf.

ritual slaughter

The person performing this action is mandated to give three gifts to a kohen for nothing in return.

ritual slaughter

Lorentz transformations among spacetime coordinates correspond to processes of this type

rotation

Spectroscopy based on this process can only measure transitions for which delta J equals plus or minus one.

rotation

This practice is mandatory for those who have the nisab, or means to do so. A contribution of 2.5 percent is standard for this practice

sadaqah, zakat

Hymir's cowardice saved the life of another of these creatures; that one was briefly disguised as a cat by Utgard-Loki.

serpents

Indra used his thunderbolt to kill one of these beings named Vritra

serpents

Michel Foucault reported on a massacre of protesters against a holder of this office called Black Friday.

shah of Iran

In Exodus, God gives Moses the proportions of myrrh, cinnamon, calamus and cassia ​to be used in creating a type of this substance that was henceforth used to mark the descendants of Aaron

shemen

In 1984, Jarnail Bhindranwale ​led militants from this group's Khalistan movement in a protest blown up by tank shells in Operation Bluestar;

sikhs

In an eruption of violence against this group, mobs barbecued the slum residents of Block 32 with state-supplied kerosene

sikhs

Repressive efforts like Operation Woodrose radicalized members of this group who blew up a Boeing 747 flying from Montreal in the deadliest airplane hijacking prior to 9/11.

sikhs

The quote "When a great tree falls, the earth shakes" was used to dismiss a wave of pogroms against this group.

sikhs

The Sura al-Maida, or The Table, begins by specifying that the name of Allah must be invoked by the person carrying out this action.

slaughter

Pliny the Elder claimed that the mortal enemy of these beings was a creature that coated itself in several layers of mud before fighting them, called the ichneumon.

snakes

Tvashta created one of them to avenge the death of his son Trisira

snakes

One of these people named Callicles argued that the "law of nature" is superior to conventional morality, which allows the weak to enslave the strong.

sophists

Plato called Protagoras the first of these people, who claimed to teach virtue and came under criticism for charging money and teaching deceptive reasoning.

sophists

A condition for the formation of these things is the Jeans length being exceeded by a molecular cloud, which will collapse and tend to form "clusters" of them.

stars

The opacity of these objects is proportional to density times temperature to the negative seven-halves according to Kramers's law.

stars

These objects are commonly studied using a log T-log rho graph, from which one can easily find if gas pressure or radiation pressure is more important

stars

A catalogue of stars' proper motion and values for this quantity was made using data from the Hipparcos satellite.

stellar parallax

A commemorative arch is a prominent feature of a building of this kind nicknamed the "Ruin," or "Hurva."

synagogue

The oldest active surviving example of these buildings dates to the 13th century in Prague

synagogue

These buildings contain a curtained closet named the hekhal and a bimah elevated by two or three steps.

synagogue

Women were segregated from men in an upstairs gallery of these buildings known as the "courtyard."

synagogue

A passage from Genesis in which Abraham visits the oaks of Mamre is often used to support this doctrine.

the Holy Trinity

A passage in the Gospels that supports this doctrine, the Johannine Comma, is sometimes considered to be a forgery.

the Holy Trinity

A verse from Matthew 28 is usually cited as the reason a statement of this doctrine is required before any baptism.

the Holy Trinity

In the Middle Ages, a shield diagram was used to represent the Athanasian Creed's statement of this doctrine, whose common name was coined by Tertullian.

the Holy Trinity

Macedonius formed the ​pneumatomachi​ ​sect in opposition to this doctrine

the Holy Trinity

A one-penny tax per person given to the man holding this office started being collected in England during Saxon rule and increased to about two hundred pounds for the kingdom after the Conquest

the Pope

They were defeated at the first battle of Grunwald, or Tannenberg.

the Teutonic Knights

A widespread belief that this had occurred was shattered when the leader of the Sabbateans converted to Islam

the coming of the Messiah

splinter sect from the Quakers that received its name because its adherents dance during worship.

the shakers

A class of celestial beings that share their name with these objects transport one that is seen carried on a fiery chariot in a vision of Ezekiel.

thrones

In Islam, God's object of this sort is referred to as al-'Arsh, and is said to "includeth the heavens and the earth" in a popular verse from the Al-Baqara surah.

thrones

One of these objects is described as the source of the river of water of life in the Book of Revelation, which details the four and twenty elders, seven spirits, and four beasts that surround it.

thrones

Henri Bergson ​paired this concept with "free will"

time

In Book Eleven of Confessions, Augustine expresses confusion at defining this concept, but is certain that God enables it

time

One paper about this concept concludes by identifying the writer's position with Hegel, who saw this concept as a "distorted reflexion" of reality

time

Per the Transcendental Aesthetic section of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, this concept grounds our "inner sense" as a "form of pure intuition."

time

Some philosophers argue that this concept is a merely relative "B-series" rather than an objective "A-series"

time

The A-series and B-series theories of this concept were introduced in a J. M. E. McTaggart paper titled for the "unreality" of this concept.

time

This concept was paired with "free will" in a book by Henri Bergson that described consciousness in terms of "duration"

time

These people give a sermon called a samavasarana after reaching the thirteenth gunasthana

tirthankaras (liberators in Jainism)

According to Tarski's "semantic" theory of this concept, it can only be identified in a language L using a "meta-language".

truth

Deflationary accounts of this property suppose that stating a proposition ​p​ has this property is equivalent to simply stating ​p

truth

In Book VI of Plato's Republic, this concept is analogized to rays from a sun which represents the form of the Good.

truth

Plato's ​Theaetetus​ proposes that knowledge comprises justified beliefs with this property

truth

This was the second of three title concepts in a British work of logical empiricism by A. J. Ayer

truth

Wittgenstein developed a diagram showing outputs of this property and its opposite after applying logical operators,

truth

sentences are the "bearers" of this property

truth

In addition to petrification, Zeus gave this fate to Laelaps and the Teumessian fox to resolve a paradox

turning into a constellation

Apollo honored the tortoise that was used to make the first lyre by performing this transformation on it.

turning it into a constellation

The mass of this interaction's gauge bosons is provided by the Higgs boson upon the symmetry breaking of this interaction's unification with electromagnetism.

weak

By measuring the disparity in distribution between gamma ray and electron emissions in the decay of cobalt-60 to nickel-60, Chien-Shiung Wu experimentally showed that this interaction violates parity conservation.

weak force

This interaction has both vector and axial vector components, which behave oppositely under improper Lorentz transformations

weak force

Another of these people was a forty-year-old merchant whom Maisarah told of the business acumen of her 25-year-old cousin

wives of Muhammad

One of these people was left behind while searching for a lost necklace and accused of sexual misconduct with Safwan, who rescued her

wives of Muhammad

The most favored of these people retaliated against men who failed to find Uthman's murderer, leading to the Battle of the Camel, and consummated her relationship at age nine

wives of Muhammad

Its "hatha" form is based on a collection of asana.

yoga

One form of it is the intense love for a single god that characterizes Shaivism and Vaishnavism; another is named for "perfect knowledge."

yoga

This term identifies 196 sutras written by Patanjali.

yoga

When enforced by the state, the performance of this practice involves officials called ​amil​

zaqat

A frog leaps into an "old pond" in the best-known poem by this author of the travelogue ​Narrow Road to the Deep North​.

​Bashō​

Identify this movement that resulted in the founding of the World Council of Churches, and in general aims to improve understanding between different Christian denominations.

​ecumenical​