Reproductive

What are the risk factors for the development of endometrial cancer? Obesity, early menarche, and infertility

A. Obesity, early menarche, and infertility Correct Risk factors for the development of endometrial cancer include, among others, obesity, early menarche, and infertility. B. Oral contraceptive use, low-fat diet, and smoking Oral contraceptive use and low-fat diet reduce the risk of endometrial cancer. Smoking is not a specific risk factor in the development of endometrial cancer. C. Having multiple children, age 40 years or younger, and chronic vaginitis Obesity, having no children, and age 40 years or older are risk factors for developing endometrial cancer. Endometrial cancer is not associated with infection. D. Black race, lower socioeconomic status, and late menarche White race, being of higher socioeconomic status, and early menarche are risk factors for the development of endometrial cancer.

What is a common outcome of a cystocele? Stress incontinence

A. Stress incontinence Correct A cystocele occurs when the bladder descends into the anterior aspect of the vaginal canal and usually results in bladder control problems such as stress incontinence. Neither painful defecation, a prolapsed uterus, nor infertility is generally associated with infertility. B. Significant problems while defecating A cystocele occurs when the bladder descends into the anterior aspect of the vaginal canal and usually results in bladder control problems such as stress incontinence. Neither painful defecation, a prolapsed uterus, nor infertility is generally associated with infertility. C. The descent of the uterus into the vaginal canal A cystocele occurs when the bladder descends into the anterior aspect of the vaginal canal and usually results in bladder control problems such as stress incontinence. Neither painful defecation, a prolapsed uterus, nor infertility is generally associated with infertility. D. Infertility A cystocele occurs when the bladder descends into the anterior aspect of the vaginal canal and usually results in bladder control problems such as stress incontinence. Neither painful defecation, a prolapsed uterus, nor infertility is generally associated with infertility.

Which of the following statements about ovarian cancer is false? Women 45 years and younger are at the greatest risk of developing ovarian cancer.

A. In the early stages, ovarian cancer is usually asymptomatic. One reason for the poor prognosis for ovarian cancer is that it is usually asymptomatic. The highest incidence of ovarian cancer is in women older than 80 years. Ovarian cancers arise from the surface epithelium of the ovary and spread intra-abdominally over the surface of the peritoneum. Seeded cancer cells secrete fluid in the peritoneal cavity, resulting in the development of ascites. Although endometrial cancer has the highest incidence, ovarian cancer accounts for the most deaths of all cancers of the female reproductive tract. B. Women 45 years and younger are at the greatest risk of developing ovarian cancer. Correct One reason for the poor prognosis for ovarian cancer is that it is usually asymptomatic. The highest incidence of ovarian cancer is in women older than 80 years. Ovarian cancers arise from the surface epithelium of the ovary and spread intra-abdominally over the surface of the peritoneum. Seeded cancer cells secrete fluid in the peritoneal cavity, resulting in the development of ascites. Although endometrial cancer has the highest incidence, ovarian cancer accounts for the most deaths of all cancers of the female reproductive tract. C. Ovarian cancer results in ascites caused by seeding of cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity. One reason for the poor prognosis for ovarian cancer is that it is usually asymptomatic. The highest incidence of ovarian cancer is in women older than 80 years. Ovarian cancers arise from the surface epithelium of the ovary and spread intra-abdominally over the surface of the peritoneum. Seeded cancer cells secrete fluid in the peritoneal cavity, resulting in the development of ascites. Although endometrial cancer has the highest incidence, ovarian cancer accounts for the most deaths of all cancers of the female reproductive tract. D. Ovarian cancer accounts for the most deaths of all cancers of the female reproductive tract. One reason for the poor prognosis for ovarian cancer is that it is usually asymptomatic. The highest incidence of ovarian cancer is in women older than 80 years. Ovarian cancers arise from the surface epithelium of the ovary and spread intra-abdominally over the surface of the peritoneum. Seeded cancer cells secrete fluid in the peritoneal cavity, resulting in the development of ascites. Although endometrial cancer has the highest incidence, ovarian cancer accounts for the most deaths of all cancers of the female reproductive tract.

Penile cancer is associated with which of the following risk factors? Select all that apply.

A. Human papillomavirus infection Correct Major risk factors for developing penile cancer are human papillomavirus infection, smoking, psoriasis treated with a combination involving the drug psoralen and ultraviolet (UV) light, and African or South American country of origin. Men circumcised at birth have less than half the chance of getting penile cancer than those who were not. B. Smoking Correct Major risk factors for developing penile cancer are human papillomavirus infection, smoking, psoriasis treated with a combination involving the drug psoralen and ultraviolet (UV) light, and African or South American country of origin. Men circumcised at birth have less than half the chance of getting penile cancer than those who were not. C. African or South American country of origin Correct Major risk factors for developing penile cancer are human papillomavirus infection, smoking, psoriasis treated with a combination involving the drug psoralen and ultraviolet (UV) light, and African or South American country of origin. Men circumcised at birth have less than half the chance of getting penile cancer than those who were not. D. Ultraviolet/psoralen-treated psoriasis Correct Major risk factors for developing penile cancer are human papillomavirus infection, smoking, psoriasis treated with a combination involving the drug psoralen and ultraviolet (UV) light, and African or South American country of origin. Men circumcised at birth have less than half the chance of getting penile cancer than those who were not. E. Infant circumcision Major risk factors for developing penile cancer are human papillomavirus infection, smoking, psoriasis treated with a combination involving the drug psoralen and ultraviolet (UV) light, and African or South American country of origin. Men circumcised at birth have less than half the chance of getting penile cancer than those who were not.

The release of a matured ovum from the follicle is a process referred to by what term? Ovulation

A. Reproduction Ovulation is marked by the release of a matured ovum from the ovarian follicle. Reproduction is the process of producing new offspring, which in the female starts with ovulation, the release of a matured ovum. Ejaculation is generally a process that occurs in males and involves the release of sperm. Menarche is the first menstruation in a female's life. B. Ejaculation Ovulation is marked by the release of a matured ovum from the ovarian follicle. Reproduction is the process of producing new offspring, which in the female starts with ovulation, the release of a matured ovum. Ejaculation is generally a process that occurs in males and involves the release of sperm. Menarche is the first menstruation in a female's life. C. Menarche Ovulation is marked by the release of a matured ovum from the ovarian follicle. Reproduction is the process of producing new offspring, which in the female starts with ovulation, the release of a matured ovum. Ejaculation is generally a process that occurs in males and involves the release of sperm. Menarche is the first menstruation in a female's life. D. Ovulation Correct Ovulation is marked by the release of a matured ovum from the ovarian follicle. Reproduction is the process of producing new offspring, which in the female starts with ovulation, the release of a matured ovum. Ejaculation is generally a process that occurs in males and involves the release of sperm. Menarche is the first menstruation in a female's life.

What other condition presents with symptoms similar to those of prostate cancer? Benign prostatic hyperplasia

A. Urinary tract infection (UTI) The major symptom of prostate cancer is unrelieved urethral obstruction and decreased urinary flow. These problems also occur with BPH. Prostate cancer does not present with symptoms that are similar to those of prostatitis, UTI, or epididymitis. B. Epididymitis The major symptom of prostate cancer is unrelieved urethral obstruction and decreased urinary flow. These problems also occur with BPH. Prostate cancer does not present with symptoms that are similar to those of prostatitis, UTI, or epididymitis. C. Benign prostatic hyperplasia Correct The major symptom of prostate cancer is unrelieved urethral obstruction and decreased urinary flow. These problems also occur with BPH. Prostate cancer does not present with symptoms that are similar to those of prostatitis, UTI, or epididymitis. D. Prostatitis The major symptom of prostate cancer is unrelieved urethral obstruction and decreased urinary flow. These problems also occur with BPH. Prostate cancer does not present with symptoms that are similar to those of prostatitis, UTI, or epididymitis.

In premenstrual syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) refers to which of the following symptoms? Significant depression

A. Uterine cramping A small percentage of women with severe PMS experience severe cyclic depression or dysphoria (PMDD). Although fatigue, uterine cramping, and fluid retention are commonly reported symptom of PMS, none of them are identified by the term PMDD. B. Fatigue A small percentage of women with severe PMS experience severe cyclic depression or dysphoria (PMDD). Although fatigue, uterine cramping, and fluid retention are commonly reported symptom of PMS, none of them are identified by the term PMDD. C. Significant depression Correct A small percentage of women with severe PMS experience severe cyclic depression or dysphoria (PMDD). Although fatigue, uterine cramping, and fluid retention are commonly reported symptom of PMS, none of them are identified by the term PMDD. D. Fluid retention A small percentage of women with severe PMS experience severe cyclic depression or dysphoria (PMDD). Although fatigue, uterine cramping, and fluid retention are commonly reported symptom of PMS, none of them are identified by the term PMDD.

The protrusion of the uterus into the vaginal canal and possibly outside of the vagina is a condition known as uterine: prolapse.

A. rectocele. Uterine prolapse is the protrusion of the uterus into the vaginal canal and is a pelvic relaxation disorder. A rectocele is bulging of the rectum into the posterior vaginal wall, whereas a cystocele involves the bladder. Vulvitis involves inflammation of the skin of the perineum. B. cystocele. Uterine prolapse is the protrusion of the uterus into the vaginal canal and is a pelvic relaxation disorder. A rectocele is bulging of the rectum into the posterior vaginal wall, whereas a cystocele involves the bladder. Vulvitis involves inflammation of the skin of the perineum. C. prolapse. Correct Uterine prolapse is the protrusion of the uterus into the vaginal canal and is a pelvic relaxation disorder. A rectocele is bulging of the rectum into the posterior vaginal wall, whereas a cystocele ininvoles the bladder. Vulvitis involves inflammation of the skin of the perineum. D. vulvitis. Uterine prolapse is the protrusion of the uterus into the vaginal canal and is a pelvic relaxation disorder. A rectocele is bulging of the rectum into the posterior vaginal wall, whereas a cystocele involves the bladder. Vulvitis involves inflammation of the skin of the perineum.

In a person with endometriosis, where are the endometrial implanted glands? Select all that apply.

A. Abdominal cavity Correct Ectopic endometrial tissue that responds to hormonal changes of the menstrual cycle may be found throughout the abdominal, pelvic, and even pleural cavities, including the ovaries and the uterine ligaments. Pathologic studies have found endometriosis on all organs of the body except the spleen. B. Ovaries Correct Ectopic endometrial tissue that responds to hormonal changes of the menstrual cycle may be found throughout the abdominal, pelvic, and even pleural cavities, including the ovaries and the uterine ligaments. Pathologic studies have found endometriosis on all organs of the body except the spleen. C. Uterine ligaments Correct Ectopic endometrial tissue that responds to hormonal changes of the menstrual cycle may be found throughout the abdominal, pelvic, and even pleural cavities, including the ovaries and the uterine ligaments. Pathologic studies have found endometriosis on all organs of the body except the spleen. D. Pleural cavity Correct Ectopic endometrial tissue that responds to hormonal changes of the menstrual cycle may be found throughout the abdominal, pelvic, and even pleural cavities, including the ovaries and the uterine ligaments. Pathologic studies have found endometriosis on all organs of the body except the spleen. E. Spleen Ectopic endometrial tissue that responds to hormonal changes of the menstrual cycle may be found throughout the abdominal, pelvic, and even pleural cavities, including the ovaries and the uterine ligaments. Pathologic studies have found endometriosis on all organs of the body except the spleen.

What symptoms are associated with pelvic inflammatory disease?

A. Abdominal pain Correct Symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease include abdominal pain, dyspareunia (painful intercourse), and dyschezia (painful defecation), as well as pelvic pain upon menstruation (dysmenorrhea). Dyspnea (difficult breathing) is not associated with pelvic inflammatory disease. B. Dyspareunia Correct Symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease include abdominal pain, dyspareunia (painful intercourse), and dyschezia (painful defecation), as well as pelvic pain upon menstruation (dysmenorrhea). Dyspnea (difficult breathing) is not associated with pelvic inflammatory disease. C. Dyschezia Correct Symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease include abdominal pain, dyspareunia (painful intercourse), and dyschezia (painful defecation), as well as pelvic pain upon menstruation (dysmenorrhea). Dyspnea (difficult breathing) is not associated with pelvic inflammatory disease. D. Dysmenorrhea Correct Symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease include abdominal pain, dyspareunia (painful intercourse), and dyschezia (painful defecation), as well as pelvic pain upon menstruation, physical activity, and/or pelvic examination. Normally, pelvic inflammatory disease does not manifest with dyspnea (difficulty in breathing). E. Dyspnea

Vaginitis caused by infection is often related to what risk factor? Antibiotic use

A. Antibiotic use Correct Oral antibiotic use can decrease healthy levels of Lactobacillus acidophilus, resulting in overgrowth of normal vaginal flora. Alterations in hormones such as hypothyroidism, autoimmune diseases, or irregular menstrual cycles are not generally associated with vaginitis. B. Hypothyroidism Oral antibiotic use can decrease healthy levels of Lactobacillus acidophilus, resulting in overgrowth of normal vaginal flora. Alterations in hormones such as hypothyroidism, autoimmune diseases, or irregular menstrual cycles are not generally associated with vaginitis. C. Autoimmune disease Oral antibiotic use can decrease healthy levels of Lactobacillus acidophilus, resulting in overgrowth of normal vaginal flora. Alterations in hormones such as hypothyroidism, autoimmune diseases, or irregular menstrual cycles are not generally associated with vaginitis. D. Irregular menstrual cycles Oral antibiotic use can decrease healthy levels of Lactobacillus acidophilus, resulting in overgrowth of normal vaginal flora. Alterations in hormones such as hypothyroidism, autoimmune diseases, or irregular menstrual cycles are not generally associated with vaginitis.

What nodes drain lymph from the breast tissue? Axillary

A. Axillary Correct Lymph from breast tissue drains through the superficial lymph nodes in the axillary region. Inguinal nodes are associated with the groin; mediastinal with the chest; cervical, the neck. B. Cervical Lymph from breast tissue drains through the superficial lymph nodes in the axillary region. Inguinal nodes are associated with the groin; mediastinal with the chest; cervical, the neck. C. Mediastinal Lymph from breast tissue drains through the superficial lymph nodes in the axillary region. Inguinal nodes are associated with the groin; mediastinal with the chest; cervical, the neck. D. Inguinal Lymph from breast tissue drains through the superficial lymph nodes in the axillary region. Inguinal nodes are associated with the groin; mediastinal with the chest; cervical, the neck.

Which of the following sexually transmitted infections are associated with cervicitis and can result in pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding, and the presence of purulent cervical discharge? All of the above Chlamydia, trichomoniasis, and gonorrhea are all sexually transmitted infections that can lead to cervicitis.

A. Chlamydia Chlamydia, trichomoniasis, and gonorrhea are all sexually transmitted infections that can lead to cervicitis. B. Trichomoniasis Chlamydia, trichomoniasis, and gonorrhea are all sexually transmitted infections that can lead to cervicitis. C. Gonorrhea Chlamydia, trichomoniasis, and gonorrhea are all sexually transmitted infections that can lead to cervicitis. D. All of the above Correct Chlamydia, trichomoniasis, and gonorrhea are all sexually transmitted infections that can lead to cervicitis.

The condition in which one or both testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum in early childhood development is referred to by what term? Cryptorchidism

A. Cryptorchidism Correct With cryptorchidism, the testicle may remain in the abdomen or arrest in the inguinal canal instead of descending into the scrotum. The condition described is not identified as testicular torsion, orchitis, or Peyronie disease. B. Testicular torsion The condition in which one or both testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum is called cryptorchidism. Testicular torsion involves the rotation of the testes in the scrotum and can result in the obstruction of the vascular supply to the testes. The condition described is not identified as orchitis or Peyronie disease. C. Orchitis The condition in which one or both testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum is called cryptorchidism. Orchitis is an acute inflammation of the testicles that usually results from a viral infection. The condition described is not identified as testicular torsion or Peyronie disease. D. Peyronie disease Peyronie disease results in fibrosis of the fascia in the lateral penis. The condition in which one or both testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum is called cryptorchidism. The condition described is not identified as testicular torsion or orchitis.

An abnormal dilation of veins within the spermatic cord is known by what term? Varicocele

A. Cystocyle An abnormal dilation of veins within the spermatic cord is known as a varicocele. A cystocele involves the bladder. A spermatocele is a diverticulum of the epididymis. A hydrocele is the accumulation of fluid in the tunica vaginalis. B. Spermatocele An abnormal dilation of veins within the spermatic cord is known as a varicocele. A cystocele involves the bladder. A spermatocele is a diverticulum of the epididymis. A hydrocele is the accumulation of fluid in the tunica vaginalis. C. Varicocele Correct An abnormal dilation of veins within the spermatic cord is known as a varicocele. A cystocele involves the bladder. A spermatocele is a diverticulum of the epididymis. A hydrocele is the accumulation of fluid in the tunica vaginalis. D. Hydrocele An abnormal dilation of veins within the spermatic cord is known as a varicocele. A cystocele involves the bladder. A spermatocele is a diverticulum of the epididymis. A hydrocele is the accumulation of fluid in the tunica vaginalis.

Sexual maturation occurring before age 6 in girls or age 9 in boys is a condition is idenified by what term? Precocious puberty

A. Delayed puberty Early sexual maturation is a condition known as precocious puberty. This description does not relate to delayed puberty, congenital hypopituitarism, or Klinefelter syndrome. B. Congenital hypopituitarism Early sexual maturation is a condition known as precocious puberty. Hypopituitarism causes delayed growth and maturation. This description does not relate to delayed puberty or Klinefelter syndrome. C. Precocious puberty Correct Early sexual maturation is a rare condition known as precocious puberty. This description does not relate to delayed puberty, congenital hypopituitarism, or Klinefelter syndrome. D. Klinefelter syndrome Early sexual maturation is a condition known as precocious puberty. Klinefelter syndrome causes delayed puberty. This description does not relate to delayed puberty or congenital hypopituitarism.

What is the major endocrine abnormality associated with the development of polycystic ovarian syndrome? Hyperinsulinemia

A. Depressed estradiol levels Hyperinsulinemia plays a key role in androgen excess and the subsequent development of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is not generally associated with abnormal levels of estradiol, cortisole, or androgens. B. Hyperinsulinemia Correct Hyperinsulinemia plays a key role in androgen excess and the subsequent development of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is not generally associated with abnormal levels of estradiol, cortisole, or androgens. C. Hypocortisolism Hyperinsulinemia plays a key role in androgen excess and the subsequent development of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is not generally associated with abnormal levels of estradiol, cortisole, or androgens. D. Low androgen production Hyperinsulinemia plays a key role in androgen excess and the subsequent development of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is not generally associated with abnormal levels of estradiol, cortisole, or androgens.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is the cyclic recurrence associated with what conditions? Select all that apply.

A. Depression Correct Changes occurring with PMS are behavioral, physical, and psychological. Common problems include depression, headache, and irritability, but nipple discharge and infertility are not commonly identified with this condition. B. Headache Correct Changes occurring with PMS are behavioral, physical, and psychological. Common problems include depression, headache, and irritability, but nipple discharge and infertility are not commonly identified with this condition. C. Irritabiltiy Correct Changes occurring with PMS are behavioral, physical, and psychological. Common problems include depression, headache, and irritability, but nipple discharge and infertility are not commonly identified with this condition. D. Nipple discharge Changes occurring with PMS are behavioral, physical, and psychological. Common problems include depression, headache, and irritability, but nipple discharge and infertility are not commonly identified with this condition. E. Infertility Changes occurring with PMS are behavioral, physical, and psychological. Common problems include depression, headache, and irritability, but nipple discharge and infertility are not commonly identified with this condition.

Estrogen is associated with what function? Development of secondary sex characteristics

A. Development of secondary sex characteristics Correct Estrogen is responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics during puberty. Progesterone helps maintain the thickened endometrium during pregnancy. Progesterone inhibits smooth muscle contraction to prevent premature uterine contractions during pregnancy. High follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels stimulate follicle and ovum maturation. B. Stimulating uterine smooth muscle contraction Estrogen is responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics during puberty. Progesterone helps maintain the thickened endometrium during pregnancy. Progesterone inhibits smooth muscle contraction to prevent premature uterine contractions during pregnancy. High follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels stimulate follicle and ovum maturation. C. Maintaining the endometrium during pregnancy Estrogen is responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics during puberty. Progesterone helps maintain the thickened endometrium during pregnancy. Progesterone inhibits smooth muscle contraction to prevent premature uterine contractions during pregnancy. High follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels stimulate follicle and ovum maturation. D. Stimulating ovum maturation during the menstrual cycle Estrogen is responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics during puberty. Progesterone helps maintain the thickened endometrium during pregnancy. Progesterone inhibits smooth muscle contraction to prevent premature uterine contractions during pregnancy. High follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels stimulate follicle and ovum maturation.

What is the most common cause of urethritis of the male urethra? Sexually transmitted infection

A. Mechanical trauma Mechanical trauma is a less common cause of urethritis than bacterial infection and generally only occurs with urethral catheterization or instrumentation. Urethritis is most often caused by sexually transmitted infections from microorganisms such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. It is less commonly caused by mechanical trauma, scarring, or poor hygiene. B. Urethral scarring Urethral strictures are caused by urethral scarring, which can be a result of chronic urethritis. Urethritis is most often caused by sexually transmitted infections from microorganisms such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. It is less commonly caused by mechanical trauma, scarring, or poor hygiene. C. Sexually transmitted infection Correct Urethritis is most often caused by sexually transmitted infections from microorganisms such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. It is less commonly caused by mechanical trauma, scarring, or poor hygiene. D. Poor hygiene Urethritis is most often caused by sexually transmitted infections from microorganisms such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. It is less commonly caused by mechanical trauma, scarring, or poor hygiene.

Which of the following symptoms suggests that a woman should be carefully evaluated for breast cancer? Select all that apply.

A. Dimpling of the skin on the breast Correct Dimpling of the skin often occurs at the site of a tumor of the breast. However, abnormal nipple discharge, a breast ulceration, and enlarged axillary lymph nodes are also signs of advanced breast cancer. Breast cancer lesions are not typically painful. B. Enlarged axillary lymph nodes Correct When breast cancer metastasizes, the cancer cells first migrate to the axillary lymph nodes, manifesting with enlarged lymph nodes. Dimpling of the skin often occurs at the site of a tumor of the breast. However, abnormal nipple discharge, skin dippling, and a breast ulceration are also signs of advanced breast cancer. Breast cancer lesions are not typically painful. C. Abnormal discharge from the nipple Correct Abnormal discharge from the nipple is a sign of advanced breast cancer. Dimpling of the skin often occurs at the site of a tumor of the breast. However, a breast ulceration, and enlarged axillary lymph nodes are also signs of advanced breast cancer. Breast cancer lesions are not typically painful. D. Localized breast pain Breast cancer lesions are not typically painful. Dimpling of the skin often occurs at the site of a tumor of the breast. However, abnormal nipple discharge, a breast ulceration, and enlarged axillary lymph nodes are also signs of advanced breast cancer. E. Breast ulceration Correct When breast cancer metastasizes, the cancer cells first migrate to the axillary lymph nodes, manifesting with enlarged lymph nodes. Dimpling of the skin often occurs at the site of a tumor of the breast. However, abnormal nipple discharge, skin dippling, and a breast ulceration are also signs of advanced breast cancer. Breast cancer lesions are not typically painful.

Overdevelopment of breast tissue in men or boys is a condition referred to by what term? Gynecomastia

A. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) DCIS is the presence of premalignant cells in the breast tissue. Overdevelopment of breast tissue in men or boys is a condition known as gynecomastia. Mammography is a radiographic screening examination for breast cancer. Fibrocystic disease is a benign breast condition that occurs in women. B. Fibrocystic disease Fibrocystic disease is a benign breast condition that occurs in women. Overdevelopment of breast tissue in men or boys is a condition known as gynecomastia. Mammography is a radiographic screening examination for breast cancer. DCIS is the presence of premalignant cells in the breast tissue. C. Mammography Mammography is a radiographic screening examination for breast cancer. Overdevelopment of breast tissue in men or boys is a condition known as gynecomastia. Fibrocystic disease is a benign breast condition that occurs in women. DCIS is the presence of premalignant cells in the breast tissue. D. Gynecomastia Correct Overdevelopment of breast tissue in males is a condition known as gynecomastia. Mammography is a radiographic screening examination for breast cancer. Fibrocystic disease is a benign breast condition that occurs in women. DCIS is the presence of premalignant cells in the breast tissue.

What is the name of the duct that carries the ovum to the uterus? Fallopian tube

A. Ductus deferens An ovum travels from the ovary to the uterus via the fallopian (uterine) tube. The fundus is the top of the uterus. The passageway between the cervix's upper opening (the internal os) and its lower opening (the external os) is called the endocervical canal. The vas deferens (ductus deferens) is a duct with muscular layers capable of powerful peristalsis that transports sperm toward the urethra. B. Fundus An ovum travels from the ovary to the uterus via the fallopian (uterine) tube. The fundus is the top of the uterus. The passageway between the cervix's upper opening (the internal os) and its lower opening (the external os) is called the endocervical canal. The vas deferens (ductus deferens) is a duct with muscular layers capable of powerful peristalsis that transports sperm toward the urethra. C. Endocervical canal An ovum travels from the ovary to the uterus via the fallopian (uterine) tube. The fundus is the top of the uterus. The passageway between the cervix's upper opening (the internal os) and its lower opening (the external os) is called the endocervical canal. The vas deferens (ductus deferens) is a duct with muscular layers capable of powerful peristalsis that transports sperm toward the urethra. D. Fallopian tube Correct An ovum travels from the ovary to the uterus via the fallopian (uterine) tube. The fundus is the top of the uterus. The passageway between the cervix's upper opening (the internal os) and its lower opening (the external os) is called the endocervical canal. The vas deferens (ductus deferens) is a duct with muscular layers capable of powerful peristalsis that transports sperm toward the urethra.

Heavy or irregular bleeding that is not caused by other typical causes of uterine bleeding, such as submucous fibroids, endometrial polyps,blood dyscrasias, pregnancy, infection, or systemic disease, is identified by what term? Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

A. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding Correct Irregular and/or heavy bleeding with passage of large clots that often results in anemia is a condition called dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Neither polycystic ovarian syndrome, primary dysmenorrhea, nor premenstrual syndrome would be described as suggested in the question. B. Polycystic ovarian syndrome Irregular and/or heavy bleeding with passage of large clots that often results in anemia is a condition called dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Neither polycystic ovarian syndrome, primary dysmenorrhea, nor premenstrual syndrome would be described as suggested in the question. C. Primary dysmenorrhea Irregular and/or heavy bleeding with passage of large clots that often results in anemia is a condition called dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Neither polycystic ovarian syndrome, primary dysmenorrhea, nor premenstrual syndrome would be described as suggested in the question. D. Premenstrual syndrome Irregular and/or heavy bleeding with passage of large clots that often results in anemia is a condition called dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Neither polycystic ovarian syndrome, primary dysmenorrhea, nor premenstrual syndrome would be described as suggested in the question.

Which of the following statements concerning benign breast disease is true? Some benign fibrocysts are associated with the development of breast cancer.

A. Most benign breast lesions are solid tumors. Most benign breast tumors are fluid-filled fibrocysts. It is true that some benign fibrocysts are associated with the development of breast cancer. B. Benign breast lumps can be differentiated from malignant tumor by palpation alone. Specific diagnostic tests such as ultrasonography, mammography, and biopsy are needed to differentiate benign and malignant lesions. It is true that some benign fibrocysts are associated with the development of breast cancer. C. Some benign fibrocysts are associated with the development of breast cancer. Correct Fibrocysts with epithelial hyperplasia are most commonly associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. None of the other statements present false information. D. Risk factors for benign breast disease include exposure to carcinogens. Exposure carcinogens such as smoke, radiation, and chemicals are risk factors in the development of breast cancer. It is true that some benign fibrocysts are associated with the development of breast cancer.

Failure to menstruate and develop secondary sex characteristics by age 14 is a condition referred to by what term? Primary amenorrhea

A. Dysmenorrhea Failure to menstruate and develop secondary sex characteristics by age 14 is a condition called primary amenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea is condition that results in painful menstruation. Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation in women who have already menstruated. Dysfunctional menarche is a broad, generalized term that isn't specific to primary amenorrhea. B. Dysfunctional menarche Failure to menstruate and develop secondary sex characteristics by age 14 is a condition called primary amenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea is condition that results in painful menstruation. Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation in women who have already menstruated. Dysfunctional menarche is a broad, generalized term that isn't specific to primary amenorrhea. C. Primary amenorrhea Correct Failure to menstruate and develop secondary sex characteristics by age 14 is a condition called primary amenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea is condition that results in painful menstruation. Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation in women who have already menstruated. Dysfunctional menarche is a broad, generalized term that isn't specific to primary amenorrhea. D. Secondary amenorrhea Failure to menstruate and develop secondary sex characteristics by age 14 is a condition called primary amenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea is condition that results in painful menstruation. Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation in women who have already menstruated. Dysfunctional menarche is a broad, generalized term that isn't specific to primary amenorrhea.

Which complication is associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome? Infertility

A. Dysmenorrhea Polycystic ovarian syndrome results in stimulation of follicle growth without ovulation and generally leads to infertility. This condition is not associated with dysmenorrhea, ovarian cancer, or heavy periods. B. Infertility Correct Polycystic ovarian syndrome results in stimulation of follicle growth without ovulation and generally leads to infertility. This condition is not associated with dysmenorrhea, ovarian cancer, or heavy periods. C. Heavy periods Polycystic ovarian syndrome results in stimulation of follicle growth without ovulation and generally leads to infertility. This condition is not associated with dysmenorrhea, ovarian cancer, or heavy periods. D. Ovarian cancer Polycystic ovarian syndrome results in stimulation of follicle growth without ovulation and generally leads to infertility. Although this condition can arise from a tumor, it is not a cause of ovarian cancer. This condition is not associated with either dysmenorrhea or heavy periods.

Which of the following hormonal abnormalities is associated with the development of breast cancer? Elevated estrogen

A. Elevated cortisol Elevated estrogen and progesterone are associated with the development of breast cancer. Neither cortisol, insulin, nor progesterone is generally associated with breast cancer. B. Decreased insulin Elevated estrogen and progesterone are associated with the development of breast cancer. Neither cortisol, insulin, nor progesterone is generally associated with breast cancer. C. Decreased progesterone Elevated estrogen and progesterone are associated with the development of breast cancer. Neither cortisol, insulin, nor progesterone is generally associated with breast cancer. D. Elevated estrogen Correct Elevated estrogen and progesterone are associated with the development of breast cancer. Neither cortisol, insulin, nor progesterone is generally associated with breast cancer.

What is the most common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)? Sexually transmitted infections

A. Elevated estrogen Most cases of pelvic inflammatory disease are caused by sexually transmitted infections and are not generally related to altered hormone levels, ectopic pregnancy, or cervical tumors. B. Sexually transmitted infections Correct Most cases of pelvic inflammatory disease are caused by sexually transmitted infections and are not generally related to altered hormone levels, ectopic pregnancy, or cervical tumors. C. Ectopic pregnancy Most cases of pelvic inflammatory disease are caused by sexually transmitted infections and are not generally related to altered hormone levels, ectopic pregnancy, or cervical tumors. D. Cervical tumors Most cases of pelvic inflammatory disease are caused by sexually transmitted infections and are not generally related to altered hormone levels, ectopic pregnancy, or cervical tumors.

Pain in the abdomen or pelvis occurring with dysmenorrhea, dyschezia, dyspareunia, vaginal bleeding, infertility, adhesions, and scarring anywhere in the abdomen and pelvis is generally associated with what condition? Endometriosis

A. Endometriosis Correct Endometriosis is the presence of ectopic endometrial glands that can be found throughout the body, especially in the abdominal and pelvic cavities, and are associated with the suggested symptomology. Leiomyomas are benign growths that arise from the myometrial smooth muscle and are commonly called "fibroids." Most leiomyomas are asymptomatic. Endometrial polyps consist of an accumulation of endometrial glands, stroma, and blood vessels that arise from the uterine fundus or upper endocervix. Most are asymptomatic but can cause dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Adenomyosis is a condition in which endometrial glands are found within the uterine myometrium. This condition may cause dysmenorrhea or dysfunctional uterine bleeding. B. Leiomyomas Endometriosis is the presence of ectopic endometrial glands that can be found throughout the body, especially in the abdominal and pelvic cavities, and are associated with the suggested symptomology. Leiomyomas are benign growths that arise from the myometrial smooth muscle and are commonly called "fibroids." Most leiomyomas are asymptomatic. Endometrial polyps consist of an accumulation of endometrial glands, stroma, and blood vessels that arise from the uterine fundus or upper endocervix. Most are asymptomatic but can cause dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Adenomyosis is a condition in which endometrial glands are found within the uterine myometrium. This condition may cause dysmenorrhea or dysfunctional uterine bleeding. C. Endometrial polyps Endometriosis is the presence of ectopic endometrial glands that can be found throughout the body, especially in the abdominal and pelvic cavities, and are associated with the suggested symptomology. Leiomyomas are benign growths that arise from the myometrial smooth muscle and are commonly called "fibroids." Most leiomyomas are asymptomatic. Endometrial polyps consist of an accumulation of endometrial glands, stroma, and blood vessels that arise from the uterine fundus or upper endocervix. Most are asymptomatic but can cause dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Adenomyosis is a condition in which endometrial glands are found within the uterine myometrium. This condition may cause dysmenorrhea or dysfunctional uterine bleeding. D. Adenomyosis Endometriosis is the presence of ectopic endometrial glands that can be found throughout the body, especially in the abdominal and pelvic cavities, and are associated with the suggested symptomology. Leiomyomas are benign growths that arise from the myometrial smooth muscle and are commonly called "fibroids." Most leiomyomas are asymptomatic. Endometrial polyps consist of an accumulation of endometrial glands, stroma, and blood vessels that arise from the uterine fundus or upper endocervix. Most are asymptomatic but can cause dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Adenomyosis is a condition in which endometrial glands are found within the uterine myometrium. This condition may cause dysmenorrhea or dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

Which estrogen is both the most potent and the most abundant? Estradiol

A. Estriol Estriol, estrone, and estrase are all types of estrogen, but estradiol is the most potent and abundant. B. Estradiol Correct Estriol, estrone, and estrase are all types of estrogen, but estradiol is the most potent and abundant. C. Estrone Estriol, estrone, and estrase are all types of estrogen, but estradiol is the most potent and abundant. D. Estrase Estriol, estrone, and estrase are all types of estrogen, but estradiol is the most potent and abundant.

As a result of excessive uterine contractions and endometrial shedding, painful menstruation can occur. This is a direct result of what factor? Excessive prostaglandin levels

A. Excessive prostaglandin levels Correct Primary dysmenorrhea is the result of excessive prostaglandin F2α levels in the myometrium and endometrium. Prostaglandin-blocking medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents can help relieve menstrual symptoms. Estrogen is not generally associated with this situation. B. Excessive estrogen levels Primary dysmenorrhea is the result of excessive prostaglandin F2α levels in the myometrium and endometrium. Prostaglandin-blocking medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents can help relieve menstrual symptoms. Estrogen is not generally associated with this situation. C. Prostaglandin-blocking medications Primary dysmenorrhea is the result of excessive prostaglandin F2α levels in the myometrium and endometrium. Prostaglandin-blocking medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents can help relieve menstrual symptoms. Estrogen is not generally associated with this situation. D. Estrogen-blocking medications Primary dysmenorrhea is the result of excessive prostaglandin F2α levels in the myometrium and endometrium. Prostaglandin-blocking medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents can help relieve menstrual symptoms. Estrogen is not generally associated with this situation.

What portion of the uterus descends into the vagina? Cervix

A. Fundus The fundus is the portion of the uterus that pushes up toward the abdominal cavity. The inferior portion of the uterus that descends into the vagina is the cervix. The fornix is a recessed space in the superior part of the vagina. The isthmus is the narrowest part of the uterus and is located just above the cervix. B. Cervix Correct The fundus is the portion of the uterus that pushes up toward the abdominal cavity. The inferior portion of the uterus that descends into the vagina is the cervix. The fornix is a recessed space in the superior part of the vagina. The isthmus is the narrowest part of the uterus and is located just above the cervix. C. Fornix The fundus is the portion of the uterus that pushes up toward the abdominal cavity. The inferior portion of the uterus that descends into the vagina is the cervix. The fornix is a recessed space in the superior part of the vagina. The isthmus is the narrowest part of the uterus and is located just above the cervix. D. Isthmus The fundus is the portion of the uterus that pushes up toward the abdominal cavity. The inferior portion of the uterus that descends into the vagina is the cervix. The fornix is a recessed space in the superior part of the vagina. The isthmus is the narrowest part of the uterus and is located just above the cervix.

Male sex hormones are collectively known by what term? Androgens

A. Gonadotropins Male sex hormones are known as androgens. Estrogens are primarily produced by females. Testosterone is the primary male androgen. Gonadotropins regulate the release of male and female sex hormones. Male androgens are anabolic steroids. B. Catabolic steroids Male sex hormones are known as androgens. Estrogens are primarily produced by females. Testosterone is the primary male androgen. Gonadotropins regulate the release of male and female sex hormones. Male androgens are anabolic steroids. C. Estrogens Male sex hormones are known as androgens. Estrogens are primarily produced by females. Testosterone is the primary male androgen. Gonadotropins regulate the release of male and female sex hormones. Male androgens are anabolic steroids. D. Androgens Correct Male sex hormones are known as androgens. Estrogens are primarily produced by females. Testosterone is the primary male androgen. Gonadotropins regulate the release of male and female sex hormones. Male androgens are anabolic steroids.

In what stage of cervical cancer has the cancer spread to other organs such as the bladder or rectum? IV

A. I In stage I, the carcinoma is confined to the cervix. In stage IV, the cancer has spread to other organs in the pelvic cavity, such as the bladder or rectum, or to distant organs, such as the lungs. B. II In stage II, the cancer has spread to the upper portion of the vagina. In stage IV, the cancer has spread to other organs in the pelvic cavity, such as the bladder or rectum, or to distant organs, such as the lungs. C. III In stage III, the cancer has spread to the lower parts of the vagina or pelvic wall. In stage IV, the cancer has spread to other organs in the pelvic cavity, such as the bladder or rectum, or to distant organs, such as the lungs. D. IV Correct In stage IV, the cancer has spread to other organs in the pelvic cavity, such as the bladder or rectum, or to distant organs, such as the lungs.

What is the most important risk factor related to the development of cervical cancer? Infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV)

A. Infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) Correct Although smoking is a risk factor for cervical cancer, most cases of cervical cancer and cervical dysplasia are associated with HPV, a sexually transmitted infection. DES exposure in utero is associated with vaginal cancer in adolescence or early adulthood. Antibiotic use is associated with cervicitis, not cervical cancer. B. Exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) Although smoking is a risk factor for cervical cancer, most cases of cervical cancer and cervical dysplasia are associated with HPV, a sexually transmitted infection. DES exposure in utero is associated with vaginal cancer in adolescence or early adulthood. Antibiotic use is associated with cervicitis, not cervical cancer. C. Cigarette smoking Although smoking is a risk factor for cervical cancer, most cases of cervical cancer and cervical dysplasia are associated with HPV, a sexually transmitted infection. DES exposure in utero is associated with vaginal cancer in adolescence or early adulthood. Antibiotic use is associated with cervicitis, not cervical cancer. D. Overuse of antibiotics Although smoking is a risk factor for cervical cancer, most cases of cervical cancer and cervical dysplasia are associated with HPV, a sexually transmitted infection. DES exposure in utero is associated with vaginal cancer in adolescence or early adulthood. Antibiotic use is associated with cervicitis, not cervical cancer.

What is a posssible outcome of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)? Urethral obstruction

A. Infertility Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of prostatic tissue in BPH lead to the formation of nodules that compress the urethra and cause urethral obstruction. BPH does not generally lead to fertility problems, prolapsed bladder, or testicular cancer. B. Urethral obstruction Correct Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of prostatic tissue in BPH lead to the formation of nodules that compress the urethra and cause urethral obstruction. BPH does not generally lead to fertility problems, prolapsed bladder, or testicular cancer. C. Prolapsed bladder Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of prostatic tissue in BPH lead to the formation of nodules that compress the urethra and cause urethral obstruction. BPH does not generally lead to fertility problems, prolapsed bladder, or testicular cancer. Prolapsed pelvic organs only occur in women. D. Testicular cancer Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of prostatic tissue in BPH lead to the formation of nodules that compress the urethra and cause urethral obstruction. BPH does not generally lead to fertility problems, prolapsed bladder, or testicular cancer.

Ovulation occurs immediately after what uterine phases in the endometrial cycle? Proliferative

A. Ischemic Ovulation occurs immediately after the proliferative phase. The ischemic phase occurs at the end of the cycle, whereas the secretory phase occurs after ovulation. Menstruation is a phase associated with the menstrual, not endometrial, cycle. B. Secretory Ovulation occurs immediately after the proliferative phase. The ischemic phase occurs at the end of the cycle, whereas the secretory phase occurs after ovulation. Menstruation is a phase associated with the menstrual, not endometrial, cycle. C. Proliferative Correct Ovulation occurs immediately after the proliferative phase. The ischemic phase occurs at the end of the cycle, whereas the secretory phase occurs after ovulation. Menstruation is a phase associated with the menstrual, not endometrial, cycle. D. Menstruation Ovulation occurs immediately after the proliferative phase. The ischemic phase occurs at the end of the cycle, whereas the secretory phase occurs after ovulation. Menstruation is a phase associated with the menstrual, not endometrial, cycle.

What term is used to describe the inner epithelial lining of the uterus? Endometrium

A. Myometrium The inner lining of the uterus is called the endometrium and is composed of columnar epithelial cells. The myometrium is the muscular layer of the uterus. The perimetrium is the outer serous membrane that covers the uterus. Epimetium is not an actual lining but rather a term to identify the area above the existing uterine linings. B. Perimetrium The inner lining of the uterus is called the endometrium and is composed of columnar epithelial cells. The myometrium is the muscular layer of the uterus. The perimetrium is the outer serous membrane that covers the uterus. Epimetium is not an actual lining but rather a term to identify the area above the existing uterine linings. C. Endometrium Correct The inner lining of the uterus is called the endometrium and is composed of columnar epithelial cells. The myometrium is the muscular layer of the uterus. The perimetrium is the outer serous membrane that covers the uterus. Epimetium is not an actual lining but rather a term to identify the area above the existing uterine linings. D. Epimetrium The inner lining of the uterus is called the endometrium and is composed of columnar epithelial cells. The myometrium is the muscular layer of the uterus. The perimetrium is the outer serous membrane that covers the uterus. Epimetium is not an actual lining but rather a term to identify the area above the existing uterine linings.

Which of the following is the most important risk factor in the development of prostate cancer? Older age

A. Older age Correct The risk of prostate cancer increases significantly with age, with more than 75% of prostate cancer cases diagnosed in men older than 75 years of age. Neither a history of a vasectomy or BPH nor family history has the same significance as age on a diagnosis of prostate cancer. B. Vasectomy Although vasectomy has been identified as a potential risk factor, it is unlikely that it has a causal role. The risk of prostate cancer increases significantly with age, with more than 75% of prostate cancer cases diagnosed in men older than 75 years of age. Neither a history of BPH nor family history has the same significance as age on a diagnosis of prostate cancer. C. Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) Although BPH and prostate cancer often occur together, there is no evidence of a causal link. The risk of prostate cancer increases significantly with age, with more than 75% of prostate cancer cases diagnosed in men older than 75 years of age. Neither a history of a vasectomy nor family history has the same significance as age on a diagnosis of prostate cancer. D. Family history Recent studies suggest that only 5% to 10% of prostate cancers are associated with familial predisposition. The risk of prostate cancer increases significantly with age, with more than 75% of prostate cancer cases diagnosed in men older than 75 years of age. Neither a history of a vasectomy nor BPH has the same significance as age on a diagnosis of prostate cancer.

The Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) is used for routine screening of which gynecological cancer? Cervical

A. Ovarian The Pap smear is routinely used to screen for cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer. There are no routine screening tests used for ovarian cancer, although high-risk women can obtain abdominal ultrasounds and serum CA-125 tests for screening purposes. Vaginal cancer is manually screened for during a vaginal examination. Laparoscopy is required for definitive diagnosis of endometriosis. B. Endometrial The Pap smear is routinely used to screen for cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer. There are no routine screening tests used for ovarian cancer. Vaginal cancer is manually screened for during a vaginal examination. Laparoscopy is required for definitive diagnosis of endometriosis. C. Cervical Correct The Pap smear is routinely used to screen for cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer. There are no routine screening tests used for ovarian cancer. Vaginal cancer is manually screened for during a vaginal examination. Laparoscopy is required for definitive diagnosis of endometriosis. D. Vaginal The Pap smear is routinely used to screen for cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer. There are no routine screening tests used for ovarian cancer. Vaginal cancer is manually screened for during a vaginal examination. Laparoscopy is required for definitive diagnosis of endometriosis.

What can dermoid cysts eventually develop into? Ovarian cancer

A. Ovarian cancer Correct Dermoid cysts are ovarian tumors that are generally asymptomatic but must be removed to prevent the development of ovarian cancer. They are not generally associated with uterine fibroids, benign breast tumors, or follicular cysts. B. Uterine fibroids Dermoid cysts are ovarian tumors that are generally asymptomatic but must be removed to prevent the development of ovarian cancer. They are not generally associated with uterine fibroids, benign breast tumors, or follicular cysts. C. Benign breast tumors Dermoid cysts are ovarian tumors that are generally asymptomatic but must be removed to prevent the development of ovarian cancer. They are not generally associated with uterine fibroids, benign breast tumors, or follicular cysts. D. Follicular cysts Dermoid cysts are ovarian tumors that are generally asymptomatic but must be removed to prevent the development of ovarian cancer. They are not generally associated with uterine fibroids, benign breast tumors, or follicular cysts.

What organ is primariy responsible for the production and secretion of estrogen and progesterone? Ovaries

A. Ovaries Correct Estrogen and progesterone are secreted by the corpus luteum in the ovaries. Estrogen is also secreted by the follicle. The uterus has receptors for estrogen and progesterone but does not produce or secrete any hormones. The anterior pituitary secretes hormones that regulate the production of estrogen and progesterone in the ovaries. The posterior pituitary does not produce female sex hormones. B. Uterus Estrogen and progesterone are secreted by the corpus luteum in the ovaries. Estrogen is also secreted by the follicle. The uterus has receptors for estrogen and progesterone but does not produce or secrete any hormones. The anterior pituitary secretes hormones that regulate the production of estrogen and progesterone in the ovaries. The posterior pituitary does not produce female sex hormones. C. Anterior pituitary Estrogen and progesterone are secreted by the corpus luteum in the ovaries. Estrogen is also secreted by the follicle. The uterus has receptors for estrogen and progesterone but does not produce or secrete any hormones. The anterior pituitary secretes hormones that regulate the production of estrogen and progesterone in the ovaries. The posterior pituitary does not produce female sex hormones. D. Posterior pituitary Estrogen and progesterone are secreted by the corpus luteum in the ovaries. Estrogen is also secreted by the follicle. The uterus has receptors for estrogen and progesterone but does not produce or secrete any hormones. The anterior pituitary secretes hormones that regulate the production of estrogen and progesterone in the ovaries. The posterior pituitary does not produce female sex hormones.

Which female organ produces and releases the ovum? Ovary

A. Ovary Correct The ovary is the location where the ovum matures and is subsequently released. The uterus provides a cavity for a fertilized ovum to develop during pregnancy. A fornix is a space in the vagina. The vestibule is a component of a female's external genitalia. B. Uterus The ovary is the location where the ovum matures and is subsequently released. The uterus provides a cavity for a fertilized ovum to develop during pregnancy. A fornix is a space in the vagina. The vestibule is a component of a female's external genitalia. C. Fornix The ovary is the location where the ovum matures and is subsequently released. The uterus provides a cavity for a fertilized ovum to develop during pregnancy. A fornix is a space in the vagina. The vestibule is a component of a female's external genitalia. D. Vestibule The ovary is the location where the ovum matures and is subsequently released. The uterus provides a cavity for a fertilized ovum to develop during pregnancy. A fornix is a space in the vagina. The vestibule is a component of a female's external genitalia.

What is the first ovarian phase of the menstrual cycle? Follicular phase

A. Ovulation The first ovarian phase of the menstrual cycle is the follicular phase, followed by ovulation and the luteal phase. Adrenarche occurs during puberty and is marked by the increased production of androgens. B. Follicular phase Correct The first ovarian phase of the menstrual cycle is the follicular phase, followed by ovulation and the luteal phase. Adrenarche occurs during puberty and is marked by the increased production of androgens. C. Adrenarche phase The first ovarian phase of the menstrual cycle is the follicular phase, followed by ovulation and the luteal phase. Adrenarche occurs during puberty and is marked by the increased production of androgens. D. Luteal phase The first ovarian phase of the menstrual cycle is the follicular phase, followed by ovulation and the luteal phase. Adrenarche occurs during puberty and is marked by the increased production of androgens.

Causes of secondary amenorrhea include which of the following? Select all that apply.

A. Pregnancy Correct Primary amenorrhea is associated with Turner syndrome, whereas secondary amenorrhea results extreme weight loss, pregnancy, menopause, and thyroid disorders. B. Thyroid disorders Correct Primary amenorrhea is associated with Turner syndrome, whereas secondary amenorrhea results extreme weight loss, pregnancy, menopause, and thyroid disorders. C. Extreme weight loss Correct Primary amenorrhea is associated with Turner syndrome, whereas secondary amenorrhea results extreme weight loss, pregnancy, menopause, and thyroid disorders. D. Menopause Correct Primary amenorrhea is associated with Turner syndrome, whereas secondary amenorrhea results extreme weight loss, pregnancy, menopause, and thyroid disorders. E. Turner syndrome

Testicular cancer is greater for men who have a history of what medical condition? Cryptorchidism

A. Priapism The risk of testicular cancer is greater for men who have a history of cryptorchidism. Neither priapism, phimosis, nor a varicocele is a risk factor for testicular cancer. B. Cryptorchidism Correct The risk of testicular cancer is greater for men who have a history of cryptorchidism. Neither priapism, phimosis, nor a varicocele is a risk factor for testicular cancer. C. Phimosis The risk of testicular cancer is greater for men who have a history of cryptorchidism. Neither priapism, phimosis, nor a varicocele is a risk factor for testicular cancer. D. Varicocele The risk of testicular cancer is greater for men who have a history of cryptorchidism. Neither priapism, phimosis, nor a varicocele is a risk factor for testicular cancer.

Galactorrhea is a disorder related to what structure? Breast

A. Prostate Galactorrhea is marked by inappropriate lactation from the breast. It is not related to any disorder of the prostate, ovary, or cervix. B. Ovary Galactorrhea is marked by inappropriate lactation from the breast. It is not related to any disorder of the prostate, ovary, or cervix. C. Breast Correct Galactorrhea is marked by inappropriate lactation from the breast. It is not related to any disorder of the prostate, ovary, or cervix. D. Cervix Galactorrhea is marked by inappropriate lactation from the breast. It is not related to any disorder of the prostate, ovary, or cervix.

What is considered a factor that offers a protective effect against the development of breast cancer? Regular exercise

A. Regular exercise Correct Regular physical activity may reduce overall risk of breast cancer and may be related to weight loss and subsequent alterations in hormone levels. Use of birth control pills, the use of alcohol, and never being pregnant are considered risk factors for the develoment of breast cancer. B. Birth control pills Regular physical activity may reduce overall risk of breast cancer and may be related to weight loss and subsequent alterations in hormone levels. Use of birth control pills, the use of alcohol, and never being pregnant are considered risk factors for the develoment of breast cancer. C. Not having children Regular physical activity may reduce overall risk of breast cancer and may be related to weight loss and subsequent alterations in hormone levels. Use of birth control pills, the use of alcohol, and never being pregnant are considered risk factors for the develoment of breast cancer. D. Moderate alcohol use Regular physical activity may reduce overall risk of breast cancer and may be related to weight loss and subsequent alterations in hormone levels. Use of birth control pills, the use of alcohol, and never being pregnant are considered risk factors for the develoment of breast cancer.

What structure transports sperm from the tubules in the testes to the vas deferens? Epididymis

A. Rete testis The epididymis transports sperm from the tubules in the testes to the vas deferens. The rete testis is the central portion of the testes. The seminiferous tubules are the site of sperm production in the testes. The tunica vaginalis is the outer covering of the testes. B. Epididymis Correct The epididymis transports sperm from the tubules in the testes to the vas deferens. The rete testis is the central portion of the testes. The seminiferous tubules are the site of sperm production in the testes. The tunica vaginalis is the outer covering of the testes. C. Seminiferous tubules The epididymis transports sperm from the tubules in the testes to the vas deferens. The rete testis is the central portion of the testes. The seminiferous tubules are the site of sperm production in the testes. The tunica vaginalis is the outer covering of the testes. D. Tunica vaginalis The epididymis transports sperm from the tubules in the testes to the vas deferens. The rete testis is the central portion of the testes. The seminiferous tubules are the site of sperm production in the testes. The tunica vaginalis is the outer covering of the testes.

To prevent prostate cancer, men should be encouraged to consume a diet low in what component? Fat

A. Salt A diet high in fat is a risk factor for prostate cancer. Neither dietary salt, fiber, nor calcium has an impact on the development of prostate cancer. B. Fiber A diet high in fat is a risk factor for prostate cancer. Neither dietary salt, fiber, nor calcium has an impact on the development of prostate cancer. C. Fat Correct A diet high in fat is a risk factor for prostate cancer. Neither dietary salt, fiber, nor calcium has an impact on the development of prostate cancer. D. Calcium A diet high in fat is a risk factor for prostate cancer. Neither dietary salt, fiber, nor calcium has an impact on the development of prostate cancer.

What structure is not considered a component of the penis? Scrotum

A. Scrotum Correct The scrotum is a skin-covered fibromuscular sac that contains the testes. The glans is the tip of the penis. The corpus spongiosum is a body of erectile tissue in the penis and contains the urethra. The prepuce is the skin of the glans and is also known as the foreskin. B. Glans The scrotum is a skin-covered fibromuscular sac that contains the testes. The glans is the tip of the penis. The corpus spongiosum is a body of erectile tissue in the penis and contains the urethra. The prepuce is the skin of the glans and is also known as the foreskin. C. Corpus spongiosum The scrotum is a skin-covered fibromuscular sac that contains the testes. The glans is the tip of the penis. The corpus spongiosum is a body of erectile tissue in the penis and contains the urethra. The prepuce is the skin of the glans and is also known as the foreskin. D. Prepuce The scrotum is a skin-covered fibromuscular sac that contains the testes. The glans is the tip of the penis. The corpus spongiosum is a body of erectile tissue in the penis and contains the urethra. The prepuce is the skin of the glans and is also known as the foreskin.

Which structure is situated just below the urinary bladder in the male? Prostate gland

A. Seminal vesicle The prostate gland is situated just below the urinary bladder and surrounds the first part of the urethra. Glands of Montgomery are located in the breast. Cowper (bulbourethral) glands are located below the prostate gland. The seminal vesicles are paired glands that lie posterior to the bladder. B. Cowper gland The prostate gland is situated just below the urinary bladder and surrounds the first part of the urethra. Glands of Montgomery are located in the breast. Cowper (bulbourethral) glands are located below the prostate gland. The seminal vesicles are paired glands that lie posterior to the bladder. C. Prostate gland Correct The prostate gland is situated just below the urinary bladder and surrounds the first part of the urethra. Glands of Montgomery are located in the breast. Cowper (bulbourethral) glands are located below the prostate gland. The seminal vesicles are paired glands that lie posterior to the bladder. D. Montgomery gland The prostate gland is situated just below the urinary bladder and surrounds the first part of the urethra. Glands of Montgomery are located in the breast. Cowper (bulbourethral) glands are located below the prostate gland. The seminal vesicles are paired glands that lie posterior to the bladder.

Which of the following disorders of the male reproductive system is a medical emergency? Testicular torsion

A. Testicular torsion Correct Testicular torsion is a medical emergency because the rotation of the testes can interrupt the blood supply to the testes. If unable to be released manually, emergent surgery is indicated. Cryptorchidism, orchitis, and Peyronie disease are not considered surgical emergencies. B. Cryptorchidism Failure of one or both testes to descend is known as cryptorchidism. Although treatment may involve surgical correction, it is not a surgical emergency. Testicular torsion is a medical emergency because the rotation of the testes can interrupt the blood supply to the testes. Orchitis and Peyronie disease are not considered surgical emergencies. C. Orchitis Orchitis is an acute inflammation of the testes that is generally treated with nonsurgical supportive measures such as bed rest, compresses, and analgesics. Testicular torsion is a medical emergency because the rotation of the testes can interrupt the blood supply to the testes. Cryptorchidism and Peyronie disease are not considered surgical emergencies. D. Peyronie disease Peyronie disease is a fibrotic condition that causes lateral curvature of the erect penis. Although the disorder sometimes requires surgical resection, it is not a surgical emergency. Testicular torsion is a medical emergency because the rotation of the testes can interrupt the blood supply to the testes. Cryptorchidism and orchitis are not considered surgical emergencies.