research

In the scientific method, the assumptions and rules related to data collection and evaluating enable the following:

A standard, systematic method of investigation Intuitive confidence Reduction of bias Both a & c ****

Nonparticipant judges are often used to rate process data in research. Rater drift can occur when the accuracy of the judgments of these raters declines over time. Which of the following is/are recommended for avoiding rater drift?

A) Listening to raters B) Removing administrative and procedural problems C) Reinforcing raters D) Recalibration sessions E) All of the above ****

Which of the following is not a helpful strategy for reducing bias due to experimental procedure?

Attempt to standardize the procedure. Maintain a distant relationship with all personnel involved with the study. ****** Check experimenters' performance and combat experimental fatigue. Reiterate basic experimental procedures with all personnel.

In regards to the relationship between the client and the counselor EBP would propose that

Client and counselor are of equal authority in the relationship The counselor makes final judgments on treatment but collaborates with the client ***** The client makes final decisions on treatment with the help of the counselor The counselor makes treatment plan without collaboration from the client

Which of the following types of contribution to a research study would only be considered a minor contribution and would not merit authorship?

Designing the research study Writing the manuscript Consulting on design or statistical questions **** Organizing and conducting the statistical analysis All of the above would be considered major contributions

Which research question is best of these options and does not conform to the uniformity myth?

How effective is psychotherapy? What has been the most effective psychotherapy in the 21st century? How beneficially is psychotherapy for client's suffering from addiction related disorders? How effective is Cognitive-Behavior Therapy for improving outcomes of depressed clients in 10-12weeks? *****

What two factors underlie the nine aspects of a program that fosters positive attitudes about research?

Instructional factors and social factors Instructional factors and interactional factors*** Instructional factors and origin factors Instructional factors and genetic factors

What type of validity is most important for accurately reflecting the desired construct being measured in a research study?

Internal Validity External Validity Construct Validity **** All of the above.

Single-subject research designs are not currently utilized extensively in counseling research. However, which of the following are advantages of this type of design?

It enables the researcher to collect information and ideas and generate hypotheses about the therapeutic process It is a means of testing therapeutic techniques and new methodologies It is way of studying individuals and rare phenomena It can provide exemplars and counterinstances All of the above ******

The ethical principle of Beneficence refers to:

Making sure the client receives the best treatment at all times. Preventing harm in all psychotherapeutic acts. Not only preventing harm, by also intentionally working towards the health and welfare of others. ********** Making sure to act fairly at all times.

Traditionally, statistical tests are employed to test which of the two competing hypotheses?

Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis ****** Alternative hypothesis and statistical hypothesis Statistical hypothesis and null hypothesis None of the above.

In low control studies, such as field studies, researchers can

Observe the population in the natural environment and draw generalizable conclusions Easily change the independent variable of the experiment Make inferences about relationships, but not about causality A and C ***** All of the above

Which is not a type of uninterpretable nonequivalent group design?

One-group pretest-posttest design One-group posttest-only design A reversed-treatment pretest posttest design **** Three-treatment comparison posttest-only design

Which of the following best describes the emphasis of EBP on research?

Research is used heavily but secondary to counselor expertise Research is used primarily with support from counselor expertise and patient characteristics **** Research is used primarily with support from counselor expertise Research is used secondary to patient characteristics and counselor expertise

In Evidence Based Practice, the following is true:

Research takes the highest priority **** Clinician expertise takes the highest priority The patient's characteristics, culture and preferences takes the priority Evidence is gained after treatment begins

Which of the following is not an uninterpretable design?

The pretest-only nonequivalent design. **** The one-group posttest-only design. The one-group pretest-posttest design. The posttest-only nonequivalent design comparing three active treatments.

A mediating variable connects the

The prime variable to the continuous variable. Ex post facto independent variable to the dependent variable. Larger groups of data into clusters. Predictor variable to the criterion variable. ****

What are Institutional Review Boards' (IRB's) primary function?

To ensure that all counseling research can be empirically validated. To ensure that the rights and welfare of participants of studies are protected. ******* To make sure that counseling research is conducted with culturally favorable methods. To ensure that researchers have the proper qualifications.

Reactivity:

a phenomenon that occurs when individuals alter their performance or behavior due to the awareness that they are being observed. The change may be positive or negative and depends on the situation.

Coding Scheme (from Data Analysis readings):

a set of codes defined by the words and phrases that researchers assign to categorize a segment of the data by topic.

Split-half reliability:

another subtype of internal consistency reliability. The process of obtaining split-half reliability is begun by "splitting in half" all items of a test that are intended to probe the same area of knowledge (e.g. World War II) in order to form two "sets" of items. The entire test is administered to a group of individuals the total score for each "set" is computed and finally the split-half reliability is obtained by determining the correlation between the two total "set" scores.

Which of the following are considered threats to internal validity as related to cultural issues?

local history Attrition level of acculturation A and C All of the above ****

Descriptive field studies are those that do not exercise experimental control and are conducted in a real-life setting. Descriptive field studies have _____external and _____ internal validity.

low, high low, low high, high high, low ******* medium, medium

Statistical conclusion validity:

refers to the degree to which the researcher has come to the correct conclusion about the relationship

The positive paradigm espouses the idea that statements free of personal bias are those grounded in

written works observation **** Conjecture truths carried down from generations

Type II Error

A type two error is when a results indicate that there is no relationship but there is actually a relationship between the variables. (pg 87)

The definition for Evidence-Based Practice includes the following:

Best available relevant research Clinician's expertise Collaboration with the patient All of the above *****

What was the critical mediating construct in research training (Kahn & Scott,1997)?

Career goals Self-efficacy Research interest **** Productivity

Validity (including various types

Definition: A study is considered valid if it measures what it was intended to measure.

Selection, history, regression, and attrition are among a few of the threats present to which type of validity:

External Construct Internal ****** Statistical conclusion Criterion

Major contributions to developing an article, which should be given some form of authorship to the article, include all of the following EXCEPT:

Formulating the research question or hypothesis Designing the study Administering an intervention ***** Organizing and conducting the statistical analysis

Construct validity:

how well the variables chosen to represent a hypothetical construct actually capture the essence of the hypothetical construct.

When conducting outcome research the methodological issues that must be addressed by researchers are which of the following?

inclusion and exclusion criteria assessing treatment integrity measurement of change consideration of therapist effects Both a&d All of the above *****

The Research Hypothesis

specifically states the expected relationship between the constructs.

Confidence Interval:

the margin of error that a researcher would experience if he or she could ask a particular research question say of every member of the target population and receive the same answer back that the members of the sample gave in the survey.

ANOVA:

a collection of statistical models used to analyze the differences among group means and their associated procedures (such as "variation" among and between groups).

The formula for calculating the reliable change index is:

(Posttest - Pretest)/Standard Error of Measurement Standard Error of Measurement/(Posttest - Pretest) (Pretest - Posttest)/Standard Error of Measurement ***** None of the above

Which of the following answers is a common myth of scale construction?

A. Item construction can be done in a couple of weeks. B. Conducting a factor analysis ensures the validity of the scale. C. A literal translation of a scale ensures linguistic and cultural equivalence. D. All the above are myths. ****** E. None of the above.

Which section is not included on a standard research report?

Abstract Method Ethics ***** Discussion

Most graduate training programs adopt the ___________ model of training

cognitive- Behavior Scientist-Practitioner *** Psychoanalytic Culturally Diverse

Which is not a true analogy with regards to the coding?

"Exhaustive" is to "characteristic of coding" as "single word" is to "unit of analysis" "Manifest coding" is to "Objective content" as "Latent coding" is to "inferencial content." "Frequency counts" is to "method of rating" as "Incongruent response" is to "existing coding scheme." "Advantage of Data Analysis" is to "Issues in content analysis" as "Lower Cost" is to "Nonreactivity" *********

A researcher was interested in examining the usefulness of an in-class program in alleviating anxiety in grade-school children, what elements are needed to create an effective quasi-experimental research design to test this in-class program?

A control group of students who do not receive the in-class anxiety reducing program A pretest and posttest to assess the participants anxiety levels before and after the in-class program Non-randomly assigned groups to test the dependent variable Both A & B ***** None of the above, it is unethical to withhold the anxiety treatment from any children

In attempting to research the independent variable of treatment success versus failure in an experiment the most effective research design would be...

A correlational research design because it would assess the correlation between treatment success between participants A multiple regression analysis because it would test the relationship between the two variables An ex post facto design because it would test the variable "after the fact" ***** None of the above would test for this independent variable because "treatment success" is an immeasurable variable Both A and C could test for this variable because of their post-test design

Which of the following statements describes the scientist-practitioner model?

A model that began in the mid 1800s A model that stresses the need to learn skills of a practitioner in addition to being trained to do scientific research **** A model that was inspired by Greek philosophy All of the above

Kurt Lewin is known for his field theory that proposes that human behavior is the result of...

A person's genetics and the environment A person's characteristics and the social environment **** A person's family environment and broader social context A person's characteristics and their genetics

Which research design eliminates bias?

A research design that uses quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews A research design that uses quantitative surveys and random sampling ***** A research design that uses random sampling and qualitative interviews B and C

Drew (1980) identified categories of research questions. One category is a descriptive research question which asks what events are like for particular groups or individuals, which of the following is not an example of a descriptive research question?

A survey asking participants about their participation in AA A survey given to Mexican immigrants regarding cross-cultural adjustment A statistical analysis conducted to understand the different types of career indecision in students A survey given to understand the differences between Asian American and White American students ******* None of the above

Whose perspective should researchers be aware of when considering the counseling process and evaluation of the counseling process (as seen on page 457) ?

A) Clients only as they are the ones who are receiving treatment B) Clients and counselors because clients are receiving the treatment and the counselors are administering treatment C) Clients, counselors and observers because clients are receiving the treatment, the counselors are administering treatment and observers are able to see the difference between counselor and clients perceptions. ******* D) Counselors only because they are administering treatment and are primary to the process of counseling.

What is an advantage of using an experimental design over a quasi-experimental design?

Ability to maximize differences in the independent variable Ability to minimize error variance due to measurement issues Ability to control threats to internal validity **** All of the above

What is the difference between a status variable and an independent variable?

An independent variable is manipulated and its dependent variable is assessed, which leads to the establishment of a causal relationship. While, status variables cannot be manipulated and assessments of them lead to detecting associations. ******** Both the independent variable and status variable can be manipulated, however, the manipulation of an independent will lead to the establishment of a causal relationship between its dependent variable. While the manipulation of a status variable will lead to the detection of associations. A status variable is manipulated and its dependent variable is assessed, which leads to the establishment of a causal relationship. While, the manipulation of independent variables and assessments of them leads to detecting associations. The only difference between an independent variable and all status variables is that testing status variables as independent variables would go against the ethics code which we follow. None of the above Both 1 and 4.

ANCOVA:

Analysis of covariance is used to test the main and interaction effects of categorical variables on a continuous dependent variable controlling for the effects of selected other continuous variables which co-vary with the dependent ANCOVA evaluates whether population means of a dependent variable (DV) are equal across levels of a categorical independent variable (IV) often called a treatment while statistically controlling for the effects of other continuous variables that are not of primary interest known as covariates (CV) BASICALLY REDUCES THE EFFECTS OF OUTSIDE VAIABLES.

Sample Size

As sample size increases the number of false positives increases as well as the number of tests applied means that there will be more false positives.

What term is used to refer to the counselor classifying a composite of a person's behavioral, emotional, physical, cognitive and/or spiritual experiences according to the DSM?

Assessment Diagnosis **** Identification Client impression Appraisal of the individual

The main benefit of using a Latin Square design is

Assigning the participants to groups in a culturally sensitive manner. Providing a placebo control group. Ensuring even distribution in the order of treatments the various participants will receive. *** To enhance internal validity.

The Belmont report gave three guidelines to be used in research which involved human subjects they are:

Beneficence, respect for human persons, and compassion Justice, honesty, and respect for human persons Beneficence, respect for human persons, and justice******* Justice, beneficence, and compassion

What is the last step of developing of research idea

Brainstorming Collecting and analyzing data. **** Identifying research variables Identifying research topics

In relation to issues of multicultural research, ___________________ factors are factors that do not directly explain phenomena and are often demographic, such as race, sex, age etc. Whereas, ___________________ factors are factors that more directly explain observed phenomena and are more psychological in nature such as ethnic identity, family roles, guilt etc.

Circuitous and psycocuitous Distal and proximate *** Status and contiguous Coded and psycho-phenomenal

It is said that it's best always to be one's greatest critic and attempt to think of every possible problem with the independent variable before a study is conducted. That being the case and in the interest of building competence in critical thinking, what out of the following is important for selecting independent variables:

Conditions selected for the independent variable should be allowed to differ on other dimensions outside the interest of the study to gain additional knowledge. Conditions for the Independent Variable should be based on constructs low in variability to increase the accuracy of the study. Conditions selected for the Independent Variable should differ only along the lines of the dimensions of interest to the study. ****** None of the above.

The degree of certainty with which one can make statements about the existence of a causal relationship between variables most closely relates to which form of validity?

Construct validity Statistical conclusion validity Internal validity ***** External validity

In experimental designs researchers attempt to examine causality by varying or altering one variable or set of variables and examining the changes that occur for another variable or set of variables. The variable that is altered or changed is known as the

Controlled variable Independent variable ***** Dependent variable Criterion variable None of the abov

Culture

Culture- Anthropologist/Scientists look at is as the objective culture the environment such as homes and tools. Psychological look as beliefs and attitudes role definitions such as values language rituals traditions and behaviors that are passed down. Broadly is any socially definable group with set of values and norms behaviors. Narrow is countries and even specific ethnic group.

All of the following are methods, listed in the text, used by researchers to fabricate data except for:

Cutting out data that is unwanted as it could weaken the findings reported Manipulating the data collected so that it supports the hypothesis or desired outcome Creating desired "results" without any data collection to support findings Hand selecting participants that will give the desired results All the above are used to fabricate data *****

Reliability

Definition: the degree to which the result of a measurement calculation or specification can be depended on to be accurate.

Which of the following is (are) included in the informed consent of a research study?

Description of expected benefits to the participant Personal contact information of student researcher conducting the study Explanation of whether compensation is available if injury occurs All of the above A and C *****

What should a reader be able to do upon reading the method section of a study?

Determine the validity of the study Predict the outcome of the study Replicate the study a and c ***** All of the above.

The discussion portion of a research article should include

Directions for future research A statement of the limitations of the study An explanation of the strongest conclusions from the study All the above ******

Which section of an article is most likely to include ideas of areas in which further study may be needed and/or beneficial?

Discussion ***** Results Abstract References Method

A research study introduction should include all of the following except for:

Discussion of previous findings that relate to the current study Orientation of the reader to the topic Showing the rationale for the study Giving information about those involved in the study ****** Stating the hypotheses of the study

In mental health EBP, the patient characteristics, culture and preferences is also known as ____________.

Ethnicity **** Patient values Patient views Patient ideas Patient health

What is not pertinent to the challenges that one faces in developing a culturally sensitive scale?

Ethnocentricity Difficulty in accepting others' worldview Accepting cultural differences across cultures as simply differences Universal assumptions None of the above ****

Which of the following is the best research design according to Gelso's (1979) four different types of research?

Experimental field Experimental laboratory Descriptive/ correlational field Descriptive/ correlational laboratory None of the above *****

Factor analysis consists of which two types?

Exploratory and Inventory Exploratory and Reflective Confirmatory and Inventory Exploratory and Confirmatory ***** Confirmatory and Reflective

The following is/are multivariate statistical method(s) used to reduce data:

Hierarchical regression Cluster analysis Epidemiological design Factor analysis Both b & d ****

The following statement(s) is/are true in relation to experimental research validity:

High external validity allows researchers to make inferences about causal relationships between variables. Gelso used the term MAXMINCON principle to indicate the research design goal to maximize external validity as much as possible. In low-controlled studies, researchers can make inferences about relationships but not about causality. ******* Descriptive laboratory studies have high internal validity and low external validity.

A descriptive field study was conducted regarding the substance abuse population in West Virginia. Which type of validity does this study consist of?

High external validity because the sample is taken directly from a population of interest Low internal validity because there are little experimental controls Low external validity because the sample is taken directly from a population of interest High internal validity because there are experimental controls Both A & B *****

When research uses a deductive approach, it moves from the ______ to the ______.

Hypothesis; data Theory; reality Abstract; concrete **** None of the above

Which option is not part of one of the five components of developing a research idea into a testable hypothesis?

Identifying research topics Formulating operational definitions Develop innovative assessment instrument *** Identifying research variables

Choosing the dependent variable is a significant factor is the quality of the research study. Identify which of the following statement(s) is/are true:

If a measure has been determined unreliable, it is also does not have construct validity. If a measure is reliable for one population, you can count on it being reliable for other populations. If an instrument is good at showing variances at the upper range, it is called the ceiling effect. The use of multiple measures of construct improves construct validity. Both a and d. ****

Negative Skew:

In a negatively skewed distribution the mean is usually less than the median because the few low scores tend to shift the mean to the left. (tail on the left) When negative the tail is on the left and there are more higher scores than lower scores. Sr. K

Positive Skew:

In a positively skewed distribution the mode is always less than the mean and median. (tail on the right). (I am not sure of the above) When positive skew with tail on the right or positive there are more lower scores than positive. Sr. K

Which of the following statements is/are true in regard to research reports:

In the method section, enough detail needs to be given so that readers can determine validity of the study and to replicate it. **** The abstract is a summary of the research report and APA journals require 200-250 words for empirical studies. A discussion regarding the results should be included in results section. All of the above.

What distinguishes single-subject experimental designs from the quantitative designs?

In the single-subject experimental designs the independent variable is manipulated In the single-subject quantitative designs the independent variable is observed. In the single-subject experimental designs the independent variable is observed Both A and B ****** None of the above

When conducting a manipulation check, how can one go about determining whether the conditions vary on the intended dimension?

Inquire with the participants of the study Have untrained independent raters judge the experimental materials Have expert independent raters judge the experimental materials All of the above ****

What kind of validity refers to the degree to which the causal relationship is generalizable across units, treatments, outcomes, and settings?

Internal validity External validity ****** Statistical conclusion validity Construct validity None of the above

An experiment where a single group is observed multiple times before and multiple times after a treatment is called a:

Interpretable nonequivalent group design Cohort design Simple interrupted time series design **** Interrupted time series with nonequivalent dependent variables

What is true of a distribution that has a long tail extending in the direction of the higher values?

It is asymmetrical It is positively skewed It is negatively skewed a and b ***** a and c

Whose critiques fueled the push to document the effectiveness of therapeutic techniques, as well as the efficacy of therapy itself, through greater methodological sophistication in counseling clinical psychology research?

Josef Breuer Sigmund Freud Hermann Ebbinghaus Hans Eysenck *****

All of the following are ways to reduce participant bias in a research study except:

Keeping participants blind or naive to the purpose of the study. Reducing the threat associated with the experiment for example using a disclaimer such as, "there are no right or wrong answers." Reducing participants motivation level in the research study ***** Reducing participants fears about confidentiality All of the above are way to reduce participant bias in a research study

Which is not a threat to internal validity?

Low statistical power ****** Selection Maturation Attrition

Which kind of control group allows members who are not in the experiment to receive treatment for the studied condition?

Matched Control Group Placebo Control Group Waiting List Control Group ***** No-Treatment Control Group

Which section of the method section of a research report describes how the research question and/or hypotheses were examined?

Measures Research Design Procedures All of the above **** Both B and C

Why are measures of dispersion important to have along with measures of central tendency?

Measures of dispersion ensure the random assignment of values. It allows the researcher to more accurately determine the mean. Because it informs the researcher of the spread of the values in the distribution. **** Because it is impossible to do factor analysis without a measure of dispersion.

Charles Pierce stated that there are at least four ways of knowing. Which is not included in his list, though is proposed as an additional "way of knowing" in the text?

Method of tenacity Method of authority What is learned through direct experience in the world **** Method of intuition Scientific method

A statistical test was conducted on basketball players that calculated their ability to shoot 3 point shots at different events. At the first game, many of the players scored high on accuracy and scoring capability. At the second game, however, these same players scored lower than their previous scores while other players score better. This statistical test could be considered to have demonstrated the validity threat of:

Mono-method bias Regression ****** Attrition History

Which of the following is not apart of the three major types of quantitative descriptive designs of research?

Nonequivalent**** Correlational Survey or epidemiological Classification or data reduction

One of the purposes of research in counseling is to increase our knowledge about topics of value to the counseling profession so to contribute to the health and welfare of others. Which ethical principle reflects this goal?

Nonmaleficence Love Social Justice Beneficence **** Fruitfulness

What is maturation in regards to research?

Normal developmental changes in participants between the pretest and posttest that may affect results ******** Normal developmental changes in participants between the pretest and posttest that do not affect results The effect of participants dropping out of a study on the research None of the above

If a population selected for a study is heterogeneous then the results will be.... However if the population selected for a study is homogeneous then the results will be....

Not as easily generalized, more easily generalized More easily generalized, less easily generalized **** Whether the population selected is heterogeneous or homogeneous will not affect the generalizability of the results. Both heterogeneous and homogeneous results will be easily generalized to the population.

p value (e.g. p = .05 means...)

P value is associated with statistical tests are probabilities of obtaining the data given the assumption that the null hypothesis is true (pg10). If the p-value is less than or equal to 0.05 we reject the null hypothesis that there's no difference between the means and conclude that a significant difference does exist. There is a 5% chance that the null hypothesis is correct, or a 95% chance that we can accept the alternate hypothesis.

Which of the following is not a primary right of research participants?

Positive impact of the study on the participant ***** Informed consent Voluntary participation Confidentiality

Which philosophical orientation is not among the four philosophical underpinnings of research?

Positivism Critical Theory Constructivism Behavioralism ****

The concept of probabilistic interpretation asserts that since truth cannot be fully known, only probabilistic statements are possible rather than absolute statements. Which philosophical paradigm of research endorses this concept:

Positivism Post positivism ***** Constructivism critical theory

Which philosophy of research is hypothetic-deductive (deductions made from testing hypothesis)?

Post positivism Positivism *** Critical Theory Constructivism

Which control group design is the prototypical experimental design which most closely reflects the characteristics needed to attribute a causal relationship from the independent variable to the dependent variable?

Posttest-only control group design **** Pretest-posttest control group design Solomon four-group design None of the above

Which of the following is not an uninterpretable nonequivalent group design?

Posttest-only nonequivalent design comparing three active treatments One-group pretest-posttest design Pretest-posttest control group design **** One-group posttest-only design None of the above

Observation in naturalistic or in contrived situations, archival data collection, and examination of physical traces are all examples of what type of data collection?

Projective techniques Unobtrusive measures **** Interviews Physiological indexes

Qualitative research

Qualitative research involves understanding the complexity of people's lives by examining individual perspectives. It is radically different than quantitative research the methodology emphasizes the importance of context in helping understand a phenomenon of interest. It uses a collection of empirical materials case study personal experience introspection life story artifacts. Qualitative research does not only consist of open ended questions and analysing what answers are given does not only have one type of methodology is used in place of quantitative studies even when there is much information and requires a lot of effort.

Ethnic minority research focuses on proximal explanations to explain multicultural phenomena. Proximal factors directly explain research and are usually related to psychological factors in research. All of the following are examples of proximal explanations for group differences except...

Racial identity Ethnic Identity Communication Patterns Age and Sex **** All of the above are examples of proximal explanations in multicultural research

While stricter exclusion criteria generally increase validity, the study will generally lose

Reliability Differentiation Statistical significance Generalizability *****

Which of the following psychologists conducted personality type research and developed the 3 different personality types of "social, artistic and investigative"?

Sigmund Freud Carl Jung John L. Holland ***** Katharine Briggs None of the above

This type of validity refers to how well the independent and dependent variables represent what they were intended to measure.

Statistical Internal Construct ***** External Face

Interventions performed with immigrant populations or individuals for whom English is not their first language may be especially susceptible to ______ threats.

Statistical conclusion validity Internal validity ***** External validity Construct validity

In general, all qualitative paradigms assume the following:

That behavior is governed by rules and laws That reality is a social construction Relativist ontology Both b& c ****

To verify that a manipulation has been adequately designed, it is important that the researcher check that:

That the conditions do not vary on unnecessary dimensions That the conditions vary on the intended dimension That the treatments are implemented in the proper and intended fashion B & C All of the above *****

Jones and Gelson's (1988) study of interpretations in counseling did not produce the interaction between client type and interpretation style (no significant difference) that they expected. Since the manipulation

That there was a Type I Error. That the counseling outcomes are not dependent on the interaction of client type and interpretation style, as had been originally thought by the researchers. ****** That the null hypothesis was accurately rejected. That it was a poor research design.

What is the primary concern(s) in regard to internal validity of the posttest only control group design? .

That there will be statistical differences between the control and treatments groups prior to the random assignment. That the control groups and treatment groups will not be properly randomized and therefore the results of posttest will be unreliable to generalize to the public. That because participants are not pretested, on the dependent variable, no statements about actual change to participants, due to the independent variable, can be made. ******* That the control group and treatment group will not be representative of the population and researchers will be unable to generalize the findings to those outside of the tested demographic. Both C and D

A research study was conducted which hypothesized that REBT could be used to effectively to assist persons suffering distress from unforgiveness (Forgiveness Project, FUS Counseling Dept, 2016). A detailed manual was developed which contained the REBT rationale and method. All the volunteer student participants reviewed the manual with the counseling professor as part of an orientation program before the REBT sessions began with the student facilitator. All the student facilitators were instructed to follow the manual steps, and they were recorded and assessed to ensure that standardized REBT intervention (independent variable) was given. The participants and control group were administered 2 forgiveness inventories before, during and after treatment (control groups took these at the same time frame, but did not receive REBT).

The detailed manual was designed to increase construct validity of the independent variable. The null hypothesis is that the participants receiving REBT would have inventory scores that indicated more progress in forgiving than the control group. The detailed manual, as well as the recording and assessment of student facilitators were designed to counter the threat of unreliability of treatment implementation and thus to increase statistical conclusion validity. Both a & c. ****** All of the above.

The final element of an introduction section of a professional research report is the statement of research questions. Which of the following statements is not an accurate example of a viable research question.

The effect of solution-focused brief group counseling upon the perceived social competences of teenagers was investigated In this research, the effect of solution focused group counseling upon high school students struggling with school burnout was analyzed The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of counselor ethnicity on client's participation***** Using two approaches REBT and ACT the objective is to develop trainees' social and personal emotional competencies such as self-esteem, self-knowledge, empathy and conflict management. These are all accurate examples of research questions

Regarding the use of nonparticipant judges or raters, which of the following are true:

The recommended number is a range of 2 to 10. The higher the reliability expected, the more judges/raters are needed. Judges should be trained together in one group. Both a and c are true. ***** All of the above true.

Multivariate statistics are statistical procedures that deal with

The relationship between 2 different variables 2 or more types of populations The relationship between 3 or more variables **** 2 or more different types of research questions None of the above

Which strategy for conducting outcome research is used to determine the relative effectiveness of two or more treatments?

The treatment package strategy The constructive strategy The parametric strategy The comparative outcome strategy *****

Generally, the greater the power is in a study, the better the study will be. Power is dependent on which of the following measures?

The type and directionality of the statistical test The size of the effect The number of participants Both a & c All of the above *****

In a study which compares the effectiveness of cognitive therapy and interpersonal therapy in treating depression, the following would accurately define the terms

The type of therapy is the dependent variable The score of the participant's depression inventory is the dependent variable **** The score on the depression inventory is the independent variable. Both a and c are correct

The following statement(s) related to research is/are true:

The variable that is altered is called the independent variable. The variable that is altered is called the dependent variable. In the formative stages of research the original research question can be changed. Both a and c ****

The following is an example of a research question: Do those who are of African American ethnicity have fewer educational opportunities than Asian American college students?

Theory question difference question **** relationship question descriptive question

Gelso's Bubble Hypothesis posits that what is true and must be accepted about all research experiments?

There are always some types of research designs that are better than others: it depends on the bubbles. They will always be flawed in one way or another. ******** Flaws in experiments can be eliminated like bubbles if the researcher is cognizant of them. Paradigmatic diversity further complicates experiments and brings a greater chance for bubbles to occur in research.

Posttest-only nonequivalent group designs in counseling research are considered weak because:

There is no comparison group, which makes it impossible to rule out these and other threats to internal validity. It is difficult to attribute results to the intervention. There is a lack of random assignment of participants to groups B and C ***** All of the above

The most widely used measure in counseling research is the self-report. Which of the following is a disadvantage of self-reports?

They typically do not require special expertise on the part of the administrator. The participant may not be aware of the characteristic being measured. ***** They are compatible with phenomenological views of counseling. They can be used to access phenomena that would otherwise be extremely difficult or impossible to measure. Both A and B

The scientific method is a tool that is central to the field of counseling research. which of the following best describe the goal of the scientific method in counseling research?

To advance knowledge in the field of research To learn facts in order to improve some aspect of the world To make discoveries To help professionals make predictions of future events All of the above ****

Institutional review boards (IRBs) are intended to be a group of helpers who collaborate with researchers to prevent undue risks to participants in the name of human science research. Which of the following is a task of an IRB?

To ensure that the rights and welfare of participants are protected To evaluate research proposals To determine if proposed projects reflect the principles of respect for persons, benevolence, and justice Both a and c All of the above ******

____________ are errors created in any way by manipulating the data in the process from scoring a protocol to preparing the data for statistical analysis.

Transient Errors Scoring and recording errors ***** Random response error Compounding errors

A scale with strong psychometric properties developed in a Western Culture is universally valid, is a myth because....

Translating and back translating items in a scale only changes the words but does not provide any estimate of the scale's validity. A psychological construct measured by a scale is culture bound, and may not be valid in the new culture. Cultural norms may provide false positives if normed on a different culture. All of the above. ****

Constructivism is a philosophy which states that ideas about the world are constructed in the minds of individuals, which of the following would be the best example of a constructivist statement?

Truth is different for every individual based on the way they make sense of each experience in their lives SK in notes and memory **** There are truths in the world that exist outside of human knowledge and understanding There is no absolute truth Truths exist because researchers have created studies and drawn conclusions that support certain truths None of the above

Type I Error

Type one errors are when the results claims that something is going on a relationship between variables when there is no relationship between variables. (pg 86)

Which of these may cause threats to a studies internal validity?

When the plausible rival hypotheses are not ruled out. Participants taking an English test when English is not their primary language. Level of acculturation may introduce maturation effects. All of the above *****

Parallel forms reliability:

a measure of reliability obtained by administering different versions of an assessment tool (both versions must contain items that probe the same construct skill knowledge base etc.) to the same group of individuals. The scores from the two versions can then be correlated in order to evaluate the consistency of results across alternate versions.

Test-retest reliability:

a measure of reliability obtained by administering the same test twice over a period of time to a group of individuals. The scores from Time 1 and Time 2 can then be correlated in order to evaluate the test for stability over time.

Inter-rater reliability:

a measure of reliability used to assess the degree to which different judges or raters agree in their assessment decisions. Inter-rater reliability is useful because human observers will not necessarily interpret answers the same way raters may disagree as to how well certain responses or material demonstrate knowledge of the construct or skill being assessed.

Internal consistency reliability:

a measure of reliability used to evaluate the degree to which different test items that probe the same construct produce similar results.

Standard deviation=

a measure that is used to quantify the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values. A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be close to the mean (also called the expected value) of the set while a high standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread out over a wider range of values.

Self-Report:

a type of survey questionnaire or poll in which respondents read the question and select a response by themselves without researcher interference

Random Assignment:

an experimental technique for assigning human participants or animal subjects to different groups in an experiment (e.g. a treatment group versus a control group) using randomization such as by a chance procedure (e.g. flipping a coin) or a random number generator

What makes a within-subjects design unique is its attempts to _____________.

compare variables across two or more groups under tightly controlled experimental conditions. test the overall effectiveness of the treatment applied in the study. minimize error variance by having each participant exposed to all treatment conditions. **** practically and ethically analyze a control group.

MAXMINCON

control allows for the inferences of causality to be made in low control studies there is no random assignment and or/ lack of manipulation of ID variables there can only be inferences about relationships but not causality. Maximize the variance of the variable or variables pertaining to the research questions and also tries to minimize the error variance of random variables due to errors of measurement or individual differences.

After what point in a researcher's study would it be inappropriate to revise the research question?

gathering relevant previous research on the topic formulating operational definitions of constructs beginning data collection **** identifying what the research variables will be

To reduce participant bias a researcher could...

have a double blind procedure. conduct a post experimental inquiry. reduce fears about confidentiality. a and c. all of the above. *****

Standard error of measurement

if this is the same as Standard Error then The Counselor's Companion explains it and The Confidence Interval simply "An estimate of how accurate the observed scores are at approximating the true score. It can be applied in practice through the use of confidence intervals (CI).

The Null hypothesis

is when there is no statistical significance,that there is no relationship between the IV and DV, if the p value is .05 or less than you reject this null hypothesis and it is important to remember that the p value is based on the null hypothesis.(pg 86)

Normal Distribution:

normal distribution has a total area (probability) equal to 1 and it is also symmetrical about the mean. (bell curve)

Which of the following is not one of the three pillars of evidence-based practice(EBP)?

patient characteristics, culture, and preferences best available research historical clinician endorsement **** clinician expertise

Internal Validity:

refers to the confidence one can have in inferring a causal relationship among variables while simultaneously eliminating rival hypotheses.

Demand characteristics are a major source of participant bias because they

require that participants have certain aptitudes to be able to participate in the study. generally subtly influence a participant to respond to the study in a specific way apart from the independent variable. ***** force the participant to respond to the study in a specific way. guilt the participant to answer questions in a certain way.

Non directional hypothesis

simply states that the null hypothesis is wrong without hypothesizing.

External Validity

the degree to the degree to which the causal relationship is generalizable across units, treatments, outcomes, and settings.

Which one of the following is not primarily associated with the critical theory?

the goal is to have participants view structures as socially constructed beliefs rather than unchangeable truths social action is needed to change social order aims to find descriptions that are closer approximations to the truth through a succession of experiments ***** people's social constructions are shaped by the social, political, historical,cultural, and economic forces in the environment

Clinical Significance:

the practical importance of a treatment effect - whether it has a real genuine palpable noticeable effect on daily life.

If a test is high in internal validity the person who conducted the research would have the ability to make statements about...

the reliability of the variables chosen the correlation between variables the causal relationship between variables ***** the generalization of the causal relationship of variables Both c and d

Statistical hypothesis

these are stated in terms of what is true for a given population. (pg 86)

Alternative hypothesis

this is what is accepted when the null hypothesis is rejected (when p value is .05 or less) The alternative hypothesis suggest that there is a true relationship between variables. (pg 86).