Research Final review

____ 77. A data set is found to approximate a normal curve and has a mean of 72.5 and a standard deviation of 10.8. In which range of numbers will 99% of the scores fall?

44.6 - 100.4

____ 3. Which study exemplifies qualitative research?

A study that observes the interactions of spouses during mealtimes in a long-term care facility

____ 6. A nurse understands the meaning of entering the world of nursing research to be? Select all that apply.

A way of learning a unique language A new way of experiencing reality A way of incorporating new rules

____ 38. A nurse researcher who wishes to use animals in a research study must include which elements in an animal use protocol? Select all that apply.

Animal living conditions and veterinary care Justification for the use of animals over humans Procedures to minimize pain and distress

____ 46. A nurse researcher understands that a search may identify thousands of references. In an effort to refine the search, which of the following are accurate statements? Select all that apply.

Combining terms or searching for the terms only in the abstract will decrease the number of articles identified. Some electronic databases allow you to limit the search to certain types of articles.

____ 82. When appraising the introduction section of a research study, what will the reviewer look for?

Completeness and quality of the study abstract

____ 12. What study design involves no intervention on the part of the researcher? Select all that apply.

Correlational Descriptive

____ 11. Which of the following are true statements about quantitative research? Select all that apply.

Correlational research involves the use of statistics to determine relationships among variables. Quasi-experimental research is a useful option when controlled conditions are not possible. Statistical tests are employed with quantitative research studies.

____ 85. All nurses need to have expertise in which skill regarding research?

Critical appraisal

____ 86. Which of the following are true statements about the purpose of conducting critical appraisals of studies in nursing? Select all that apply.

Critical appraisals are often conducted after a published research report. Critical appraisals are often conducted for selection of abstracts when studies are presented at conferences.

____ 87. Which of the following are accurate statements about critical appraisal of research following presentation and publication? Select all that apply.

Critical appraisals assist researchers in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of their studies and generating ideas for further research. Experiencing the critique process can increase the conference participants' ability to evaluate studies.

____ 100. Which of the following are true statements about critical appraisal of outcomes studies? Select all that apply.

Focus on similarity of the exposed cohort and unexposed (control) cohort Focus on adequacy and completeness of follow-up Focus on reliability and validity of the outcome measure(s)

____ 44. Why might Wikipedia be a questionable reference for a study citation?

It is an open, editable format.

____ 74. Which of the following are true statements about a Likert scale? Select all that apply.

It is designed to determine the opinions or attitudes of study subjects. Sometimes seven options are given on a response scale, sometimes only four. It usually consists of 10 to 20 items, each addressing an element of the concept being measures.

____ 40. Which is true about an operational variable in quantitative research?

It is developed so that the degree of its existence can be measured.

____ 99. Which of the following are true statements about the mixed-methods design strategy known as convergent concurrent strategy? Select all that apply.

It is selected when a researcher wishes to use quantitative and qualitative methods to confirm, cross-validate, or corroborate findings using a single sample or two samples from the same population. A strategy used when the researcher collects quantitative and qualitative data at the same time, analyzes each set of data, and integrates the findings.

____ 79. Which is true about a correlational analysis technique?

It measures the relationship among variables.

____ 16. What role does qualitative research play in evidence-based practice (EBP)?

It offers a systematic approach for yielding insights into human experience and behavior.

____ 39. A researcher wishes to study the effects of a low-fat diet on self-esteem, weight, and energy levels among obese women over age 40. Which is the independent variable in this study?

Low-fat diet

____ 42. Which of the following are accurate statements about study variables and research concepts? Select all that apply.

Some variables are manipulated; others are controlled. A dependent variable is the outcome that the researcher wants to predict or explain.

. In a qualitative study to describe stages of grief, the researcher asks parents who have lost a child to cancer to describe their experiences with grief at specific time intervals after their children's deaths. Which assumption will the researcher make?

Study subjects understand the concept of grief.

____ 88. Which of the following are true statements about critical appraisal of research proposals? Select all that apply.

To permit data collection in an institution Reviewed for funding from selected government agencies, corporations, and foundations

____ 35. A researcher wants to study whether showing a video about car safety increases the likelihood of car seat use among a group of first-time parents. When obtaining informed consent, the researcher must include: Select all that apply.

an assurance of anonymity. consent to incomplete disclosure. voluntary participation.

____ 36. A researcher has submitted a proposal to an Institutional Review Board (IRB) to evaluate the effects of a new drug on newborn infants. In this case, members of the IRB should include: Select all that apply.

an ethicist. a hospital pharmacist. a neonatologist.

____ 20. A researcher classifies words and phrases that occur in data collected in a qualitative study. This process is called

coding the data.

____ 72. A researcher tests a measurement tool's validity by administering it to a group of subjects who don't have health insurance and a group who have health insurance to examine attitudes about access to health care. The researcher is looking for evidence of validity from

contrasting groups.

2. The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) began to change its focus to

increasing the status and funding for nursing research.

____ 50. When a researcher analyzes data obtained from study variables for possible significant relationships among these variables, the researcher is testing the

relationship statements.

____ 70. A researcher performs a series of pilot studies to evaluate whether a measurement tool produces consistent results. This is an evaluation of

reliability

____ 98. A nurse identifies an unusual incidence of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in school-age children in a nearby community and conducts a study to examine exposure to a variety of water pollutants from a local industry. This is an example of a

retrospective cohort study.

____ 58. A researcher wishes to conduct a survey of attitudes about illness among young adults with cystic fibrosis. The researcher contacts a nearby regional medical cystic fibrosis clinic, where 250 young adults who have cystic fibrosis are seen. A group of 50 young adults are selected to complete the survey. These 50 people are the

sample population.

____ 19. When conducting historical research about the experiences of women refugees from the Sudan, the researcher interviews women who served as nurses among this population. These nurses represent

secondary data sources.

____ 61. A researcher conducts a pilot study using a convenience sample of children with seizure disorders. A reviewer of this study's manuscript may conclude that the findings of this study

should be replicated using a wider population.

____ 59. A researcher wishes to conduct a study to determine the effects of an intervention on high school students. In this study, high school students represent the

target population.

____ 68. A researcher studying the effects of an intervention on symptoms measures the time from intervention to absence of symptoms and reports this in the number of days. This measure represents which level of measurement?

Interval

____ 56. A nurse researcher understands that to critically appraise the RCTs reported in nursing journals, specific guidelines are followed. To assess the quality of RCTs reports, which of the following are accurate statements? Select all that apply.

Outcomes are measured consistently with quality measurement methods. Study participants are drawn from a reference population through clearly defined criteria. The intervention is clearly described and consistently implemented.

____ 90. Which group of nurses need expertise in the critical appraisal of research? Select all that apply.

Practicing nurses Student nurses Nurse educators

____ 9. In which type of research study does the researcher have the most control?

Experimental

____ 4. Which research technique would be used by a nurse researcher who wishes to compare bonding patterns of neonatal intensive care (NIC) infants to non-NIC infants to test various theories about infant-parent bonding?

Grounded theory

____ 21. Which type of research uses a less formal method of reporting data?

Historical

____ 84. What is the focus of a critical appraisal of qualitative research studies?

Integrity of study design and methods

____ 73. Which generally is an advantage of using primary data in a research study?

It has greater specificity to the study purpose.

____ 92. Which method will a researcher use to evaluate a group of qualitative studies?

Meta-synthesis

____ 96. What is the key construct in Donabedian's theory of outcomes research?

Quality of care

____ 54. A researcher conducts a quasi-experimental study to determine whether there is improved weight gain among premature infants who are fed according to cue-based protocols. The researcher trained neonatal intensive care nurses to apply cue-based feeding to orally fed infants and notes a statistical difference in weight gain between infants fed according to cue-based protocols and those fed according to standard protocols. Which might be a threat to internal validity in this study?

Some infants developed gastroenteritis.

____ 17. What is true about scientific rigor in qualitative nursing research?

Study findings are considered trustworthy when rigor is applied.

____ 52. Which of the following are true statements about middle range theories? Select all that apply.

They may emerge from a grounded theory study. Practice theories are a type of middle range theories that are more specific. They are sometimes called substantive theories.

____ 71. Which statement is true about validity?

Validity evaluates an instrument for a specific group or purpose.

____ 48. A researcher is studying how anxiety affects coping with chronic disease and theorizes that measures to reduce anxiety will improve subjects' ability to cope with day-to-day demands of self-care. In this example, anxiety and coping are

concepts

____ 29. If a healthcare provider discloses information about a patient to a researcher for a study, the provider and the researcher must have a(n)

data use agreement.

____ 95. The goal of outcomes research is to

examine the end results of patient care from various health interventions.

____ 62. Prior to initiating a research study, a researcher conducts a power analysis to determine the sample size necessary for a power level of 0.8 and an alpha of 0.05. The researcher will

increase the sample size to avoid a type II error.

____ 18. A researcher who bases phenomenological research on Husserl's philosophy will

place personal biases aside when considering and reporting research findings.

____ 97. A nurse uses a care map to guide nursing interventions for patients with COPD. This is an example of using

standards of care.

____ 27. After the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (DHEW) regulations were published in 1973, all research using human subjects was required to

undergo full institutional review to examine risks and benefits to subjects.

____ 78. A researcher wishes to display scores representing the relationship between two variables. Which will the researcher use?

Scatterplots

____ 43. What is the main purpose of a literature review in grounded theory research?

To explain, extend, and support the framework used for the study

____ 91. A study yielding negative results is withheld for publication for several years, contributing to which type of bias?

Time-lag bias

____ 7. Which are components of evidence-based practice (EBP)? Select all that apply.

Best research evidence Patient needs and values Safe, cost-effective care

____ 89. While critically appraising a quantitative research study, what will the reviewer assess when critiquing the title of the study? Select all that apply.

Clarity of the title's focus Type of study conducted such as descriptive and the variables Key study variables and population

____ 51. Which statements would the nurse researcher recognize as being true when critically appraising a framework? Select all that apply.

Critical appraising a framework requires the identification and evaluation of the concepts, their definitions, and the statements linking the concepts. Researchers must judge the adequacy of the linkages of concepts to variables, measurement of research or dependent variables, and implementation of independent variables. The discussion section is where the critical appraisal guidelines are applied to frameworks that were derived from a grand nursing theory.

____ 13. Which of the following are true statements about rigor in quantitative research? Select all that apply.

Critically appraising the rigor of a study involves examining the reasoning used in conducting the study. Logical reasoning is essential to the development of quantitative studies.

____ 57. Which of the following are true statements about external validity? Select all that apply.

External validity is concerned with the extent to which study findings can be generalized beyond the sample used in the study. Threats to external validity include interaction of selection and intervention, setting and intervention, and/or history and intervention.

The nurse reviews a study exploring experiences of nurses' decision-making processes regarding reporting a medical error. Which research method does this represent?

Description

____ 81. Which statements would the nurse researcher recognize as being true when using descriptive statistics? Select all that apply.

Descriptive statistics allow researchers to organize numerical data in ways that give meaning and facilitate insight. Researchers report descriptive statistics in tables and in the narrative of the results section of their study.

____ 67. A researcher conducts a study to examine the effects of breastfeeding on infant weight at age 6 months. Which type of measurement is used to measure the infants' weight?

Direct

____ 32. Which patient information requires de-identifying to maintain privacy? Select all that apply.

E-mail addresses Full-face photographs Medical record numbers

____ 94. Which of the following are true statements about the challenges to evidence-based nursing practice? Select all that apply.

EBP requires synthesizing research evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which are still limited in nursing. More work is needed to promote the use of evidence-based guidelines with individual patients.

____ 76. A researcher wishes to present data identifying pain scores for a group of subjects using a grouped frequency distribution table. Which is true about using this method?

Each group must have equivalent ranges in scores.

____ 5. What type of qualitative research method would be used to describe and interpret a culture and cultural behavior?

Ethnographic research

____ 31. A descriptive comparative study of blood vessel structures of placentas obtained at delivery from women who had pregnancy-induced hypertension to those of women who were normotensive through pregnancy would be an example of what level of IRB review?

Expedited review

____ 34. Which of the following are true statements about genomic research? Select all that apply.

Genomic research is a promising area of science related to human disease and healing. The Human Genome Project funded by NIH recognized from the onset the ethical and legal dilemmas of genomic research. Broad consent in the revised Common Rule was developed to address some of the unresolved issues in genomics research. De-identification of data and ownership of specimens are two of the unresolved issues in genomics research.

____ 14. The nurse researcher submits a proposal for an initial study to evaluate the effects of regular moderate exercise on asthma control scores in adolescents with asthma. To achieve increased control in the initial study, the researcher will do which of the following? Select all that apply.

Have subjects exercise on treadmills in the clinic three times weekly. Choose subjects classified as having moderate intermittent asthma symptoms. Limit participants to adolescent males who have asthma.

____ 33. According to the HIPAA privacy rules, which are covered entities that may use and disclose a limited data set to researchers for study? Select all that apply.

Health plans Healthcare providers

____ 83. A reviewer reads through a study from beginning to end, noting whether the title and abstract are clear, if relevant terms are defined, and if the introduction, methods, results, and discussion are plainly identified. This represents which part of a critical appraisal?

Identification of the steps of the research process

____ 80. Which of the following are true statements about the research outcome addressing implications for nursing'? Select all that apply.

Implications for nursing are the meanings of conclusions from scientific research for the body of nursing knowledge. Implications for nursing provide specific suggestions for implementing the findings in nursing.

____ 55. Which of the following are true statements about randomized controlled trials (RCTs)? Select all that apply.

In a RCT design, participants are randomized to the intervention and control groups to reduce selection bias. RCTs, when appropriately conducted, are considered the gold standard for determining the effectiveness of healthcare interventions.

____ 65. Which of the following are true statements about representativeness of a sample in quantitative research? Select all that apply.

In quantitative research, you need to evaluate representativeness in terms of the setting, characteristics of the subjects, and distribution of values on variables measured. Researchers who gather data from subjects across a variety of settings have a more representative sample of the target population than those limiting the study to a single setting.

____ 37. Which of the following are true statements about informed consent? Select all that apply.

Informed consent is the process of providing information to a potential subject and the opportunity to participate in the study. The documentation of informed consent depends on the study's level of risk and the requirement of the IRB who approves the study.

____ 15. The nurse understands that reading a research report requires the use of a variety of critical thinking and reading skills. Which of the following are true statements regarding skimming a research report? Select all that apply.

Involves scanning the abstract or introduction and discussion sections Involves reexamining the conclusions and implications for practice from the study Involves making a preliminary judgment about the value of a source and whether to read the report in depth

____ 45. Which database describes biomedical journals relevant to healthcare professionals deemed reputable by the National Library of Medicine and includes abstracts with links to some full-text sources?

MEDLINE

____ 23. What is the purpose of qualitative research?

To describe experiences and insight from the subject's perspective

____ 8. Which of the following are characteristics of quantitative research methods? Select all that apply.

Objective Cause and effect relationships Tests theory Numbers

____ 47. Which of the following are true statements about conducting the search (step 2) of the literature review? Select all that apply.

Obtaining full-text copies of relevant articles Using a table to document the results of the search

____ 64. A nurse researcher compares the outcomes of administration of a bronchodilator either via nebulizer or by metered-dose inhaler and collects data on subjects in a pediatric inpatient hospital unit. This is an example of which type of setting?

Partially controlled

____ 93. When using the Stetler Model of Research Utilization, the nurse researcher critically appraises the research reports to determine their soundness. Which part of the model is this?

Phase II: Validation

53. A nurse researcher conducts a study to determine whether women who breastfeed their infants experience better sleep in the first two postpartum months. This study will employ which type of research design?

Predictive correlational

____ 25. Which of the following are true statements about qualitative research? Select all that apply.

Qualitative research is a systematic approach used to describe experiences and situations from the perspective of persons in the situation. Qualitative research can generate rich descriptions of the experiences of the participants.

____ 60. To decrease the probability of systematic variation in a study to evaluate the effects of a teaching program on disease management, the researcher will use which sampling process?

Random sampling

____ 69. A study measuring the effects of a new diuretic medication records hourly urine output of subjects. This measure represents which level of measurement?

Ratio

____ 24. Which statement is true regarding researchers who conduct studies using the exploratory-descriptive qualitative research approach?

Researchers develop studies to provide information and insight into clinical or practice problems.

____ 22. Which is true about focus groups?

Researchers may elicit the assistance of moderators who share common characteristics with the participants.

____ 26. Which of the following are true statements about the characteristics of a quality sample in a qualitative research study? Select all that apply.

Researchers recruit purposive, network, and theoretical sampling methods. Researchers deliberately recruit fewer participants because they want to understand the identified research problem from the participant's perspective. The size of the sample will depend on when saturation of the data occurs.

____ 28. A researcher will have greater success gaining approval for a research study involving pregnant women if which provision is put into place?

Subjects may experience therapeutic effects from the intervention.

____ 30. Which unethical study in previous history involved withholding a treatment from subjects to study the effects of a disease progression on subjects?

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study

____ 75. Which of the following are accurate statements about the data collection process when conducting research? Select all that apply.

The actual steps of collecting data are specific to each study and depend on the research design, sample, and measurement techniques. The key to accurate data collection in any study is consistency.

____ 49. When a nurse researcher develops a plan for conducting a quantitative study, the theory on which the study is based is described as?

The framework

____ 41. Which of the following are true statements about research problems? Select all that apply.

The research problem in a study indicates the significance of the problem. The research problem in a study provides a background for the problem.

____ 66. Which of the following are accurate statements about the research setting when conducting research? Select all that apply.

Three common settings for conducting nursing studies are natural, partially controlled, and highly controlled. The selection of a setting in quantitative and qualitative research is based on the purpose of the study, accessibility of the setting or sites, and number and types of participants available in the setting. Laboratories are considered a highly controlled setting in which experimental studies often are conducted.