Research Method Competition
Explain two advantages of quantitative data
(Any 2 of the 3 advantages) easy to analyse and make comparisons between the results of different groups Objective so different researchers can get similar results and therefore can lead to high reliability. Objective so fewer researcher bias and thus increase validity.
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What are some differences between longitudinal study and cross-sectional study? (State 1 difference)
- Longitudinal study practices repeated observations, while cross-sectional only observes a single instance. - Longitudinal study observes the same group of participants overtime, while cross-sectional study observes different groups in the population. - Longitudinal study stresses on looking for changes in participants overtime, while cross-sectional can provide a snapshot of society at a single given point.
Outline one weakness of using case study.
1. The data collected can be very subjective : As participants are studied in depth, an attachment could form between them and the collection and/or analysis of the data may be biased. This would reduce the validity of the study. A different researcher, with a truly external viewpoint, might interpret the findings differently, thus will reduce the reliability. 2. Unique instance makes it less able to generalise results to wider population. 3. May break the ethical guideline of confidentiality
2. What is deception A. participant being deliberately misinformed B. when a debrief is used C. participant having rights to leave D. no sufficient information about the procedure
A
A psychology group from GHCIS is studying on Jenny, a girl with dog phobias. The group used interviews and questionnaires techniques. Name the research method. A. case study B. Lab experiment C. self-report D. field experiment
A
Albert is doing an experiment and he is urgent in recruiting large amount of participant. To do this, he may: A. Using opportunity sampling technique B. Using random sampling technique C. Using voluntary sampling technique D. Giving it up and try to increase the representativeness of his participants
A
Bob asked his participants to sit in a controlled room and finish a set of questions, another group of his participants sit in another controlled room and do the same set of questions, but loud music playing inside the room. Which type of experiment method is Bob using? a) Lab experiment b) Controlled observation c) Natural experiment d) Case study
A
Gary wish he could find out the reason why people are less likely to help others at a region with a lot of people beside. He chooses two actors. One is asked to act illness and one is asked to act drunk.They would fell down at the street near century park and see what will happen. Which experiment method did Gary use? a. Field experiment b. Natural experiment c. Lab experiment d. Independent measured design
A
How are volunteer sample participants recruited? A.When participants respond to an advertisement. B. When the names of all those in a population are put ina box and a sample is selected C.When participants happen to be walking pass the researcher who is recruiting D. When the researcher asks people he knows to volunteer for his study.
A
Jenny is studying Sven, a man who has problems with his memory. He is unable to remember new people or facts, even if they are repeated many times. Jenny is collecting data using techniques including interviews, questionnaires and observations. Name the research method Jenny is using. A. Case study B. Lab experiment C. Self-report D. Field experiment
A
Researchers want to study the impact of noise on learning, they let the participants first learn words in "loud noise" and then learn words in "no noise'. What may be the EV? A. order effect B. participant variable C. demand characteristics D. social desirability bias
A
Rick want to control as much extraneous variables as he can. Which kind of research should he choose? A. Lab experiment B. Field experiment C. Natural experiment D. Covert observation
A
Tairitsu decides to increase the validity by use less controls in her experiment. Which type of validity is increasing? A. Ecological validity B. Internal validity C. Face validity D. Inter-rater validity
A
The psychology group of GHCIS found out they can repeat most part of their study. This means the study has high: A. Replicability B. Generalisability C. Representativeness D. Ecological validly
A
What is "participants know they are being watched" described? A. Overt observation B. Covert observation C. Naturalistic observation D. Controlled observation
A
What is defined as turning abstract concepts into measurable observations? A. Operationalization B. Control group C. Reliability D. Validity
A
What term is being described in the following statement 'it measures what it intends to measure'? A. Validity B. Reliability C. Inter-rater reliability D. Internal validity
A
What term is used to describe 'it measures what it intends to measure? A, Validity B, Reliability C, inter-rater reliability D, internal validity
A
When to use mode A. when identifying the most frequent score B. when identifying the middle score of a data set C. when identifying the most extreme data D. when calculating the average difference between each score in the data set
A
Which graph would we use for the following data 'the number of people from continuous age groups living in a certain place'? A. Histogram B. Scatter graph C. Bar chart D. Line graph
A
Which of the following is a possible feature of a case study? A. longitudinal B. large sampling C. generalization D. controlled observation
A
Which of the following is a weakness of using opportunities sampling? A. Unlikely to gain a wide variety of participants and represent the population fairly. B. Likely to be representative of the population. C. Obtaining details of each individual in the target population may be difficult and time-consuming. D. Participants may not want to take part in this study.
A
Which of the following is the definition for 'hypothesis'? A. a testable prediction derived from a theory B. an explanation of a phenomenon C. the independent variable D. the dependent variable.
A
Which of the following is the structured observation? A. A study in which the observer records only a limited range of behaviours. B. A study in which the observer records the whole range of possible behaviours. C. A study conducted by watching the participants' behaviour in a situation in which the social or physical environment has been manipulated by researcher. D. When researcher is separate from the group the researcher wishes to observe.
A
Which of the following statement about validity is true? A. Ecological validity is how findings from a research study in one situation can be generalised to other situations. B. If the situation represents the real world effectively, the internal validity would be high. C. Researchers can use tasks that have more controls to increase ecological validity. D. Researchers can use real life settings to increase face validity.
A
Which of the observation can be used to increase inter-observer reliability? A. structured observation B. naturalistic observation C. covert observation D. participant observation
A
Which of the types of interviews listed below `is being described in the following statement "an interview in which most questions after the first one depends on the respondent's answers". A. unstructured interview B. semi-structured interview C. structured interview D. closed question
A
Which of the types of interviews listed below is being described in the following statement 'an interview in which most questions after the first one depends on the respondent's answers? A. Unstructured interview B. Semi-structured interview C. Overt observation D. Naturalistic observation.
A
Which one is the best explanation of EV. A. a variable which is not the IV but may affect the DV B. a variable which is measured by the experimenter C. bias D. a variable which can't be controlled.
A
Which one is the strength of lab experiment? A. Replicable as there are controls and standardised procedure. B. Low demand characteristics as participants do not know they are being observed. C. Ethical issues as participants are unaware that they are being studied. D. Lack of control because it can be difficult to know if IV causes the change in DV.
A
Which statement is true about self-reports? A. Questionaries collects quantitative data, interview only collects qualitative data. B. One of the advantages of collecting quantitative data is it can be perceived as reductionist C. Interview is more likely to have social desirability bias than questionnaires D. Unstructured interviews give questions depend on the respond of participants and could add questions if necessary.
A
Which term is being defined as "an investigation that allows researchers to look for a cause-and-effect relationship." A.Experiment. B. Observation. C. Self-report. D. Interview.
A
Which type of measures of central tendency can be used to analyse categorical data? A. Mode B. Median C. Mean D. Range
A
Which type of method in central tendency can be used to analyze categorical data? A. Mode B. Median C. Mean D. Range
A
Which type of observation is most likely to lead to a loss of objectivity in the researcher? A.Participant observation B.Controlled observation C.Overt observation D.Naturalistic observation
A
Which type of the observation conduct by watching the participants' behaviour in a situation in which the social or physical environment has been manipulated by the researcher? A Controlled observation B Overt observation C Structured observation D Participant observation
A
which of the following techniques can control order effect? A. Randomisation B. Single-blind C. Double-blind D. Standardization
A
Explain the difference between a 'measure of central tendency' and a 'measure of spread'.
A measure of central tendency gives the 'middle'/average of the data Measures of central tendency show a typical score in the set A measure of spread shows the dispersion/variation (of scores) in a set Measures of spread look at how big the differences are between scores
State one advantage and one disadvantage of independent measure design.
Advantage: Different participants are used in each level of the IV so there are no order effect. Less likely to guess the aim of the study. Disadvantage: More participants are needed than in repeated measures design. Participants variables can distort results if there are important individual differences between participants in different levels of IV.
Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of using a longitudinal Study
Advantage: Retesting the same individuals means that researchers can be confident that differences are not due to participant variable. Situational variables would not influence the study result. Disadvantage: There may be sample attrition. As the sample becomes concentrated on willing, motivated people who live stable, healthy, law-abiding lives. (less generalized) There may be less standardized and reliable. Because ways to measure variables may improve during the long duration. Researchers may move on, they may get to know the participants There may be ethical issues that consent from children may be hard to get, and repeatedly ask for consent may break confidentiality.
State one sampling technique and explain one advantage for this sampling technique.
Answer: (Opportunity/volunteer/ random sampling)Opportunity sampling: large number of participants can be obtained relatively quickly and easily.volunteer sampling: useful technique when looking for participants who have unusual or unique characteristic.random sampling: more likely to get a wider range of people in the population./ less selection bias by experimenter.
Jo wants to investigate the effect of emotions on scores of students' quizzes. She asks students questions like "You will have a lower score when you are upset, won't you?". What's the extraneous variable in the above investigation? A. Experimenter effect B. Researcher bias C. Demand characteristic D. Situational effect
Answer: A
Which sampling technique is the fastest one to use A. Opportunity sampling B. Participant sampling C. Volunteer sampling D. Random sampling
Answer: A
Explain the difference between cofounding variables and extraneous variables
Answer: An extraneous variable tends to correlate with DV while a cofounding variable tends to correlate with both IV and DV
"Less hard work could lead to failure" is a statement called A. Concept B. Hypothesis C. Variable D. Idea
Answer: B
Mary would like to investigate the benefits from doing non-academic work. She listed the behaviors which were expected to see, hid herself in a secret corner and began to observe. Then she ticked the behaviors which were seen on the list. Which of the following observation is used? ①covert observation ②naturalistic observation ③structured observation ④participant observation A.①and② B.①and③ C.②and④ D.③and④
Answer: B
Which of the following is not a guideline of animal ethics? [1] A. Species B. Confidentiality C. Replacement D. Housing
Answer: B
Which of the following statements describes a positive correlation? A. As one variable increases, the other variable decreases B. As one variable increases, so does the other variable C. As one variable decreases, the other variable decreases D. As one variable decreases, so does the other variable
Answer: B
Which ethical guideline is being included in the following statement : Participants should be aware of their right to ignore questions they do not want to answer, have an individual space to complete a questionnaire. A. Confidentiality B. Lack of Deception C. Privacy D. Informed Consent
Answer: C
Which of the following behaviours is not required according to ethical guidelines for human participants A. Thank all the participants after the experiment B. Allow participants to leave during the experiment C. Being polite to participants throughout the experiment D. Not to deliberately misinform participants
Answer: C
If a researcher selects a patient in a hospital who has a special illness and wants to research him, which kind of sampling is he using? A. Random sampling B. Volunteer sampling C. Participant sampling D. Opportunity sampling
Answer: D
Jamie is doing an observation on the behavior of students in test while given the opportunity to cheat. To achieve highest internal validity, which set of observation method should he use? A. Naturalistic/Overt/Non-participants B. Naturalistic/Covert/Non-participants C. Controlled/Overt/Non-participants D. Controlled/Covert/Non-participants
Answer: D
Situation in which observation can be made? A. Natural B. Controlled C. Critical D. Natural and controlled
Answer: D
Which of the following is an example of a way to control demand characteristics? A. Counterbalancing B. Random Allocation C. Standardization D. Single-Blind
Answer: D
Which of the following is not an order effect? [1] A. Practice effect B. Fatigue effect C. Carryover effect D. Experimenter effect
Answer: D
Which research method has a high inter-observer reliability? A. Interview B. Lab experiment C. Natural observation D. Structured observation
Answer: D
Name the type of experiment method has the highest internal validity.
Answer: Lab experiment
A documentary filmed the daily life of children with autism. Some cameras was installed in their bedroom for better filming. What ethical guidelines had the study broken?
Answer: Privacy
Describe the difference between qualitative data and quantitative data.
Answer: Qualitative data is non-numerical and descriptive. Quantitative data is numerical results that can be measured.
State the definition of open questions
Answer: Questions that ask for descriptive and detailed answers in the participants' own words and no choices are given.
How much do you like Guanghua's Canteen on a scale of 0 to 5 (0=not at all; 5=very much) State the type of closed question:
Answer: Rating scales.
Jean wants to study the relationship between the depth of sleeping and the efficiency of students studying by manipulating the IV. If she wants to make the study to have higher ecological validity and is choosing from lab experiment and field experiment, which type of experiment should she use and why?
Answer: She should use field experiment, because it is carried out in natural settings like the students' own classroom. This can represent the real world more effectively and can be generalised to more settings.
Helen is conducting an experiment to investigate the relationship between temperature and student performance. Write a directional hypothesis for this study.
Answer: There will be a positive/negative correlation between temperature and student performance scores in a scale.
State what is meant by cohort
Answer: a group of participants selected at the same ages or stages
Explain two advantages of qualitative data
Answer: more likely to reveal the reasons why each participant thinks, feels or acts in a certain way, not reductionist
State what is meant by correlation
Answer: the relationship between two measured variables
A study in which refines the behavioral categories to be observed.Which observation is it? A.participant observation B.overt observation C.unstructured observation D.semi-structured observation
Answer:C
State 2 strengths of naturalistic observation.
As the observation takes place in natural setting, the results of the study are more likely to generalise to larger settings. Participants are unaware they are being watched, so there will be less demand characteristics.
1. In order to investigate the effects on drug consumption, Walter gave Jesse ten times overdose of cocaine. Which ethical guideline is Walter breaking in this experiment, A. Confidentiality B. Protection from physical harm C. Informed consent D. Protection from psychological harm
B
1. Which of the following is not a method of reducing demand characteristics? A. Using one-way mirrors. B. Using overt observation. C. Adding filler questions. D. Using covert observation.
B
If a researcher asks others to review his measurement technique and items and asking questions such as "Is the measure seemingly appropriate for capturing the variable?", what is he assessing? A. Internal Validity B. Face Validity C. Inter-rater Reliability D. Ecological Validity
B
In order to avoid demand characteristics, which ethical guideline could be broke? A. Confidentiality B. Deception C. Right to withdraw D. Informed consent
B
In order to investigate the effects on drug consumption, Walter gave Jesse ten times overdose of cocaine. Which ethical guideline is Walter breaking in this experiment, A. Confidentiality B. Protection from physical harm C. Informed consent D. Protection from psychological harm
B
Jack wants to increase the validity and reliability of his experiment of how different sleeping hours can affect math exam score. He could do the following except: A. Retest the experiment 3 months after with the same participants but a different math paper with same difficulty, to see the results are whether similar or not B. To establish a behavioral category C. Improve on controls over different variables to avoid extraneous variables D. Making sure participants all have a similar level of intelligence
B
Jennie wants to observe how polite people may be in real life so she choose to record the number of "thanks" they say to the canteen helpers so she wait in a secret corner of canteen and make sure nobody notices her. What kind of observation is it? A. Controlled observation B. Covert observation C. Overt observation D. Structured observation
B
Lucy wants to test the average difference between each score in the data set and the mean. Which measures should she use? A.range B.standard deviation C.mean D.mode
B
Participants in the music condition will memorize more words in the word list correctly compared to the no music condition. Which kind of hypothesis it is? A. Null hypothesis B. One-tailed hypothesis C. Two-tailed hypothesis D. Non-directional hypothesis
B
Researcher is not involved in A. Participant Observation B. Non Participant observation C. Interview D. None of them
B
The difference between lab experiment and field experiment is in: A) Precision in measurement of variables B) Degree of control of extraneous variables C) Use of data analysis techniques D) Application of research instruments
B
What is "a group of participants selected at the same age or stage"? A. covert B. cohort C. overt D. case
B
What is a disadvantage for field experiments? A. Lack of ecological validity B. Lack of controls C. Lack of particpants D. Difficult recruiting participants
B
What is a weakness of quantitative data? a, objective so more reliable to interpret b, can be perceived as reductionist c, Findings are likely to be valid d, may not be able to generalize to the majority
B
What term is being described in the following statement "list of specific behavioral components interested in the investigation "? A. coding system B. behavioral categories C. structured observation D. field experiment
B
What's the advantage of volunteer sampling? A It is more likely to get a wider range of people as all types of people in the population have equal chance of being chosen B easy and quick to recruit participants C The drop-out rate should be higher, which makes the sample size smaller D less selection bias by experimenter
B
Which ethical guideline is being described in the following statement:a study participant has the right to end their participation any time at will. A. Confidentiality B. Right to withdraw C. Informed consent D. Privacy
B
Which is the best way to decrease participant variable? A. Single-blind B. randomisation C. random allocation D. independent measures design
B
Which measures of tendency can only be used in numerical data with equal difference? A. median B. mean C. mode D. range
B
Which of the following about median is correct? A. The median can only be used in scale which has equal difference between numbers B. The median is unaffected by extreme values outliers C. The median is less informative than the mode D. The median can be used with both numerical data and separate categories
B
Which of the following experimental design is being described as "an experimental design in which participants are arranged into pairs, and one member of each pair performs in a different levels of the IV." A. Independent measures design B. Matched pairs design C. Repeated measures design D. Lab experiment.
B
Which of the following is an example of a controlled observation? A. Observing the reaction of passengers on a subway when seeing an old man falling down. B. Recording the relationships between infants by putting them in a lab. C. Finding out the difference in results of students in different genders' performances on an exam. D. Observing students' emotions at school when facing criticizement.
B
Which of the following is field experiment? A. IV is manipulated by the researcher, unnatural setting B IV is manipulated by the researcher, natural setting C. IV is naturally occuring, unnatural setting D. IV is naturally occuring, natural setting
B
Which of the following is field experiment? A. IV is manipulated by the researcher, unnatural setting B. IV is manipulated by the researcher, natural setting C. IV is naturally occurring, unnatural setting D. IV is naturally occurring, natural setting
B
Which of the following is the correct definition of randomisation? A. Using standardized instructions to make sure all the participants receive the same information B. Using chance in order to reduce the researcher's influence on the design of an investigation C. Using filler questions to make sure that participants would not work out the aim of the study D. Using counterbalancing to control for order effect
B
Which of the following pairs has the lowest generalizability? 1) case study 2) naturalistic observation 3) longitudinal study 4) non-participant observation A. 1) 2) B. 1) 3) C. 3) 4) D. 2) 4)
B
Which of the following statements is a disadvantage of volunteer sampling? A. Useful technique when looking for participants who have unusual or unique characteristics. B. Unlikely to be representative of the population. C. Participants are more likely to participate if they have already volunteered, so the drop-out rate should be lower, which makes the sample size larger and results will potentially be able to generalise to a wider extent. D. Easy and quick to recruit participants, as participants come to the researcher.
B
Which one below is not an extraneous variable? A. participant variable B. cohort C. demand characteristics D. researcher bias
B
Which research technique will never be used in a natural setting? A. Controlled observation B. Lab experiment C. Covert observation D. Field experiment
B
Which variable is the one we measure? A. Independent variable B. Dependent variable C. Extraneous variable D. Participant variable
B
Leeds University would like to investigate why men visits prostitutes. They intend to observe men who collect a prostitute in their car and record their license plate number. In conjunction with the policemen, they will find the address of these men and visit them to conduct a semi-structured interview about their use of prostitutes. (2) Explain why the researcher use interview to collect the data?
Because the interview provides information about people's thoughts and feelings that cannot be found out by just watching behaviours. Through the interview, the researcher can collect detailed and deep data of the participants' opinion about the use of prostitutes, so the results will be more valid.
Why the gap must be left in histogram if there are no scores in a category.
Because the scale is continuous and the bars need to be drawn touching.
1. Which of the following cannot be analyzed using the mean? A. Height B. Students' quiz scores C. Data collected from a Likert scale D. Weight
C
A researcher is observing the behaviours of a group of kids from a camera which won't be noticed by the kids, which kind of observation is impossible for the researcher to use? A. Covert Observation B. Structured Observation C. Participant Observation D. Controlled Observation
C
A statement which participants act in a way because they want to appear favorable in what they perceive as societal norms is known as: A. participant variables B. demand characteristics C. social desirable response D. order effect
C
Controlled observation usually takes place in which type of setting? A. a naturalistic setting to strengthen ecological validity B. a field research setting C. an artificial environment, like a laboratory D. an interview room
C
Controlled observation usually takes place in which type of setting? A. a naturalistic setting to strengthen ecological validity B. a field research setting C. an artificial environment, like a laboratory D. an interview room
C
Emma participates in a research about memories. She exits the research half way. Which ethical guideline is followed in this research? a, lack of deception b, valid consent c, right to withdraw d, protection from harm
C
Hanny is doing an experiment about the ability of people with depression dealing with different social environment. In her experiment, she planned to put all participants into two groups, one group in a crowded cafe, another group in an empty cafe, then compare the total times of participants voluntarily talk to others. What experiment design is it? A. Repeated measures design B. Experimental measures design C. Independent measures design D. None of the above
C
If the participants will not be aware that they are being observed in the observation, what is the name of this kind of technique as EV controlling? A. Counterbalancing B. Randomisation C. Single-blind D. Double-blind
C
If you observed the behaviour of a child for 5 minutes every hour for a 6-hour period each day, what type of technique would you be using? A. Coding system B. Covert observation C. Time sampling D. Behavioural categories
C
In one experiment, participants are randomly assigned to group A and group B, Group A participate in one level of IV and group B participate in the other one. What is the name of technique? A. randomization B. counterbalancing C. random allocation D. random order
C
In what situation is naturalistic observation not the best possible research method? A observing drivers'behaviours on the road B observing how long customers spend on eating at a fast-food restaurant C observing the helping behaviour of the bystanders after the model has acted D observing participants taking new treatments in order to watch out for reactions
C
One group of participants stay in a room with a view of the sun, the other group of participants stay in a room with a view of river objects (the sun is not visible from that room). After three weeks, the doctor compared the health status of the two groups of residents. What type of experimental design is this? (1) A. laboratory experiment B. repeated-measures design C. Independent measurement design D. matched-pair design
C
Rick is investigating whether lack of sleep hours will affect people's reaction time. What is the dependent variable in this study A. Rick B. Sleep hours C. Reaction time D. People
C
The advantage of double blind is A lower order effect B higher replicability C lower researcher bias D stronger correlation
C
Twenty primary school teachers were sent by their individual head teachers to attend a training course in classroom behaviour management run by educational psychologists at a local university. Before the training course, and again after training, the teachers were asked to say how confident they were in managing difficult classroom behaviour. The researchers compared the before and after answers to see how many teachers rated their confidence as 'better', 'worse', or 'the same' as it had been at the start of the course. Which of the study described here？ A. laboratory experiment B. pilot study C. natural experiment D. controlled experiment
C
Two different researchers are observing "helping behaviours" but their ratings to each behaviour are totally different. This means that the__________ will be low. [1] A. Test-retest reliability B. Inter-observer reliability C. Inter-rater reliability D. Inter-behaviour reliability
C
What is an advantage of naturalistic observation? A. As the set-up is controlled, there will be fewer extraneous variables B. As more standardized procedures are used, the study can be easier to replicate C. Participants are unaware they're being watched, so there will be less demand characteristics D. Ethical guideline like informed consent may be broken
C
What is an advantage of quantitative data? A. They are more subjective and could be difficult and time consuming to analyze B. They collect data from a vast majority of people and are more representative C. They are more objective and will not create inter observer validity problems D. They collect less information
C
What is the operationalisation IV in "eating suger decrease physical strength?" A. Sugar B. Physical strength C. the grams of sugar D. the number of times of exercise
C
Which control can be used to avoid order effects? A. Random allocation B. Standardization C. Counterbalancing D. Control groups
C
Which experiment only contain one single instance? A. longitudinal study B. opportunity sampling C. case study D. mundane realism
C
Which of the following behaviours is not required according to ethical guidelines for human participants a. Thank all the participants after the experiment b. Allow participants to leave during the experiment c. Avoid deprivation d. Not to deliberately misinform participants
C
Which of the following best describes the ethical guideline" privacy"? A participants personal information should not be known to anyone outside the study B participants have the right to withdraw the data that they don't want to be displayed in public C avoiding the invasion of participants emotional and physical space D participants should leave the study in the same physical and psychological states as they entered
C
Which of the following experimental designs is being described 'an experimental design in which the same participants are used in the two conditions?' A. Independent measure design B. Matched pairs design C. Repeated measures design D. Field experiment
C
Which of the following extraneous variable can be controlled by standardisation. A. Demand characteristics B. Participant variable C. Experimenter effect D. Order effect
C
Which of the following is correct statement about standard deviation? A.It is an easy way to calculate and show the description of data. B.It is more likely to be impacted by the extreme scores. C.It takes every value into account so is more informative D.It does not indicate how the results are distributed around the mean
C
Which of the following is not a guideline of human ethics? A. Right to withdraw B. Confidentiality C. Replacement D. Privacy
C
Which of the following situation has the highest ecological validity? A controlled observation B Field experiment C Natural experiment D lab experiment
C
Which of the following statement is an advantage of case study? A The data can be collective very subjective B Researchers are usually focusing on one individual or one single unit such as a family and they might be unique. C Case study provide in-depth information. D Case study breaks the ethical guideline of confidentiality.
C
Which of the following statement is wrong? A. Cross-sectional studies compare different groups of participant at one point of time. B. Cross-sectional studies can study different people at different stages. C. Longitudinal studies investigate changes over time while cross-sectional studies don't D. Longitudinal studies are likely to be affected by death of participants.
C
Which of the following statements about validity is false? A.To assess face validity, you ask other people to review your measurement technique and items. B.Testing face validity is a simple and important first step to reviewing the validity of your test. C.Having face validity can be basically stated that you have good overall validity. D.Once you've secured face validity, you can assess other forms of validity.
C
Which of the following statements is correct? A. Quantitative data is hard to analyze. B. Causing participants embarrassment by making fun of them is an example of physical harm C. Cohort is a group of participants selected at the same age or stages. D. A correlation has IV and DV.
C
Which of the following statements is false? A. Cross-sectional studies compare people at different ages or stages by comparing different groups of participants at one point in time. B. Longitudinal studies follow changes in participants over time. C. Random allocation is usually used when all the participants have to experience all levels of the IV. D. Co-variables only exists in correlations.
C
Which of the terms below are being described in the following statement 'applying the findings of a study to the wider population?' A. Reliability B. Validity C. Generalisability D. Standardisation
C
Which statement is correct for longitudinal study? A. Longitudinal study is studying a group of participants using repeated experiment design. B. Longitudinal study is not case study but case study is longitudinal study C. Longitudinal studies use cohorts while cross sectional studies does not use cohorts as participants. D. Sample attrition is one of the problems of case study.
C
Which technique controls participant variable? A. Counterbalancing B. Randomisation C. Random allocation D. Standardisation
C
Charles Leclerc and Max Verstappen are both F1 drivers. Two students want to see their opinions towards the 2022 season, so they send out questionnaires for them to complete. Student A decides to use open questions while student B decides to use closed questions. a) State one advantage of student B's choice of using closed questions.
Closed questions generate quantitative data, which can be analyzed objectively, so researcher bias can be reduced, leading to high internal validity/different researchers can have same ratings, so higher inter-rater reliability. Easier to analyze and make comparisons between results of different groups i.e. between Charles and Max.
Charles Leclerc and Max Verstappen are both F1 drivers. Two students want to see their opinions towards the 2022 season, so they send out questionnaires for them to complete. Student A decides to use open questions while student B decides to use closed questions. C) After collecting the data from the questionnaires, student A posts the results on his own social media account. Identify one ethical guideline that is broken.
Confidentiality. Charles's and Max's personal info and results should be stored securely and not shared with anyone outside the study as they do not give their informed consent for publishing the results.
In order to create an easily replicable research, which research method should researchers choose to use? A. Natural Experiment B. Unstructured Interview C. Naturalistic Observation D. Questionnaire
Correct Answer: D
Which one is not the strength of matched-pairs design? A. Random allocation to levels of IV can reduce the effects of individual differences B. no order effect that can reduce the validity of the findings C. Uses fewer participants than repeated measures design or independent measures design D. Counterbalancing reduces order effects
Correct answer: B
Which one is incorrect about animal ethical guideline? A. Researchers studied animals because animals are convenient models B. The chosen species should be the one least likely to suffer pain or distress C. The level of stress experienced by individuals can be ignored D. Alternatives to aversive stimuli and deprivation should be used where possible
Correct answer: C
Aice is planning to observe a group of children in an area and recorded their aggressive behaviors. She wants to observe the children without letting them know. State what kind of observation Alice is going to use and suggest one disadvantage for this observation that Alice has to face.
Covert Observation There may be difficult for Aice to see all the aggressive behaviors when she is hiding herself. Ethical guidelines like informed consent may be broken as the children are unaware of being observed and their parents also do not know the true nature of her study. This may cause the children distress when they find out their aggressive behaviors have been observed.
Annie would like to observe whether people will help children who they don't know.She hide herself in the crowd and nobody pay attention to her.Which extraneous variable does she reduce? A.situational variable B.order effect C.confounding variable D.demand characteristics
D
Factors that can change which are being investigated within a correlation is a? a, IV b, DV c, variable d, co-variable
D
Haniel is observing the social behavior of a group of kindergarten children. In his experiment, he pretended to be a new teacher and joined the activity of children while none of them are aware of being observed. What ethical guideline might be broken here? A. Confidentiality B. Protection from harm C. Debriefing D. Informed consent
D
One extraneous variable refers to variables that the participant brings to the study. To reduce the effect of this, which of the following techniques can be used? A. Counterbalancing B. Fatigue effect C. Randomisation D. Random allocation
D
Two different researchers are observing "helping behaviours", but their ratings to each behaviour are totally different because of their researcher bias. To solve this problem, they can: A. Use one-way mirror B. Use filler questions C. Use qualitative data D. Use double-blind technique
D
What type of observation is being described as "a study in which the observe records only a limited range of behaviours according to the behavioural categories"? A.Covert observation B.Naturalistic observation C.Participant observation D.Structured observation
D
What type of observation is being described as "a study in which the observer records only a limited range of behaviours according to the behavioural categories" A. overt observation B. naturalistic observation C. participant observation D. structured observation
D
Which choice below is an example of case study? A. Researchers follow a group of participants over time to see their changes B. Researchers select randomly from Shanghai Subway to let people who been selected to score their happiness today. C. Researchers find 40 people from different ages and stages and let them do an IQ test to see the difference D. Researchers follow a student with a special autism, they gain data by interviewing, observing, and testing.
D
Which control is used to avoid researcher bias? A. Standardization B. Counterbalancing C. Single-blind D. Double-blind
D
Which control is used to avoid researcher bias？ A. standardisation B. counterbalancing C. a single- blind study D. a double- blind study
D
Which of the following ethical guideline is about keeping participants' information safely? A. Privacy B. Deception C. Informed consent D. Confidentiality
D
Which of the following features is a must for case study? A. Collect qualitative data B. Gain data from various sources C. Using triangulation D. Studying a single instance
D
Which of the following is a correct statement about correlation? A. In correlations, the variables can be categorical. B. Correlations are plotted on a histogram. C. The correlation is the relationship between two manipulated variables. D. Correlation coefficient will always produce a coefficient between 1 and -1.
D
Which of the following is not an example of a way to way to control extraneous variable? A. Counterbalancing B. Random allocation of participants to the condition of IV C. Using standardized instruments D. Operationalisation
D
Which of the following statements is the best description of an overt observation study? Shade one box only. A The researcher becomes a member of the group whose behaviour is being observed. B The researcher uses a structured procedure in which behaviour is watched and recorded. C The researcher watches and records behaviour in the setting it would normally occur. D The researcher watches and records behaviour of a group that knows it is being observed.
D
Which sampling technique has the highest generalisability a. Opportunity sampling b. Participant sampling c. Volunteer sampling d. Random sampling
D
Which technique below cannot be used to reduce demand characteristics? A. Single Blind B. Double Blind C. Filler question D. Standardization
D
Which type of experiment has this strength——" Low degree of demand characteristics as participants do not know they are being observed" A. lab B. field C. natural D. B & C
D
Which type of observation has the researcher manipulating the social and physical environment? A. Overt observation B. Covert observation C. Natural observation D. Controlled observation
D
Which types of data can be analysed using the mode i.. height ii. most popular sports in 100 students iii. data collected from rating scale iiii. data collected from yes or no questions A. i,ii B. i, iii, iiii C. ii, iii, iiii D. i, ii, iii, iiii
D
Explain why case study may have low validity.
Data collection and analysis can be very subjective, so it's more likely to be researcher bias which will cause lower internal validity
The two main features of case study.
Data is in detailed and the study only observes one sample.
Identify one disadvantage of mean.
Data may be heavily influenced by outliers
In a study about helping, participants were told the study was about visual tracking. They played a computer game in which they could help other players. They were given fake eye-movement tracking spectacles to wear. Describe the ethical issue of deception use this study as an example.
Deception involves misleading / lying to participants The participants were told the study was about visual tracking but really it was about helping The participants were given spectacles to wear but they were not real.
Identify one weakness of lab experiment.
E.g., Unnatural behavioural as the environment and tasks are usually unfamiliar to participants in daily life./Demand characteristics as participants know they are part of an experiment.
State one strength of quantitative data.
Easy to analyze and make comparisons between the results of different groups./ High validity due to fewer researcher bias./ High reliability due to objectivity.
How to ensure a study to have high internal validity.
Ensure that changing in DV is caused by IV, by using higher controls on extraneous variable.
Define ethical guidelines
Ethical guidelines are pieces of advice that guide psychologists to consider the welfare of participants and wider society.
State the difference between experimental method and experimental design.
Experimental method is about how the study is conducted, while experimental design is about how the participants are allocated into different conditions of IV.
Explain what is meant by demand characteristics.
Features of the experimental situation which give away the aims. They can cause participants to try to change their behaviours.
Outline one weakness of using case study.
Findings cannot be generalised very easily to other individuals. The information gathered is often based on retrospective data, which might not be accurate. Because it is very difficult to replicate a case study, they lack reliability. As case studies are unique situations it is difficult to generalise (to other situations).
Helen wanted to do a questionnaire to complete his study. Explain one advantage of using questionnaires with close questions.
Helen could use close questions to collect quantitative data, which is numerical and objective, easy to analyse. Different researchers could have similar interpretation towards the same data, they have higher inter-rater reliability.
Describe one advantages of lab experiment.
Higher control of variables easy to replicate cheaper and less time-consuming higher reliability(more able to ensure that independent variable is influencing dependent variable
Stephen is using cats in his experiment. Cats are solitary animals. He puts 10 cats in one cage and he wants to see the sharing behavior of them. Suggest which ethical guideline was broken in this study.
Housing, because Stephen has put more than 1 solitary animals in a cage.
Suggest and explain the ethcial issue with holding cats, the solitary animal, and dogs, the social animal, in the same cage.
Housing. Caging conditions should depend on the social behaviour of the species
Define representative
How closely matched the sample is to a boarder group in terms of key characteristic
Jason wants to investigate whether the noise will affect students' test scores A.Define the IV and DV in this study.
IV: The decibels of noise DV: The scores of students' test
What are the 2 ways to increase the ecological validity of a research?
In order to increase the ecological validity of a research, researchers should conduct the study in natural setting so as to reflect the real world effectively. The tasks that participants take part in the study should also be relevant to real life, or have high mundane realism, in order to have high ecological validity.
Claire conducted an experiment on memory. One group of participants was given a list of words to memories while listening to a distracting noise while another group of completely different participants was given a list of words to memories without hearing any noise. Identify the experimental design being used in this experiment. Include a reason for your answer.
Independent measure design. Because the participants were divided into two different groups and each group was in each level of IV (either listening to a distracting noise or without hearing any noise).
Christine did an experiment to investigate memory. One group of participants was required to remember all the words on a word list in room with a very high temperature while another group of completely different participants was given the same word list to memorise in a room with a very low temperature. Identified the experimental design being used in this experiment. Include a reason for your answer.
Independent measures design, because Christine put 2 different groups of participants into 2 different conditions of IV (high /low temperature room)
Kitty wanted to investigate the influence of noise to high school students. She chose to do this study in a classroom, and the students will be asked to have an English-word quiz which contains 30 words that are appropriate for high school students. Suggest whether her study has high ecological validity and explain why.
It has high ecological validity. As she did this study in a classroom which is a natural setting, and the task of writing English words for students is a real-life task, they can represent the students' reaction in real life. So, the results of Kitty's study is able to generalize to larger settings, which means it has higher ecological validity.
What is sample bias and when does it happen?
It is a bias in which a sample is collected in a way that some members of the intended population have a lower or higher sampling probability than others and it happens if the sample is not representative of the population.
State two strength of volunteer sampling
It is easy and quick to recruit participants, as participants come to the researcher Participants are more likely to participate if they have already volunteered, so the drop-out rate should be lower, which makes the sample size larger and results will potentially be able to generalize to a wider extent.
State an advantage of Mean
It is more representative of the whole data set compared to median and mode
A researcher wants to see the effect of the types of the background music on students' memory abilities. a) If the researcher wants to increase the internal validity of the study, what type of experiment she should use?
Lab experiment
Explain how lab experiment ensures that IV directly affects DV.
Lab experiment have high controls which ensures that EV will not affect the result of the experiment.
Jay did an experiment and decided to deceive participants because of demand characteristics. When the research finished, the participants were directly sent back to home. Which ethical guidelines he broken and why?
Lack of deception, as participants should not be deliberately misinformed or lied to about the aim or procedure of the study. If it is essential to do so, participants should be told the real aim as soon as possible and be allowed to remove their results if they want to. Debriefing, as should be thanked, given the chance to ask questions, a full explanation of the aims and potential consequences of the study at the end of the study.
Ray is writing the hypothesis for a study looking for a correlation between students' reading time and their final grade in psychology. He writes that "students who read more than five hours a week will have a higher score than the ones who read less than five hours a week" for the assignment's conclusion. Is Ray going to receive a full mark for his assignment? Explain.
No. Because Ray's hypothesis is for a correlation, which does not show a causal relationship. His statement says that longer reading time can cause higher score, but in correlation, we only investigate how they corrleate, not the cause and effect.
Charles Leclerc and Max Verstappen are both F1 drivers. Two students want to see their opinions towards the 2022 season, so they send out questionnaires for them to complete. Student A decides to use open questions while student B decides to use closed questions. b) Does this study have high generalizability? Include one reason.
No. The sample size is small: only Charles and Max are being analyzed. The participants' cases are unique (both race-winners) so cannot generalize to other populations e.g. other F1 drivers who have not won any race in the 2022 season.
Define "quantitative data".
Numerical results that can be measured.
James found 100 participants for his experiment just in front of the restaurant, which sampling technique it is?
Opportunity sampling
Jason is planning a study about the relationship between the salaries of the people in Shanghai and how happy they feel about their lives. 2) Jason wants to have a larger number of participants. Suggest what sampling technique he should use and explain.
Opportunity sampling. Participants can be obtained relatively, quickly and easily, because this method involves using people who happen to be in Shanghai at the time of the study.
State what is meant by 'Social desirability bias'.
Participants act in a way because they want to appear favourable to what they perceive as social norms.
Define "matched-pairs design"
Participants are arranged into similar pairs and performs in a different level of the IV.
Robin wants to investigate whether keeping a pet can affect people's motives of studying among the G2 students in Guanghua. He selected five people who keep cat as pet and five people who keep parrot as pet. (b) State the population and sample in this experiment.
Population is G2 students from Guanghua. Sample is 5 students who keep cat as pet and 5 students who keep parrots as pet.
Leeds University would like to investigate why men visits prostitutes. They intend to observe men who collect a prostitute in their car and record their license plate number. In conjunction with the policemen, they will find the address of these men and visit them to conduct a semi-structured interview about their use of prostitutes. (1) Identify one ethical guideline which is sure to be broken in this study?
Privacy
What are the 7 ethical guidelines for human?
Privacy, valid consent, lack of deception, protection from harm, confidentiality, right to withdraw, debriefing.
Robin wants to investigate whether keeping a pet can affect people's motives of studying among the G2 students in Guanghua. He selected five people who keep cat as pet and five people who keep parrot as pet. (a) Suggest two human ethical guidelines in this experiment that may be ensured.
Privacy. Valid consent. Right to withdraw. Confidentiality.
Simon wanted to investigate whether students watching TV would affect their academic performance, so he recruited participants in his high school,the academic performance will be measured through a scoring system out of 10 marks for each sample. (a) state the type of data collected in this study.
Quantitative data
Explain between qualitative and quantitative data, which has more consistency?
Quantitative data. the results can be produced again if the study is replicated, as it's more objective
What's the differences between representative and generalization?
Representative refers to how closely matched the sample is to a broader group(target population), while generalization is how widely findings apply to other settings or populations. In other words, if your sample is more representative of your population, your results of the study are more likely to generalize to a larger group of people.
Explain why longitudinal study will decrease the generalisability?
Sample size decreases due to sample attrition.It is lower the generalizability,the extent to which findings from a research study in one situation decreases.
Explain why 'informed consent' is important in psychological research.
So that participants are told enough about the study that they can decide if they want to do it
Describe what is meant by a 'semi-structured interview'.
Some questions are fixed (by the interview schedule), while some questions are flexible / the interviewer can decide what to ask / the questions can depend on the interviewee's responses.
Scientists wants to find out the reaction of animals towards strong light. They choose 2 of the species which pretty sensitive to light. Which animal ethical guidelines they does not follow with?
Species because in experiment towards animals, the scientists have to choose the species with the smallest harm. Pain, suffering and distress from procedures. Because the animals could be harmed by the strong light, and according the the guideline, research causing death, or suffering, such as disease, pain, injury, physiological or psychological distress and discomfort should be avoided.
Explain one way Lily could improve the inter-observer reliability of her experiment.
Standardization to minimize differences that would reduce reliability, Keep the procedure same Use clear operationalization of behavioral categories, to make the interpretation of researcher of the same action more similar.
Stella is studying how people seeing something cute will affect their aggressive behaviours. Stella divided the participants into different groups, each group was made to watch one type of cats closely, then recorded the reaction of participants watching different types of cats. How can the aggressive behaviours e measured so that inter-observer validity can be higher?
Stella can use coding system to divide the aggressive behaviours into different behavioural categories and give detailed operationalisation to each behaviour. For example, specific aggressive behaviours like hitting others, screaming or shouting, kicking, etc. can be given a code and recorded the number of times participants do these behaviours.
Define reliability.
The extent to which consistent results can be produced if research is replicated.
Suggest one advantage of independent measure design.
The results are more valid than repeated measure design. •Different participants are used in each level of the IV so there are no order effects. •Participants see only one level of the IV. They are less likely to guess the aim of the study, reducing the effect of demand characteristics.
Jason is planning a study about the relationship between the salaries of the people in Shanghai and how happy they feel about their lives. 3) Write a directional hypothesis of the study.
There is a positive relationship between the salaries of the people in shanghai and the score of happiness scale.
A researcher wants to study how is student's academic performance relevant to their participation at class. She decided to observe the behavior of a class of students by sitting at the back of their classroom. Write a null hypothesis for this study.
There is no difference between the final exam score of students between the condition that they did not answer the teacher's question at class and the condition that they answered the teacher's question.
A researcher is looking for a link between student's exam score and the number of hours students spend revising. Write a non-directional hypothesis for the study.
There will be a correlation between the number of hours spent revising (/the time taken to revise) and the exam score.
Write a non-directional hypothesis of the following research question: Does teacher's education background affect students academic performance?
There will be a difference between the exam scores of students taught by teachers who graduated from the top 50 universities in the world and teachers who graduated from universities ranked below the top 50 in the world.
Stella is studying how people seeing something cute will affect their aggressive behaviours. Stella divided the participants into different groups, each group was made to watch one type of cats closely, then recorded the reaction of participants watching different types of cats. (1) Write a non-directional hypothesis for this study.
There will be a difference in the number of aggressive behaviours done by the participants who has watched cats and participants who has not watched cats.
Bella is conducting a laboratory experiment to find out about people's fear of animals. She asks each participant if they have any phobias. If the participant says yes they are asked to leave. The remaining participants are shown photographs while their pulse rate is measured. The independent variable (IV) is whether the photographs are of animals with eight legs or animals with four legs. (a) Explain why it was necessary to ask some of the participants to leave.
To follow the guideline "protection from harm", Otherwise they could have been distressed by the pictures
Explain why it might be sometimes necessary to break the guideline of informed consent in psychological research.
To reduce demand characteristics, so that participants are less likely to work out the aim and the participants do not try to do what the researcher wants.
Kay decides to measure the pressure of students during examination week. Write one ' likert scale' question.
To what extent do you agree with this statement?- I am depressed and under great pressure these days because of the upcoming exam. Strongly agree/ agree/ neutral/ disagree/ strongly agree
Define the ethical guidelines of 'numbers' in relation to animals.
Use minimum number of animals (for valid/reliable results)
Suggest one advantage of volunteer sampling technique.
Useful technique when looking for participants who have unusual or unique characteristics. Participants are more likely to participate if they have already volunteered, so the drop-out rate should be lower, which makes the sample size larger and results will potentially be able to generalise to a wider extent. Easy and quick to recruit participants, as participants come to the researcher
State the difference between validity and reliability
Validity is the extent to which the researcher is testing what they claim to be testing or the extent to which the study is measuring what it intended to measure Reliability is the extent to which consistent results can be produced if research is replicated.
Define ontrol condition.
a level of the IV in an experiment from which the IV itself is absent. It is compared to one or more experimental conditions.
What is a placebo?
a pill or procedure given to a patient who believes it to be a real treatment which in fact has no active "ingredient".
Identify one advantage and one disadvantage of using the naturalistic observation.
advantage: no demand characteristics, higher ecological validity disadvantage: low reliability, lack of standardization and controls, might break ethical guidelines.
Define experimental condition.
one or more of the situations in an experiment that represent different levels of the IV and are compared (or compared to a control condition) Control condition: a level of the IV in an experiment from which the
Robin wants to investigate whether keeping a pet can affect people's motives of studying among the G2 students in Guanghua. He selected five people who keep cat as pet and five people who keep parrot as pet. (c) Suggest whether using questionnaire (only collect quantitative data) or interviews is the better way to investigate?
quantitative, subjective and high validity/qualitative, understanding reasons in detail thus high validity
Define the ethical guidelines of 'replacement' in relation to animals.
replace animal experiments with alternatives where possible
How can we reduce demand characteristic?
use double-blinded or single blinded use filler questions if it is questionnaire use one-way mirror
1. Describe one disadvantage of using interviews
•People may lie either because they want to seem more acceptable (Social desirability bias) or because they think that they know the aim of the study and are trying to help the researcher out or disrupt the research (demand characteristics). •Interviews are time consuming which can be a problem if it restricts the types of participants who volunteer for the research.
