Research Methods Final

A student found the following quote on page 747 of the article by Marilyn A. Nippold and Erin Marr. "Given these rigorous educational, career-related standards that require critical thinking and complex spoken and written language skills, all adolescents must have the opportunity to develop their competencies in these areas to the fullest extent possible." If the student included this quote in their paper, how would they cite the authors using APA style (7th edition)?

"Given these rigorous educational, career-related standards that require critical thinking and complex spoken and written language skills, all adolescents must have the opportunity to develop their competencies in these areas to the fullest extent possible" (Nippold & Marr, 2020, p. 747).

A student read the article "Supporting Well-Being in Gender-Diverse People: A Tutorial for Implementing Conceptual and Practical Shifts Toward Culturally Responsive, Person-Centered Care in Speech-Language Pathology" by David Azul, Adrienne B. Hancock, Tove Lundberg, Ulrika Nygren and Cecilia Dhejne. The artlcle was published in the American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology in 2022. The student paraphrased some informatiom from the article in their own words and included it a paper. According to the APA Style Manual (7th edition), how should the student cite the article the first time they mention it in their paper?

(Azul et al., 2022)

You read an article by Marilyn A. Nippold and Erin Marr on the topic "Philosophy for Adolescents: Using Fables to Support Critical Thinking and Advanced Language Skills." The article was published in 2022 in the journal Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools. How would you cite the article in the following sentence? Recent research provided evidence about the effectiveness of a language intervention program for adolescents (add citation).

(Nippold & Marr, 2022)

What is the mean of the following series of numbers? 2, 4, 7, 8, 9

6

What is the median of the following series of numbers? 64, 68, 72, 78, 80, 84, 86, 88, 92, 94, 96

84

You want to add the article by Marilyn A. Nippold and Erin Marr to your reference list. You decide to use the auto-cite feature. Below is what this feature generated. Nippold, Marilyn A, and Erin Marr. "Philosophy for Adolescents: Using Fables to Support Critical Thinking and Advanced Language Skills." Language, speech & hearing services in schools 53.3 (2022): 1-17. Web. The automatically generated citation has several errors. List 4 of those errors below. 1. [A] 2. [B] 3. [C] 4. [D]

A) The authors should be identified by initial (Nippold, M. A., & Marr, E.) B) "&" should be used between the author names instead of "and". C) The journal name shouldn't be all lowercase, it should have capitals as consistent with its title. D) The title of the article shouldn't be in quotation marks, and it should be all lowercase except for the first word and the first word after the colon. etc.

A student is writing a course paper and needs to cite several studies that included information about the steps in conducting research. What is the correct way to cite these studies?

Cite by author in alphabetical order, e.g., (Cronin et al., 2008; Imel, 2011; Jones, 2007; Whittemore & Knafl, 2005)

List two sources of clinical evidence that are prefiltered for clinical topics and quality of the evidence. a) b)

ERIC, PubMed

Add labels to the EBP triangle. Left: Right: Bottom:

Left: client perspectives Right: clinical expertise Bottom: evidence

Fill in the blank. Researchers conduct a t-test to test for a significant difference between the [a] ____ of two groups.

Means

If you are citing a study several times in the same paragraph, do you need to include the year everytime you cite the authors? -YES OR NO

No

How would you arrange the following letters to illustrate a pretest-posttest randomized control group design? O1 O2 R X. You will need two rows and you can use a letter more than once. Row #1: [a] Row #2: [b]

Row #1: [a] R O1 X O2 Row #2: [b] R O1 O2

A type I error in statistical analysis means the researcher rejected the null hypothesis when it was actually the true. -TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

nominal

The researcher classified subject characteristics into mutually exclusive categories

case-control study

The researcher compares persons with and without a diagnosis (e.g., with and without a communication disorder)

ratio

The researcher knows how much the subjects' scores differ and the scores also have a true 0

interval

The researcher knows how much the subjects' scores differ but the scores have no true 0

ordinal

The researcher placed subjects' scores in rank order from highest to lowest

case study

The researcher studies a single person, situation, or organization

The Code of Ethics of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association includes a statement about needing to site your source when using another authors ideas in a paper. Failing to properly cite would be a violation of the code. -TRUE OR FALSE?

True

Is the following referent list entry correct? The chapter is from the book, Interventions for Speech Sound Disorders in Children (2nd ed.). Strand, E. A. (2021). Dynamic temporal and tactile cueing. In A. L. Williams, S. McLeod, & R. J. McCauley (Eds.), Interventions for speech sound disorders in children (2nd ed., pp. 537-572). Brookes Publishing.

Yes, the reference list entry is correct because the chapter author is by Edyth A. Strand.

What threat to the internal validity of a study refers to the possibility that participants could improve over time without any treatment? [a] What is the best way to eliminate most threats to internal validity? [b]

[A] Maturation [B] Instrumentation

What are the two characteristics of a true experiment? [A] [B]

[A] Randomization [B] Manipulation

For a distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what two values correspond to ± 2 standard deviations from the mean? [a] is +2 standard deviations and [b] is -2 standard deviations. [a] [b]

[a] 130 [b] 70

Identify the skills that are essential to implement evidence-based practice in a clinical setting. Select all that apply. a. Ability to formulate clinical questions b. Ability to find information efficiently c. Ability to independently design and conduct a study d. Ability to determine if a study is valid and reliable e. Ability to determine if evidence is relevant to your clients

a. Ability to formulate clinical questions b. Ability to find information efficiently d. Ability to determine if a study is valid and reliable e. Ability to determine if evidence is relevant to your clients

Identify the way(s) that a switching replications design is better than a pretest-posttest randomized group design. The question might have more than one correct answer. a. All participants in a switching replications design will have a chance to receive treatment. b. A switching replications design has an alternate treatment control group. c. A switching replications design takes less time to study the treatment effect. d. A switching replications design provides a second chance to study the treatment effect. e. A switching replications design uses more than one treatment outcome measure.

a. All participants in a switching replications design will have a chance to receive treatment. d. A switching replications design provides a second chance to study the treatment effect.

Identify two characteristics of single subject research designs. a. Participants experience both the treatment and control conditions. b. Researchers always use statistical analyses to compare treatment and control conditions. c. Researchers usually report the combined results for all participants (e.g., mean, standard deviation). d. Researchers usually report individual subject data in graphs or tables.

a. Participants experience both the treatment and control conditions. d. Researchers usually report individual subject data in graphs or tables.

What is the difference between citing an "authored" book and an "edited" book? a. The chapters in an edited book have different authors but you still cite by the overall editor of the book. b. You cite an "authored" book and an "edited" book the same way because the editor is just a publisher's staff member. c. The chapters in an edited book have differennt authors so you cite by the author(s) of the chapters. d. You cite both the author of the chapter and the editor when summarizing content from an edited book.

a. The chapters in an edited book have different authors but you still cite by the overall editor of the book.

What is the relationship between the mean and median in a set of data with a positive skew? a. The mean will be higher than the median. b. The mean and median are always the same value. c. The median will be higher than the mean. d. The skewed data has no effect on the mean and median.

a. The mean will be higher than the median.

ldentify two reasons that you might select a nonparametric alternative to a t-test, such as the Wilcoxin signed rank test, or the Mann-Whitney U test. a. The study has a small sample size. b. The groups have difference numbers of participants. c. The levels of measurement was interval/ratio, d. The data had a significant skew.

a. The study has a small sample size. d. The data had a significant skew.

What step in the EBP process refers to determining if evidence is valid, reliable, and relevant? a. critical appraisal b. literature search c. clinical question d. outcome measurement

a. critical appraisal

Identify the true statement about case studies. a. A case study is always qualitative in nature. b. A case study can be qualitative, quantitative, or a combination. c. A case study is always quantitative in nature.

b. A case study can be qualitative, quantitative, or a combination.

What type of research allows you to investigate cause and effect relationships? a. Case-control studies b. Experimental studies c. Case studies d. Correlation or regression studies e. All of the above

b. Experimental studies

Idenfying and using the best possible evidence is the single, most important aspect of evidence based practice. a. True b. False

b. False

Identify the correct answer. A Mann Whitney U test is a nonparametric statistic that is similar to a _____. a. Pearson r correlation b. Independent t-test c. One-way ANOVA d. Wilcoxin signed ranks test

b. Independent t-test

Identify the statistic that is not a measure of central tendency. a. Mean b. Standard deviation c. Mode d. Median

b. Standard deviation

Two researchers conducted studies. The first researcher conducted a statistical analysis and found a significant difference with the following probability: p < 0.01. The second researcher also conducted a statistical analysis and found a significant difference with a probability of p < 0.001. Which researcher had the best or strongest result? a. The researcher with a significant difference with a p < 0.01. b. The researcher with a significant difference with a p < 0.001

b. The researcher with a significant difference with a p < 0.001

A researcher reported the following probability for a statistic: p > 0.05. Is the finding statistically significant or no statistically significant? a. statistically significant b. not statistically significant

b. not statistically significant

Identify the statistical procedures that is best for testing differences among three or more groups. a. Pearson r b. Mann-Whitney U c. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) d. Wilcoxin Signed Ranks Test

c. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

What is the first step in the EBP process? a. Completing a literature searcH b. Reading and critiquing studies c. Asking a clinical question d. Deciding how to use research information e. Documenting your client outcomes

c. Asking a clinical question

Preschool children's history of middle ear infections is classified as frequent/moderate/infrequent based on the number of reported episodes. What scale of measurement would this be? a. Interval b. Nominal c. Ordinal d. Ratio

c. Ordinal

How do you distinguish between experimental and nonexperimental research studies? a .A nonexperimental study involves studying one group of participants and an experimental study has two or more groups. b. A nonexperimental study has qualitative data and an experimental study has quantitative data and statistical analysis. c. An experimental study involves gathering original data and a nonexperimental study summarizes previously gathered data and findings. d. An experimental study has researcher manipulation of a variable and a nonexperimental study looks at pre-existing differences or relationships.

d. An experimental study has researcher manipulation of a variable and a nonexperimental study looks at pre-existing differences or relationships.

Identify a factor that contributes to the internal validity of a study. a. Participant similarity to clients on your caseload b. Similarity between the research setting and your clinical setting c. Information about generalization to natural settings d. Pretest-posttest, randomized research design

d. Pretest-posttest, randomized research design

What is the highest or "best" level of evidence? a. randomized pretest-posttest research study b. multiple baseline single subject reesearch study c. case-control nonexperimental research study d. meta-analysis or systematic review e. Expert opinion

d. meta-analysis or systematic review

What correlation represents the strongest relationship between two variables? a. r = -0.35 b. r = +0.60 c. r = +0.45 d. r = -0.75

d. r = -0.75

What descriptive statistics should be reported along with the results of a t-test or ANOVA? [a] [b]

mean and standard deviation

What is the APA style for reporting the results of a t-test that was 5.36, had 12 degrees of freedom, and had a probability that was less than 0.05?

t(12) = 5.36, p < 0.05 --> t and p should be italicized

correlation study

the researcher determines the relationship between two variables

survey study

the researcher obtains participants' responses to questions.