research methods for psychology exam #2 study set

Dr. Near conducts an experiment on memory for individuals who are above the age of 65. Although there are millions of people above the age of 65, she selects a group of 25 to participate in the experiment. What name is given to the group of 25?

A sample

A teacher obtains a sample of children from a fifth-grade classroom by randomly selecting the third, fifth, and eighth rows and taking all the students in those rows. What kind of sampling is being used?

Cluster sampling

A researcher recruits a sample of 25 preschool children for a research study by posting an announcement in a local daycare center describing the study and offering a $10 payment for participation. What kind of sampling is the researcher using?

Convenience sampling

Cues given to participants about how they are expected to behave define which of the following terms?

Demand characteristics

Results from a research study suggest that a stop-smoking program is very successful. How- ever, the participants who volunteered for the study were all highly motivated to quit smoking and the researcher is concerned that the same results may not be obtained for smokers who are not as motivated. What kind of validity is being questioned?

External validity

What aspect of a study is threatened if the participants are tested in one treatment condition at one time and then tested in a second treatment condition at a different time?

Internal validity

A researcher would like to select a sample of 50 people so that five different age groups are equally represented in the sample. Assuming that the researcher does not know the entire list of people in the population, which sampling technique should be used?

Quota sampling

A researcher would like to describe and compare the attitudes of four different ethnic groups of students at a local state college. What kind of sampling would be best to obtain participants for the study?

Stratified random sampling

Which of the following questions can be addressed with the descriptive strategy?

What is the average number of text messages that a typical adolescent sends in a month?

Which of the following is a general plan for implementing a research strategy?

A research design

A research study attempts to describe the relationship between self-esteem and birth order position by measuring self-esteem for each individual in a group of first-born boys, and then comparing the results with self-esteem scores for a group of later-born boys. Which research strategy is being used?

Nonexperimental

A journal article reports that a new teaching strategy is very effective for first-grade students. A teacher wonders if the same strategy would be effective for a class of third-grade students. What is the teacher questioning?

The external validity of the report

How can sensitization threaten external validity of a study?

The results may be limited to individuals who have experienced a pretest.

Examples of plagiarism

a. Copying someone else's words without giving them credit b. Paraphrasing someone else's words without giving them credit c. Using someone else's ideas without giving them credit

The guidelines for nonhuman subjects in research are similar to the guidelines for human participants but also include extra provisions concerning what additional topic(s)?

a. Housing b. Medical care c. Daily maintenance ALL OF THE ABOVE!!!

Which of the following is a responsibility of the IRB?

a. They decide whether the process for selecting participants is fair and equitable. b. They decide whether it is necessary to have a signed informed consent form for each participant. c. They decide whether the privacy and confidentially of participants is protected ALL OF THE ABOVE!!!

Which principle of the Belmont Report corresponds to the guideline of "No Harm"?

beneficence

A study examining the relationship between humor and memory compares memory per- formance scores for one group presented with humorous sentences and a second group presented with nonhumorous sentences. The participants in one group are primarily 8-year-old students and those in the second group are primarily 10-year-old students. In this study, age is potentially a(n) ________ variable.

confounding

The degree to which your research results generalize beyond the specific characteristics of your study refers to...

external validity

Which of the following describes a variable that exists in a study but is not being directly examined?

extraneous

Experimental research studies tend to have very _______ internal validity but often have relatively _______ external validity.

high; low

If a researcher explains what will happen in a research study using language that potential participants probably cannot understand, then what ethical guideline is being violated?

informed consent

Which of the following is a responsibility for the IRB but is not mentioned in the responsibilities for the IACUC?

insuring informed consent

A researcher measures mood for a group of participants who have listened to happy music for 20 minutes and for a second group who have listened to sad music for 20 minutes. If different mood scores are obtained for the two groups, the researcher would like to conclude that music influences mood. However, the happy music group was tested in a room painted yellow and the sad music group was in a room painted dark brown and the researcher is concerned that the room color and not the music may influence mood scores. What kind of validity is being questioned?

internal validity

What kind of research was the focus for most of the early attempts to establish ethical research guidelines?

medical research with humans

For situations in which the researcher cannot know the complete list of potential participants, what kind of sampling is necessary?

nonprobability sampling

If each person in a large group has an equal chance of being included in an experiment, then what kind of sampling is being used?

random sampling

What name is given to the group of individuals from which researchers actually select participants for research studies?

the accessible population

Which of the following was not mentioned as a safeguard against fraud?

the consequences of being found guilty of fraud