Research Methods Study Questions

The content of the manuscript should be written in one specific order, starting with the introduction and finishing with the conclusion. True or False (p. 310)

False

The final check for a manuscript is to ensure the paper is telling a compelling "story" True or False (p. 306)

False

Going over the time allotted for an oral presentation is not an issue while presenting at a conference. True or False (p. 283)

False

Health research is considered to be a scientific process only. True or False

False

In a case-control study, participants with the disease of interest are classified as controls and those without the disease are classified as cases. True or False (p. 49)

False

In a correlational study, age adjustment is not necessary to make fair comparisons among populations being examined. True or False (p. 99)

False

Journals that require a manuscript submission through a computer do not require a cover letter. True or False (p. 332)

False

Longitudinal studies follow study participants forward in time and recruit them based on their exposure status. True or False (p. 62)

False

Most writers have the ability to sit down and produce a complete manuscript in one burst of productivity. True or False (p. 309)

False

Number needed to harm is the proportion of individuals in the control group who experience an unfavorable outcome who could have been expected to have a favorable outcome had they been in the active group instead. True or False (pp. 82-83)

False

Once a system for identifying articles for a systematic review is in place, abstract databases are randomly searched for articles that meet all the inclusion criteria. True or False (p. 173)

False

Plagiarism is considered to be a minor violation of scholarly integrity. True or False (p. 302)

False

Privacy is the protection of personal information provided to researchers. True or False (p. 348)

False

Qualitative researchers are not allowed to express empathy nor be participant observers when trying to gain access to or understanding of a community. True or False (p. 87)

False

Research conducted with members of vulnerable populations carry the same risks of research to participants as other study populations. True or False (p. 119)

False

Research ethics committees are composed of only scientists. True or False (p. 196)

False

Researchers are allowed to simply declare that their projects do not need to be revised by an ethics review committee. True or False

False

Reviewing and synthesizing of the literature is an example of a primary study approach. True or False

False

Submitting the manuscript to two or more journals at the same time is an acceptable practice in the health sciences. True or False (p. 329)

False

Cross-sectional surveys are used for all of the following EXCEPT: A. Evaluating programs B. Establishing baseline data prior to initiating longitudinal studies C. Assessing population needs D. Identifying new syndromes and refining case definitions (p. 45)

Identifying new syndromes and refining case definitions

All of the following are true statements regarding the characteristics of the journal that should be considered by the article author, EXCEPT: A. If the article is of a systematic review, make sure the journal accepts reviews B. If the article is more likely to surpass the 3000-3500-word limit, a journal with more flexible word limits needs to be identified C. The method of submitting the articles to the journal D. If the article is a short report, it will be accepted by any journal (p. 325)

If the article is a short report, it will be accepted by any journal

Which is an example of a type of exposure? A. Socioeconomic status B. Depressive disorders C. Near drowning D. Poisonings (p. 11)

Socioeconomic status

All of the following are examples of comparative statistical tests, EXCEPT: A. Rate ratios B. Odds ratios C. d-tests D. Risk ratios

d-tests

The study approach selected must be appropriate for the goals of the study. True or False (p. 37)

True

Identify the three research/study approaches and list one critical consideration a researcher must evaluate when choosing the specific study/research approach.

1. Primary study- the researcher has freedom in selecting study topics but may be restricted by the ability to recruit adequate numbers of participants. 2. Secondary study - a data file (or another source of data, such as existing patient records) must be identified. The researcher must also be prepared to select a study question based on the content of the data file and on the variables in the data set that others have not already explored. 3. Tertiary study - researcher must be prepared to track down the full text of all relevant articles. Researchers with a university affiliation need to check with the university library about its policies (and possible fees) for acquiring articles that are not part of the university's collections.

List at least 3 of the critical questions a researcher must ask before committing to a particular project.

1. What will the study contribute? 2. Can the importance and necessity of this project be justified? 3. Can the proposed study question actually be answered? 4. Does the researcher have the knowledge and skills needed to conduct the study? 5. Are there adequate financial resources to conduct the study? 6. Does the researcher have time to conduct the study? 7. If the plan is to collect new data from individuals, does the researcher have access to a reasonable source population and an adequate number of participants? 8. Will the researcher be making good use of the resources available? 9. Who is likely to be interested in the findings?

A typical article in the health science may refer to ___________ other articles published in peer-review journals. A. 1 or 2 B. 5 or 10 C. 20 or 30 D. 200 or more (p. 297)

20 or 30

Full-length manuscripts for health science journals are usually limited to: A. 1000 words B. 2000 words C. 3000 words D. There is no limit in the number of words used on the manuscript (p. 306)

3000 words

Assuming that α = 0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected when the p-value is: A. > 0.05 B. < 0.05 C. = 0.05 D. None of the above (p. 239)

< 0.05

@Every paper should tell a "story" that has all of the following, EXCEPT: A. A beginning - the abstract B. A middle - the methods and results say what happen C. An end - the discussion provides a conclusion that ties all parts of the story together. D. All of the above are what every paper should have to tell a "story" (p. 305)

A beginning - the abstract

Once eligible articles are identified for a systematic review study, the content of these articles is extracted into: A. A book B. An article C. A data extraction table D. None of the above (p. 176)

A data extraction table

A moderated discussion between 4 to 12 people that is led by a facilitator of a research team is known as: A. An in-depth interview B. A focus group C. An informal group discussion D. None of the above (p. 90)

A focus group

@All of the following are true statements about publishing a manuscript, EXCEPT: A. A manuscript has a high likelihood of being published if it is written in decent English B. Submitting the manuscript to a journal as soon as it is revised and polished is critical C. A manuscript has a high likelihood of being published even if the methods research methods are not rigorous and valid D. Additional revision will likely be required after the manuscript has been submitted for review in a journal (pp. 329 & 339)

A manuscript has a high likelihood of being published even if the methods research methods are not rigorous and valid

Which is NOT an example of publication costs that could be incurred by the author of an article? A. A publication fee B. A processing fee or charge C. A reviewing fee D. A per-page fee (p. 326)

A publication fee

Progress reports may be required by the ethics committee; these reports should include all of the following information, EXCEPT: A. Current versions of the study protocol, informed consent, questionnaire and other study documents B. A report of any adverse effects or complaints C. A summary of study findings D. A report of each individual study participant, including personal information such address and phone number (p. 202)

A report of each individual study participant, including personal information such address and phone number

A paragraph-length summary of an article, chapter, or book is known as a(n)? A. Abstract B. Summary C. Review D. Database

Abstract

Most exposures and outcomes used in correlational studies are in the form of: A. Individual data B. Aggregate data C. Average data D. Relative data (p. 96)

Aggregate data

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a special requirement for a case series study approach? A. All case series require approval by a research ethics committee B. Informed consent is needed from all study participants C. Research must carefully protect the identities of study participants D. All of the above are considered to be special requirements for a case series study approach (p. 44)

All case series require approval by a research ethics committee

Which statement about review articles is FALSE? A. A well written review article often becomes a foundation for new research B. Review articles are often cited more often than reports of individual studies C. All journals publish review articles D. A good review requires meticulous library work (p. 167)

All journals publish review articles

@By the time the manuscript is written, there will be imperfections in the completed study that cannot be fixed. What could a researcher do in the manuscript to address these study imperfections? A. Fully explain the actual methods used B. Include a helpful set of references that support the results C. Honestly identify the limitations of the study D. All of the above

All of the above

All of the following are examples of reasons to avoid writing the research manuscript, EXCEPT: A. "I don't know how to write a scholarly paper" B. "I don't know what to do next" C. "I don't have time to write" D. All of the above (p. 313)

All of the above

Cross-sectional surveys measure: A. The prevalence of various demographic characteristics in a well-defined population B. The exposure histories of a well-defined population C. The disease states in a well-defined population D. All of the above

All of the above

Health science abstracts usually provide a brief description of: A.The study design B.The study population C.Key findings of the study D.All of the above

All of the above

Population health research objectives may include: A. Identifying and classifying new health problems. B. Determining risk factors for disease C. Evaluating the impact of health policies on health outcomes D. All of the above

All of the above

Responding to suggestions from editors and reviewers requires an author to: A. Understand and appreciate different perspectives B. Balance conflicting sets of advice about what would strengthen the paper C. Deal with the frustration of needing to rethink and rewrite whole portions of a paper to make the intended meaning clear D. All of the above (p. 320)

All of the above

When checking the style and clarity of the paper the author should ensure that: A. Words are used carefully B. Sentences are concise and clear C. The voice of the manuscript is consistent D. All of the above (p. 308)

All of the above

When submitting an abstract, the conference organizing committee and other reviewers will: A. Rate the submitted abstracts B. Decide which researchers will be invited to present C. Select who will give an oral presentation or be part of a poster session D. All of the above (p. 276)

All of the above

Which is NOT an example of a type of population? A. Adults with diabetes B. Teachers with at least 10 years of classroom experience C. Non-governmental organizations working on issues related to HIV/AIDS in Uganda D. All of the above are examples of a type of population

All of the above are examples of a type of population

Which is NOT a step in the research process? A. Identify a study question B. Select a study approach C. Report study findings D. All of the above are steps in the research process

All of the above are steps in the research process

For international research projects, it is not necessary to include a local researcher as a coinvestigator. True or False

False

Which of the following is NOT an example of a manuscript formatting requirements addressed by a journal's author guidelines? A. Listing of the authors, word counts, key words and other information on the title page. B. Specification on if the abstract should be structured using the indicated subheadings or unstructured C. Preference for the labeling and formatting of the manuscript sections D. All of the above are examples of formatting requirements the journal's author guidelines will address (pp. 330-332)

All of the above are examples of formatting requirements the journal's author guidelines will address

Which is an example of health abstract databases available from libraries via subscription? A. Embase B. ISI Web of Science C. MEDLINE D. All of the above are examples of health abstract databases

All of the above are examples of health abstract databases

An example of a placebo used in an experimental study is? A. A sugar pill B. An injection of saline solution C. A sham procedure D. All of the above are examples of placebos (p. 74)

All of the above are examples of placebos

@Which is NOT an example of resources a researcher needs to consider when creating a research plan? A. Availability of individuals to contribute their time and expertise B. Accessibility to study participants C. Availability of statistical software D. All of the above are examples of resources to consider when creating a research plan

All of the above are examples of resources to consider when creating a research plan

@All of the following are examples of spatial analysis that can be conducted using a Geographic Information System (GIS), EXCEPT: A. Identification of spatial disease clusters B. Determination of associations, if any, between social or physical environment and disease C. Estimation of distances between locations D. All of the above are examples of spatial analysis that can be conducted using GIS (p. 269)

All of the above are examples of spatial analysis that can be conducted using GIS

All of the following are examples of statistical tests that can be used to compare independent populations, EXCEPT: A. Independent-samples t-test B. Fisher's exact test C. Chi-square test D. All of the above are examples of statistical tests that can be used to compare independent populations (pp. 246-247)

All of the above are examples of statistical tests that can be used to compare independent populations

Which of the following is an example of a study goal? A.To compare the levels of exposure or disease in two or more populations B.To identify possible risk factors for a particular disease in a population C.To examine the impact of a program or policy D.All of the above are examples of study goals

All of the above are examples of study goals

All of the following are examples of tests of physiological function, EXCEPT: A. Spirometry B. Electrocardiography (ECG) C. Audiometry D. All of the above are examples of test of physiological function (p. 157)

All of the above are examples of test of physiological function

A case series study approach might be useful for all of the following EXCEPT: A. Describing the characteristics and similarities of a group of individuals with the same signs and/or symptoms of disease B. Identifying new syndromes and refining case definitions C. Clarifying typical disease progression D. All of the above are factors for which case series might be a useful study approach (p. 41)

All of the above are factors for which case series might be a useful study approach

All of the following are good sources of information that a researcher can use to explore what his/her primary area of research interest is, EXCEPT: A. Factsheets B. Newspapers C. Popular magazines D. All of the above are good sources of information

All of the above are good sources of information

Which is NOT considered a helpful resource for locating individuals or groups of individuals who could participate in a case-control study? A. Hospitals B. Public health offices C. Advocacy organizations D. All of the above are helpful resources for locating participants for a case-control study (p. 114)

All of the above are helpful resources for locating participants for a case-control study

All of the following are issues that need to be resolved prior to submission of a research proposal to multiple research ethics committees, EXCEPT: A. The application documents that will be required B. The wording of the informed consent statement C. The order of review D. All of the above are issues that need to be resolved prior to submitting a research proposal to multiple ethics committees (p. 201)

All of the above are issues that need to be resolved prior to submitting a research proposal to multiple ethics committees

All of the following are key points in time, in which researchers working on a research report need to address their motivation, EXCEPT: A. Overcoming the barriers of getting started B. Finding the motivation to persevere and complete the manuscript C. Finding ways to prolong periods of high productivity D. All of the above are key points in time when a researcher needs to address his/her motivation for writing a research report. (p. 309)

All of the above are key points in time when a researcher needs to address his/her motivation for writing a research report.

Which is NOT considered a method for collecting and recording survey data? A. Mail survey B. Interview C. Internet-based survey D. All of the above are methods for collecting and recording survey data (p. 151)

All of the above are methods for collecting and recording survey data

Which of the following is NOT considered a method for managing research-related data? A. Codebooks B. Data cleaning C. Data recoding D. All of the above are methods used to manage research-related data

All of the above are methods used to manage research-related data

All of the following are part of the research process cycle, EXCEPT: A. Design a study B. Collect the data C. Define a new study question D. All of the above are part of the research process cycle (p. 321)

All of the above are part of the research process cycle

Which is NOT a question that could be asked to ensure the paper tells a compelling "story"? A. Does the paper have a clear "story line"? B. Is the goal of the study clearly stated in the introduction section? C. Are the conclusions fully supported by the data? D. All of the above are questions that could be asked to ensure the paper tells a compelling "story" (p.306)

All of the above are questions that could be asked to ensure the paper tells a compelling "story"

Which is NOT a responsibility of a poster presenter during a conference? A. Setting up the poster at the assigned time B. Being prepared with clips, pushpins, and tape for displaying the poster C. Taking down the poster at a specified time D. All of the above are the responsibility of the poster presenter (p. 279)

All of the above are the responsibility of the poster presenter

All of the following are true statements about selecting a target journal, EXCEPT: A. Identify one or more journals that could reasonably be expected to disseminate the research results B. Select a target journal early in the writing process C. Examine recent articles published in the target journal D. All of the above are true statements about selecting a target journal (p. 323)

All of the above are true statements about selecting a target journal

All of the following are typical contents of a research proposal, EXCEPT: A. Goals B. Methods and procedures (i.e. study design, source population) C. Timeline D. All of the above are typical contents of a research proposal (p. 208)

All of the above are typical contents of a research proposal

All of the following are part of the structure of a professional conference, EXCEPT: A. A plenary session where keynote addresses are given B. Poster session in which attendees can mingle while reviewing research posters C. Concurrent sessions in which multiple panels of oral presentations are held in different rooms D. All of the above are ways in which a conference is structure (p. 275)

All of the above are ways in which a conference is structure

When entering the data of an ecological study on a spreadsheet: A. Each population must be assigned its own row in the spreadsheet B. Each exposure/outcome should be assigned its own column in the spreadsheet C. The data should be filled into the cells in each column so that they line up with the correct population D. All of the above (p. 97)

All the above

A senior researcher is: A.An experienced researcher who guides the work of a newer investigator B.A researcher who is of advanced age C.A researcher who has a senior position in the institution D.Both B and C

An experienced researcher who guides the work of a newer investigator

Which of the following statements is NOT considered to be a challenge when using already available data? A. Analysts are limited to exploring only the topics included in the original survey B. Analysts will always be able find someone who can answer questions about the procedures used for data collection during the research process C. Analysts have to trust that the data were collected using valid and standardized methods D. Data files are not often available for free to the researcher (p. 163)

Analysts will always be able find someone who can answer questions about the procedures used for data collection during the research process

Which is NOT an example of population-based research? A. Compare rates of acute lung diseases in several metropolitan areas and see whether the rates of disease are correlated with local air quality B. Determine whether survival following a breast cancer diagnosis is linked to the presence of certain genes C. Conduct a vaccine trial D. Analyze biochemical composition of selected foods

Analyze biochemical composition of selected foods

Give two examples of study questions using the [exposure] and [disease/outcome] in [population] research topic formula

Answers will vary. Examples include: 1. Is income [exposure] related to the risk of tuberculosis infection [disease/outcome] in Australian children younger than 5 years old? 2. Are natural disasters [exposure] related to the risk of stroke [disease/outcome] in adults with diabetes?

___________ is(are) the measurement of the size / composition of the human body. A. Anthropometry B. Vital signs C. Clinical examinations D. Biological specimens (p. 155)

Anthropometry

Which is NOT a question that should be asked when checking the style and clarity of the manuscript? A. Is the tone of the writing appropriate? B. Are all abbreviations introduced at first use? C. Are conclusions fully supported by the data? D. Is all punctuation correct? (p. 308)

Are conclusions fully supported by the data?

All of the following are the first steps that should be carried out when conducting a cross-sectional survey, EXCEPT: A. Define a source population B. Develop a strategy for recruiting a representative sample C. Decide on the methods to be used for data collection D. Assign a case definition (p. 46)

Assign a case definition

Each journal provides ___________________ that state how manuscripts should be formatted. A. Author guidelines B. The aims C. The scope D. None of the above (p. 332)

Author guidelines

Match the research/study approach with its corresponding study plan. ___ Analyze existing data ___ Collect and analyze new data ___ Review and synthesize the literature A. Primary B.Secondary C.Tertiary

B, A, C

What type of questions allows a limited number of possible answers to be listed in a questionnaire? A. Open-ended questions B. Free-response questions C. Close-ended questions D. None of the above (p. 131)

Close-ended questions

The methods section should begin by: A. Clearly identifying the study design used B. Listing person, place, time characteristics C. Providing definitions of key exposures, outcomes or other variables D. None of the above (p. 291)

Clearly identifying the study design used

_________________ is(are) physiological measurement(s) that can be accurately taken after minimal instruction. A. Anthropometry B. Basic vital signs C. Clinical examinations D. Biological specimens (p. 156)

Basic vital signs

All of the following are examples of anthropometric measurements, EXCEPT: A. Height B. Waist circumference C. Skinfold measurements D. Blood pressure (p. 155)

Blood pressure

Biological specimens such as urine, stool and saliva samples can be useful for identifying all of the following, EXCEPT: A. Risk factors for disease B. Characteristics associated with having the disease C. Blood pressure D. Presence of disease (p. 157)

Blood pressure

A type of tool used to identify an appropriate sample size goal is known as: A. Sample size calculator B. Sample size estimator C. Sample size program D. Both A and B

Both A and B

How are research results most likely be shared for the first time publicly? A. Oral presentations B. Poster sessions C. Online presentations D. Both A and B (p. 275)

Both A and B

Once a complete manuscript has been drafted, what are the following steps needed to complete the manuscript? A. Revise the manuscript B. Polish the manuscript C. Re-write the manuscript D. Both A and B (p.305)

Both A and B

One of the most common sources of funding is: A. Internal grants B. External grants C. Gifts D. Both A and B (p. 203)

Both A and B

The person who is most involved in the writing of the manuscript is known as: A.The lead author B.The first author C.The senior author D.Both A and B

Both A and B

A correlational study is also known as a(n): A. Ecological study B. Longitudinal study C. Aggregate study D. Both A and C (p. 95)

Both A and C

A(n) example of a study approach(es) that focuses on individuals with a particular disease is: A. Case-series B. Cross-sectional C. Case-control D. Both A and C (p. 39)

Both A and C

How do most primary studies collect data from individual participants? A. Interviews B. In-person C. Self-administered surveys D. Both A and C (p. 147)

Both A and C

Predictor variables for a logistic regression can be: A. Categorical B. Ratio C. Continuous D. Both A and C

Both A and C

Which is one of the most common methods used to collect data in qualitative studies? A. In-depth interviews B. Questionnaires C. Focus groups D. Both A and C (pp. 89-90)

Both A and C

A Spearman rank-ordered correlation should be used to analyze the data of an ecological study when: A. Continuous variables are used B. Variables that assign a rank to responses are used C. Variables that have ordered categories are used D. Both B and C (p. 45)

Both B and C

Comparing exposure histories of people with the disease and people without the disease is the goal for what type of study design? A. Case series B. Case-control C. Cohort D. Experimental (p. 38)

Case-control

What type of study approach uses Odds Ratio (OR) as a comparative statistical test? A. Cohort B. Case-control C. Experimental D. Both A and C (p. 53)

Case-control

Comparing the rates of new (incident) disease in people with different exposure histories is the goal of what type of study approach? A. Case-control study B. Cross-sectional study C. Prospective Cohort study D. None of the above

Case-control study

All of the following are true statements about categorical variables, EXCEPT: A. Categorical variables must be have at least four answer options B. Categorical variables can be ranked C. Categorical variables can be unordered D. All of the above are true statements about categorical variables (p. 133)

Categorical variables must be have at least four answer options

A___________________ describes each variable and specifies how the collected information will be entered into a computer database. A. Data entry B. Book keeping C. Codebook D. None of the above (p. 347)

Codebook

_______________ refers to what a typical person in the discipline would know about a particular topic. A. Common knowledge B. Professional knowledge C. Specific knowledge D. Required knowledge (p. 299)

Common knowledge

___________________ compare groups of participants by sex or age, by exposure or disease status, or by other characteristic. A. Review statistics B. Comparative statistics C. Relational statistics D. None of the above (p.223)

Comparative statistics

All of the following are details a researcher needs to keep in mind when preparing an oral presentation, EXCEPT: A. About 10 - 12 minutes will be available for the presentation for a 15-minute presentation time-slot B. About 12 to 20 slides are appropriate for a 10-12 minute presentation C. Computerized slides should attempt to reproduce the paper being presented D. Using images in place of words to represent a key message is appropriate (p. 280)

Computerized slides should attempt to reproduce the paper being presented

A _____________ is a statistical estimate of how close to the population value a sample of a particular size is expected to be. A. Confidence interval B. Relative risk C. Odds ratio D. None of the above (p. 122 -123)

Confidence interval

All of the following are some of the eight central considerations in research ethics, EXCEPT: A. Compensation B. Confidentiality C. Conflicts of interest D. Content (p. 184)

Content

A Pearson correlation coefficient (r) should be used to calculate a correlation when: A. Continuous variables are used B. Variables that assign a rank to responses are used C. Variables that have ordered categories are used D. None of the above (p. 98)

Continuous variables are used

Which is NOT an example of a probability-based sampling method used by a researcher to select a sample population? A. Simple random sampling B. Systematic sampling C. Convenience population D. Cluster sampling (p. 111)

Convenience population

The "story" the manuscript is telling should: A. Never be summarized in one or two sentences B. Contain a précis that summarizes the whole story in one compelling paragraph C. Convey a cohesive story D. None of the above (p. 305)

Convey a cohesive story

What is the key statistical measure used when analyzing an ecological study? A. Numbers needed to treat B. Relative Risk C. Correlation D. None of the above (p. 96)

Correlation

When a study seeks to compare the average levels of exposure and disease in several populations, it is known as a(n)? A. Correlational (ecological) study B. Case series C. Cohort study D. Experimental study (p. 96)

Correlational (ecological) study

The __________________ is the person who will communicate with the journal and answer questions from readers after the paper is published. A. Principal investigator B. First author C. Corresponding author D. All of the above

Corresponding author

When using medical records as part of the data collection process for a case series, the researcher should: A. Be aware that information found in medical records is recorded for research purposes B. Create a questionnaire that guides the extraction of information from the medical records C. Remember that medical records will have all the information the researcher will like to know D. Keep in mind that less relevant signs and symptoms, patient comments, and clinicians' observations are always recorded on medical records. (p. 42)

Create a questionnaire that guides the extraction of information from the medical records

All of the following are methods to maintaining the confidentiality of any information study participants disclosed to researchers, EXCEPT: A. Safely store paper records, including informed consent statements, in a locked and secure room B. Destroy individually identifying information once the records are no longer needed and research ethics committee has approved of the secure of research-related documents C. Create computerized data files that include individually identifying information from study participants that could be accessed by anyone D. All of the above are methods of maintain the confidentiality of participants' records (p. 221-222)

Create computerized data files that include individually identifying information from study participants that could be accessed by anyone

All of the following are true statements about the importance of publishing a research report, EXCEPT: A. Creates redundant or duplicate publications B. Enhances an author's resume or CV C. Demonstrates gratitude to those who collaborated in the research project D. Allows for new study questions to be formulated

Creates redundant or duplicate publications

Decisions about who will be listed as a coauthor on a report, poster, or paper, as well as the order in which those persons will be listed, should be made at the end of the research process. True or False

False

The process of correcting any typographical or other errors in data files is known as: A. Data collection B. Data coding C. Data cleaning D. Data recoding

Data cleaning

_________________ refers to the entire process of record keeping. A. Data organization B. Data management C. Data storage D. Data sorting (p. 215)

Data management

What is the first step to complete when using a systematic review approach? A. Decide what story the article will tell B. Decide on the specific objectives of the review C. Select inclusion and exclusion criteria for articles D. Select the search methods that will be used to find potentially relevant articles (p. 169)

Decide on the specific objectives of the review

________________ is an example of a method used in qualitative studies when the goal of the study is to identify areas of consensus and areas of contention among individual experts on a particular topic. A. Delphi method B. Socratic method C. Revealing method D. Recurring method (p. 93)

Delphi method

_____________ are used to describe the basic characteristics of study populations and other data sources A. Analytic statistics B. Descriptive statistics C. Related statistics D. None of the above (p. 223)

Descriptive statistics

Health researchers examine all of the following factors that contribute to health and to disease, illness, disability and death, EXCEPT: A. Developmental B. Socioeconomic C. Biological D. Environmental

Developmental

A study goal often includes all of the following EXCEPT: A.Exposure B.Direction C.Disease D.Population

Direction

_______________ section usually begins with a summary of the key findings of the new study. A. Introduction B. Methods C. Results D. Discussion (p. 307)

Discussion

Oral presentations involve all of the following, EXCEPT: A. Displaying a poster about the research project B. Facing an open question-and-answer period C. Discussing the work that was completed D. Speaking in front of a group of people

Displaying a poster about the research project

Which is NOT an example of a type of disease/outcome? A. Bone fractures B. Depressive disorders C. Drinking water D. Schizophrenia

Drinking water

A(n) __________________ is a third variable that often represents biologically distinct groups of individuals who might experience different biological responses to various exposures. A. Effect modifier B. Confounder C. Lurking variable D. None of the above

Effect modifier

All of the following are ethical principles an investigator must take into consideration when planning and conducting an experimental study, EXCEPT: A. Equipoise B. Efficacy C. Nonmaleficence D. Distributive justice (pp. 80-81)

Efficacy

The following are benefits of utilizing paper questionnaires when collecting data, EXCEPT: A. Allows for collection of data from large number of participants at one time B. Eliminates the need for later data entry C. Allows for the easy collection of signatures on informed consent statements D. Provides the researcher a paper back-up of the data (p. 151)

Eliminates the need for later data entry

All of the following are details a researcher needs to pay attention to when preparing a poster presentation, EXCEPT: A. Pay attention to the content of the poster B. Pay attention to the design of the poster C. Ensure the poster is not seen by any other person before the conference D. Ensure a good balance between text, images, and white space (p. 277)

Ensure the poster is not seen by any other person before the conference

________________ aims to develop an insider's view, rather than an outsider's view, of how members of a particular cultural group see their world. A. Phenomenology B. Grounded Theory C. Ethnography D. Focus groups (p. 351)

Ethnography

A(n) ______________ may be granted when the research involves the analysis of existing records or existing biological specimens that cannot be linked to individuals. A. Full review B. Expedited review C. Exemption D. Rejection (p. 200)

Exemption

Which statements about correlational studies is FALSE? A. Uses population-level data to look for associations between two or more group characteristics. B. It is also known as an ecological study. C. Existing data sources are almost always used for this type of study. D. Requires the collection of data from individual study participants. (p. 100)

Existing data sources are almost always used for this type of study.

Comparing outcomes in participants assigned to an intervention or control group is the objective for what type of study approach? A. Case-series B. Case-control C. Retrospective cohort D. Experimental

Experimental

What type of study approach is considered to be the 'gold standard' in assessing causality? A. Cohort B. Experimental C. Case-control D. Ecological (p. 71)

Experimental

Research proposals that will be submitted for review to a research ethics committee need to include all of the following information, EXCEPT: A. Discuss the risks and benefits of the study B. Explain how study participants' information will be distributed to the public C. Disclose potential conflicts of interest D. Describe the expected study participants (p. 199)

Explain how study participants' information will be distributed to the public

All of the following are considered to be formal sources of information that can be cited in a research report, EXCEPT: A. Official organization report B. Fact sheet C. Articles from peer-reviewed journals D. Book or book chapters (p. 300)

Fact sheet

@Means and medians provide information about how much variability exists in the data set. True or False

False

@Only the abstract of every article cited in the research report needs to be reviewed. True or False

False

@There is no need for the researcher to ensure that study participants understand the research process and the consent document. True or False

False

@When analyzing a case series/report, all case reports/series will need to use comparative statistical tests. True or False

False

A case series describes an individual with a particular disease True or False (p. 41)

False

A questionnaire is a tool for randomly gathering information from study participants True or False (p. 129)

False

A review article can be written even if the researcher has limited library access. True or False (p. 170)

False

A secondary data analysis study is an excellent option for researchers with limited statistical skills. True or False (p. 163)

False

A target journal for the research report should be selected solely based on its impact factor. True or False (p. 323)

False

An unfinished report can further scientific knowledge or improve practice within a field. True or False (p. 319)

False

The goal of any one research project is to contribute vast amounts of information that, when pooled with other researchers' information, will provide evidentiary foundation for change. True or False

False

The results of a statistical test used to analyze the study data should be reported even if the authors do not fully understand when the test can be used and how it should be interpreted. True or False

False

The sample population needs to be smaller than the number suggested by the sample size calculations in order to yield a study population of adequate size. True or False (p. 127)

False

The time required for collecting and analyzing the data does not vary from study to study. True or False (p. 38)

False

There is no need to read the full article if the abstract is available.

False

When conducting anthropometric measurements, there is no need for the researcher to ensure that the methods used to take these measurements are standardized. True or False

False

When identifying specific exposures, diseases, and/or populations of interest, identifying relevant statistics is not helpful. True or False

False

When interpreting the results of a systematic review, studies that find no statistically significant results for an item of interest should not be included in the study. True or False (p. 176)

False

When the sample size is large, the sample mean may be quite far from the mean in the total population. True or False (p. 122)

False

A good way to begin writing the research report is by: A. Writing the protocol of the study B. Having the appropriate software to analyze the data C. Finding a model article and use it as a template to create an outline for what to cover on the paper D. None of the above (p. 310)

Finding a model article and use it as a template to create an outline for what to cover on the paper

When study participants start the study at the same time, is known as? A. Dynamic population B. Fixed population C. Stationary population D. None of the above (p. 352)

Fixed population

Publicly available data sets could be found through the following agencies, EXCEPT: A. GIS B. CDC C. UN D. WHO

GIS

When someone who has made substantial intellectual contribution to the study is not appropriately recognized is known as a A.Gift authorship B.Hidden authorship C.Ghost authorship D.Reference authorship

Ghost authorship

When someone is given honorary coauthorship without having significantly contributed to the work during the study or manuscript is known as: A.Ghost authorship B.Gift authorship C.Informal authorship D.Required authorship

Gift authorship

Which is NOT a reason for attending an academic or professional conference? A. Meet new people working in the same field of interest B. Learn about what others are doing in the field C. Go on vacation D. Learn new methods or techniques in a discipline

Go on vacation

Which is a good starting point when selecting a research topic? A. Having a brainstorming session B. Refining research areas of interest C. Compiling a list of key words D. Both A and C

Having a brainstorming session

When participants in an experimental study change their behavior for the better, this is known as? A. Masking B. Blinding C. Equipoise D. Hawthorne effect (p. 78)

Hawthorne effect

Which of the following is NOT an example of an examination a clinician can conduct to examine many health states that machines are unable to assess well? A. Breath sounds and other respiratory functions B. Heart sounds C. Heart rate D. The condition of the skin, hair, and nails (p. 157)

Heart rate

Population based studies are typically conducted using: A. Human subjects B. Animals C. Research facilities D. None of the above

Human Subjects

The ___________________ is based on the number of times a typical article in a journal is cited in its first year or two after publication. A. Aim B. Impact factor C. Weight of the article D. Scope (p. 324)

Impact factor

An interviewer who will be collecting data in a study should receive a comprehensive interviewer handbook that provides information about all of the following, EXCEPT: A. Purpose of the study B. Details about interview logistics C. Annotated script of the interview D. Information about individual study participants (p. 152)

Information about individual study participants

_________________ provide essential information about research projects to potential study participants so that they can make a reasoned decision about whether to enroll in the study. A. Surveys B. Interviews C. Informed consent statements D. Research protocols (p. 187)

Informed consent statements

Research Ethics Committees are also known as _________________ in the Unites States. A. Institutional review meetings B. Institutional review boards C. Ethical meetings D. Research review committees (p. 195)

Institutional review boards

The Committee that established authorship criteria in the health sciences that most journals have adopted is: A.ICMJE B.ICETS C.COHS D.None of the above

International comittee of medical journal editors (ICMJE)

All of the following are questions that could be asked to check the structure and content of the paper, EXCEPT: A. Does the introduction make the research project appear necessary and important? B. Are the methods described in adequate detail? C. Is enough statistical analysis presented? D. Is technical jargon used? (p. 307)

Is technical jargon used?

All of the following are true statements about the introduction section of an article, EXCEPT: A. It provides the background information that the reader must know to understand the methods and results of the article B. It often includes information about the study population C. It might include the results of the study being reported D. It may include a discussion of what is novel about the new study

It might include the results of the study being reported

To show gratitude to collaborators and respect for the study participants, the researcher must do all of the following, EXCEPT: A. Keep the results of the study to him/her self B. Seek to publish the study even if no associations were found between the exposure and an outcome C. See the project through to completion D. Bring those who participated in the research as coauthors or listed them in the acknowledgments section

Keep the results of the study to him/her self

The core collaborators in the support team should include all of the following EXCEPT: A. Cultural expert B. Subject matter expert C. Laboratory technician D. Lead researcher

Laboratory technician

When the sample size is __________ , the sample mean may be _________ the mean in(to) the total population. A. Small, far from B. Small, close to C. Large, far from D. Large, close to (p. 121)

Large, close to

All of the following are true statements about large sample sizes, EXCEPT: A. Large samples are usually better than small ones. B. The confidence interval will be narrower when the sample size is large. C. In large sample sizes, the mean is expected to be closer to the mean of the total population. D. Larger sample sizes make it less likely that a study will yield statistically significant results. (p. 123)

Larger sample sizes make it less likely that a study will yield statistically significant results.

What is the first step a researcher should take when designing a questionnaire? A. Select specific question topics B. Choose question and answer types C. List the topics that the survey instrument must cover D. None of the above (p. 130)

List the topics that the survey instrument must cover

In the health sciences there are different types of populations that must be considered by the researcher when preparing to collect data, which of the following is NOT considered to be a type of population? A. Target population B. Local population C. Sample population D. Source population (p. 109)

Local population

Models that are used when the outcome variable is a dichotomous variable are known as: A. Simple linear regression models B. Bi-linear regression models C. Multiple linear regression models D. Logistic regression models (p.256)

Logistic regression models

All of the following are true statements about regression models, EXCEPT: A. They seek to understand the relationship between one or more predictor variables and one outcome B. Linear regression is one of the most common types of regression C. Logistic regression models can be used when the outcome variable is a ratio or interval variable D. Logistic regression is commonly used in case-control studies (p. 256)

Logistic regression models can be used when the outcome variable is a ratio or interval variable

A researcher conducting a case series must do all of the following EXCEPT: A. Select one disease of interest B. Determine what will be new and interesting about the study C. Identify an appropriate and available source of cases D. Look at individuals with the disease and those without the disease (p. 41)

Look at individuals with the disease and those without the disease

The most important decision an investigator can make when selecting a topic for a review article is to: A. Make the topic as general as possible that all relevant publications can be acquired B. Make the topic narrow enough that all relevant publications can be acquired C. Ensure that only other review articles are examined D. Ensure that the topic is narrow enough to only find a few articles on the topic (p. 168)

Make the topic narrow enough that all relevant publications can be acquired

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main principles in biomedical research ethics? A. Beneficence B. Autonomy C. Maleficence D. Distributive justice (pp. 182-183)

Maleficence

Which database, developed by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, can be helpful in narrowing the scope of the research area? A. ISI Web B. MeSH C. HELLP D. CINAHL

MeSH

Which is NOT a method to report the 'average' response to a variable in a study population? A. Mean B. Median C. Medium D. Mode

Medium

All of the following are examples of vulnerable populations, EXCEPT: A. Prisoners B. Individuals with severe mental health disorders C. Children D. Men (p. 118)

Men

A _____________ creates a summary statistic for the results of systematically identified articles. A. Meta-analysis B. Systematic review C. Literature review D. Secondary study (p. 167)

Meta-analysis

Which of the following study designs is used under the 'tertiary analysis' approach? A. Ecological B. Cross-sectional C. Meta-analysis D. Experimental (p. 167)

Meta-analysis

For ratio and interval variables, the central tendency can be described using all of the following, EXCEPT: A. Medians B. Modes C. Means D. All of the above are methods to describe the central tendency (p. 231)

Modes

Models that examine the effects of several predictor variables on the value of the outcome variable are known as: A. Simple linear regression models B. Bi-linear regression models C. Multiple linear regression models D. None of the above (p. 261)

Multiple linear regression models

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a source of data for secondary analysis studies? A. Clinical records B. New data collected by the researcher conducting the study C. Governmental organizations D. All of the above are considered to be sources of data for secondary analysis studies

New data collected by the researcher conducting the study

What type of research/study approach is used when data are newly collected and analyzed? A.Primary B.Secondary C.Tertiary D.None of the above

Primary

When using random sampling as a method of selecting a sample population, what type of bias should the researcher be most concerned with? A. Ascertainment bias B. Non-random sampling bias C. Non-response bias D. All of the above are biases a researcher should avoid when using random sampling (p. 112)

Non-response bias

The _______________ describes the expected result of a statistical test if there is no difference between the two values being compared. A. Null hypothesis B. Alternative hypothesis C. p-value D. Test

Null hypothesis

@The key statistical measure for case-control studies is: A. Prevalence B. Correlation C. Odds Ratio (OR) D. Risk Ratio (RR)

Odds Ratio (OR)

A case report describes: A. One patient with a disease condition B. Two or more patients with the same disease condition or who have undergone the same procedure C. People with the disease and people without the disease D. None of the above (p. 41)

One patient with a disease condition

All of the following are true statements about online journals, EXCEPT: A. Some printed journals also offer their articles online to subscribers B. Open-access journals are free for authors and readers C. Some online-only journals are legitimate and are indexed in relevant databases D. Some online-only, open access journals have a reputation for not having rigorous review standards (p. 326)

Open-access journals are free for authors and readers

Variables that organize responses from first to last or from best to worst are known as: A. Ratio variables B. Interval variables C. Nominal variables D. Ordinal variables (p. 224)

Ordinal variables

All of the following are criteria listed under the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals that each coauthor must have meet EXCEPT: A. Substantial contribution to conception, design and/or data acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of the data B. Organization of the list of authors as they should appear on the manuscript C. Drafting the manuscript and/or revising it critically D. Final approval of the version of the manuscript to be published

Organization of the list of authors as they should appear on the manuscript

All of the following are the primary goals of research ethics committees, EXCEPT: A. Protect the 'human subjects' who will participate in observational or experimental studies or whose personal information will be examined by researchers B. Oversee research carried out on animals C. Legally protect the researcher's institution from the liability that could occur as a result of research activities D. Protect researchers by preventing them from engaging in activities that could cause harm (p. 195)

Oversee research carried out on animals

All of the following are true statements about recruiting study participants, EXCEPT: A. One goal of recruiting a study population is to recruit as many members of the sample population as possible B. Participation rates will be lower if study recruits understand the importance and value of the research project C. Random-digit dialing can be used as a way to recruit study participants D. Participating is higher if multiple invitations and opportunities to participate are available (p. 148-150)

Participation rates will be lower if study recruits understand the importance and value of the research project

According to the textbook, the primary way in which scientists communicate is: A. E-mail B. Peer-reviewed publications system C. Professional conference network D. None of the above (p. 319)

Peer-reviewed publications system

In a case-control study, 'cases' are: A. People without the disease B. People with the disease C. People with the exposure D. People without the exposure

People with the disease

All of the following are categories of cohort studies, EXCEPT: A. Retrospective cohort B. Planned cohort C. Prospective cohort D. Longitudinal cohort (pp. 61-62)

Planned cohort

_______________ is related to the ability of a statistical test to detect significant differences in a population when differences really do exist. (pg 93) A. Power B. Errors C. Size D. None of the above (p. 125)

Power

A cross-sectional survey is also known as a(n): A. Ecological study B. Cohort study C. Prevalence study D. Case-control study (p. 45)

Prevalence study

Which study approach gives the researcher control over items like selection of a source population, and the content and wording of a questionnaire? A. Primary studies B. Secondary studies C. Tertiary studies D. Every type of study

Primary studies

A ____________ is usually a request for funding or supervisory approval. A. Project B. Protocol C. Proposal D. Program (p. 205)

Proposal

The __________________ explains the exact procedures that will be used for every step of the research process. A. Proposal B. Project C. Protocol D. Program (p. 106)

Protocol

Which of the following is the most important, publicly available, health science database? A. PsycINFO B. ISI Web of Science C. PubMed D. CINAHL

PubMed

All of the following are true statements about publicly available data, EXCEPT: A. Entire data sets might be immediately available to download from an agency's website B. If a screening process is in place, researchers will need to submit a request form to use the data C. Publicly available data set files are always available for free D. Access to some data files might be limited to the citizens or residents of the country in which the data was collected (p. 162)

Publicly available data set files are always available for free

What type of study approach looks for the themes and meanings that emerge from the observation and evaluation of a situation or context? A. Qualitative B. Case-control C. Quantitative D. Experimental (p. 87)

Qualitative

All of the following are types of evaluative research, EXCEPT: A. Program evaluation B. Needs assessment C. Cost-effectiveness analysis D. Quantitative analysis (p. 93)

Quantitative analysis

All of the following are true statements about questionnaires, EXCEPT: A. Questionnaires must include questions confirming that participants meet the eligibility criteria for the study. B. Questionnaires must be able to place study participants into key categories. C. Questionnaires should not include questions about factors influencing the relationship between exposures and outcomes. D. Length of the questionnaire should be considered (p. 131)

Questionnaires should not include questions about factors influencing the relationship between exposures and outcomes.

All of the following are true statements about paraphrasing information from articles being cited in a research report, EXCEPT: A. Paraphrasing helps ensure that the article being cited has been understood B. Paraphrasing requires citation of the original source C. Quotation marks need to be used when paraphrasing D. An in-text citation must be provided when paraphrasing (p. 299)

Quotation marks need to be used when paraphrasing

Variables that are classified to have numeric responses plotted on a scale on which a value of zero stands for 'nothing', is known as: A. Ratio variables B. Interval variables C. Nominal variables D. Ordinal variables (p. 360)

Ratio variables

All of the following are true statements about conducting a systematic review, EXCEPT: A. A systematic review may involve searching two or more databases B. A systematic review may involve looking up every article cited in an included article to try to fully capture the entire published literature C. A system for identifying eligible articles must be in place D. Reading the abstracts alone is sufficient to determine the final eligibility of an article (p. 173)

Reading the abstracts alone is sufficient to determine the final eligibility of an article

When cases and controls systematically have different memories of the past, this is known as: A. Recap bias B. Recall bias C. Response bias D. Misclassification bias (p. 52)

Recall bias

All of the following are options for matching cases and controls in a case-control study, EXCEPT: A. No matching B. Frequency (group) matching C. Matched-pairs (individual) matching D. Recurrent matching (p. 51)

Recurrent matching

All of the following are true statements about articles used as a reference in a research report, EXCEPT: A. References should be carefully selected to support the importance, validity, and conclusion of the study B. References can be used to acknowledge the alternative methodological approaches that could have been used C. References can be used to identify areas in which new findings agree with existing literature D. References could be used to contradict the new study findings (p. 297)

References can be used to identify areas in which new findings agree with existing literature

@The key statistical measure for cohort studies is? A. Relative risk B. Odds ratio C. Prevalence D. Correlation

Relative risk

All of the following are true statements about the information that should be included in the methods section of an article, EXCEPT: A. Methods used to identify, sample, and recruit study participants should be described B. Methods used for data collection should be described, including interviewing techniques C. Identify who collected the original data and how they were collected D. Report a summary of key study findings (p. 307)

Report a summary of key study findings

To look for a health science abstract in PubMed one can use all of the following search methods EXCEPT: A. Keywords B. MeSH terms C. Boolean operators D. Reprise operators

Reprise operators

All of the following are true statements about using incentives to increase study participation rate, EXCEPT: A. Researchers may offer a small gift to study participants (i.e. bar of soap) B. Researchers may offer a substantial gift to all study participants (i.e. a new car) C. Researchers may provide treatment for certain conditions examined in the study D. Researchers may enter all questionnaire respondents into a drawing for a more substantial gift (i.e. $100 gift certificate to a local restaurant) (p. 150)

Researchers may offer a substantial gift to all study participants (i.e. a new car)

All of the following are true statements about revising and resubmitting a manuscript, EXCEPT: A. Responding to reviewer's comments is necessary B. Some journals require a version of the manuscript that highlights the changes made in the document in the resubmission C. Responses to reviewers' comments should be prepared in the same file as the manuscript D. A new cover letter should be enclosed with the revised manuscript (pp. 343)

Responses to reviewers' comments should be prepared in the same file as the manuscript

______________ section should start with a description of the study population that clearly identifies the sample size and the demographics of the study participants. A. Introduction B. Methods C. Results D. Discussion (p. 288)

Results

All of the following are examples of approaches used in qualitative research to gather and interpret data, EXCEPT: A. Phenomenology B. Grounded Theory C. Ethnography D. Retrospectivity (pp. 87-88)

Retrospectivity

___________ population is the group of individuals that are asked to participate in research studies. A. Target B. Source C. Sample D. Study (p. 109)

Sample

Which of the following is NOT a personal benefit for publishing a research report? A. Publishing enhances the authors' résumés/CVs B. Indicates the person is part of the scientific community and can see a project to completion C. Scientific publishing guarantees fame and fortune for the author D. Can provide improved job opportunities for the authors (p. 321)

Scientific publishing guarantees fame and fortune for the author

All of the following are components of a detailed research plan for a researcher collecting new data from individuals, EXCEPT: A. Develop a questionnaire and other data collection tools B. Screen abstracts and full-length articles for eligibility C. Prepare an application for a research ethics review committee D. Identify an appropriate way to recruit participants (p. 103)

Screen abstracts and full-length articles for eligibility

Below are examples of exposures. Match the examples with the type of exposure. ___ Season ___ Pollution ___ Use of health-care services ___ Age ___ Reproductive history ___ Income ___ Contraceptive use ___ Stress A. Socioeconomic status B. Health-related behaviors C. Health status D. Environmental exposures

Season - D Pollution-D Use of health-care services-B Age-A Reproductive history-C Income-A Contraceptive use-B Stress-C

What type of research/study approach is used when existing data are used and analyzed? A.Primary B.Secondary C.Tertiary D.None of the above

Secondary

When studies analyze existing clinical records, survey data, or population data rather than collecting new information from study participants, this is known as: A. Primary analysis B. Secondary analysis C. Tertiary analysis D. None of the above (p. 159)

Secondary analysis

The goal of a qualitative study is to: A. Synthesize existing knowledge. B. Seek to understand how individuals and communities perceive and make sense of the world and their experiences. C. Compare exposure histories in people with the disease (cases) and people without the disease (controls). D. Describe a group of individuals with a disease. (p. 38)

Seek to understand how individuals and communities perceive and make sense of the world and their experiences.

The systematic review process requires all of the following, EXCEPT: A. Identification of an appropriately narrow study question B. Selection of a semi-structured strategy C. Screening for all potentially relevant articles to determine whether they meet the predefined eligibility criteria D. Extraction of relevant information from all eligible articles (p. 171)

Selection of a semi-structured strategy

All of the following are true statements about a case series study approach EXCEPT: A. Some case series for rare conditions may require at least one hundred participants B. Some case series may include hundreds of individuals C. A clear case definition must be established when using a case series study approach D. Participants may be selected from clinical locations that use ICD codes (p. 41)

Some case series for rare conditions may require at least one hundred participants

Measures of ______________ are used to describe the variability and range of responses. A. Central tendency B. Mode C. Spread D. Mean (p. 362)

Spread

All of the following are true statements about conducting a meta-analysis, EXCEPT: A. Statistics from similar studies can be pooled even if the studies have different population groups or different interventions B. Pooling several unadjusted (crude) odds ratios may be appropriate C. Before pooling the data, the researcher must show that the results of the studies are comparable D. A random effects model is required when the test of heterogeneity show that the included studies are dissimilar (p. 177-178)

Statistics from similar studies can be pooled even if the studies have different population groups or different interventions

Which of the following is NOT a step a researcher can take to regain motivation to continue writing the research manuscript? A. Changing habits or scenery when writing the manuscript B. Stop writing for a long period of time to not get bored with the writing process C. Setting a time line for completing small parts of the paper D. Build in rewards that celebrate those intermediate successes on the way to the completed paper (p. 312)

Stop writing for a long period of time to not get bored with the writing process

When individuals are randomly assigned within certain subgroups to a particular exposure, this is known as? A. Simple randomization B. Block randomization C. Stratified randomization D. None of the above (p. 80)

Stratified randomization

All of the following are true statements about acquiring/using private data sets, EXCEPT: A. Access to a private data set is most likely to be granted if the new researcher has some connection to the original researcher B. When privately held data are shared with a new investigator, the original researchers usually expect to be coauthors on any resulting publication C. Individual researchers or small research teams may have data available that have not yet been analyzed and therefore could be acquired by a new researcher D. Students are less likely to get privately owned data from their professors to conduct their own research (pp. 163 - 164)

Students are less likely to get privately owned data from their professors to conduct their own research

Which of the following is NOT an example of an additional assessment that can be conducted as a way to supplement self-reported information during the data collection process? A. Vital signs B. Test of physiological function C. Physical fitness tests D. Surveys (pp. 155-160)

Surveys

______________ examines the distribution of the durations of time that individuals in a study population experience from an initial time point until some well-defined event. A. Spatial analysis B. Survival analysis C. Regression D. Confounder (p. 266)

Survival analysis

A _____________ is the careful compilation and summary of all publications relevant to a particular research topic. A. Meta-analysis B. Literature review C. Systematic review D. Selective review (p. 167)

Systematic review

A codebook should describe how anticipated data problems will be handled. (True) False

T

All of the following are examples of citation styles used in the health sciences, EXCEPT: A. AMA B. APA C. ICMJE D. TPA (p. 303)

TPA

A ___________ should provide enough information so that it can be independently interpreted and understood even in the absence of the text. A. Table B. Figure C. Graph D. All of the above (p. 294)

Table

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are considered to be what type of study: A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. None of the above (p. 21)

Tertiary

All of the following are required steps when completing a review article EXCEPT: A. An extensive search of the literature B. The extraction of key information from relevant articles C. The clear and concise presentation of information D. The analysis of data (p. 167)

The analysis of data

A codebook should specify all of the following, EXCEPT: A. The name of each variable B. The wording of the question that was asked C. The appropriate answer for each question D. The variable type

The appropriate answer for each question

All of the following information should be included in the cover letter that accompanies the manuscript being submitted for review, EXCEPT: A. The importance of the research B. The author's and coauthor's work experience C. The validity of the research D. The fit of the manuscript to the journal (p. 333)

The author's and coauthor's work experience

Which is NOT an issue to consider when choosing a potential target journal? A. The citation style used in the journal B. The target audience of the journal C. The aims of the journal D. The topics that fall within the scope of the journal (p. 323)

The citation style used in the journal

The most important consideration(s) when deciding which data collection approach to use in a primary study is(are)? A. Cost B. The goals of the study and expectations of the sample population members C. Time D. Potential barriers to participation for study participants (p. 148)

The goals of the study and expectations of the sample population members

During the manuscript's submission process to a journal, some journals will require all of the following information, EXCEPT: A. The number of tables included in the manuscript B. Statements about ethics approval, funding, conflict of interest, and authors contributions C. The word count of the manuscript D. The number of words on the title page (pp. 330-332)

The number of words on the title page

An OR = 1 means: A. The odds of exposure is higher in cases B. The odds of exposure is higher in controls C. The odds of exposure is the same for cases and controls D. None of the above (p. 55)

The odds of exposure is the same for cases and controls

The person accepting the responsibility for guaranteeing that the protocol is followed, adverse outcomes are immediately reported to the ethics committee, and the budget is properly managed is known as: A. The primary investigator B. The investigator in charge C. The boss D. The senior researcher (p. 359)

The primary investigator

Participants in a case-control study are selected based on: A. Their disease status B. Their exposure status C. Both exposure and disease status D. None of the above (p. 49)

Their disease status

In a retrospective cohort study, study participants are recruited based on: A. Their exposure status B. Their disease status C. Their disease and exposure status D. Their disease history (p. 61)

Their exposure status

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of formal scientific reports? A. They are published in a popular magazine, newspaper or website B. They describe the study design and explain why it was appropriate for the objectives of the study C. They explain how exposures and outcomes were defined and assessed D. They discuss the limitations of the study

They are published in a popular magazine, newspaper or website

The recoding of variables into new categories can be done prior to or during data analysis. True or False (p. 220)

True

The cross-sectional study approach should be used when? A. Time is limited and/or budget is small B. The disease is relatively uncommon C. The exposure is relatively uncommon D. A source of cases is available, and no comparison group is required or available (p. 46)

Time is limited and/or budget is small

What is the next step after determining the broad categories of questions and selecting the specific topics to be addressed in a questionnaire? A. To choose question and answer types that are appropriate B. To check the questionnaire's wording C. To choose an order for the questions D. To conduct a pre-test (p. 129)

To choose question and answer types that are appropriate

All of the following are methods to analyze experimental studies, EXCEPT: A. Number needed to treat (NNT) B. Efficacy C. Number needed to harm (NNH) D. Treatment-given approach (p. 83)

Treatment-given approach

"To assess the perceived health-related needs of a community" is an example of a study goal True or False

True

@Co-authors and other colleagues may help you with revising and polishing a manuscript. True or False

True

@Submitting a manuscript to a journal for review is the first step in a series of conversations about the research project. True or False (p. 311-319)

True

A codebook should specify the way the answers should be entered into the computer database. True or False

True

A cohort is a group of similar people followed through time together. True or False (p. 59)

True

A manuscript should be sent to a journal only after all coauthors have consented to the submission. True or False

True

A proposal must align with the goals of the sponsoring agency and its typical funding level. True or False (p. 209)

True

A researcher conducting a secondary analysis contributes to scientific knowledge by analyzing data and interpreting accumulated data that might otherwise remain untapped. True or False (p. 161)

True

Abstracts provide a glimpse into the content of an article? True or False

True

Acquisition of evidence for improving clinical and public health practices and policies is an example of a societal benefit of health research. True or False

True

After finalizing the study goal, the researcher should identify three or more specific objectives, aims or hypotheses that stem from the main study goal. True or False

True

All interviewers should undergo role-specific training and have an opportunity to practice their interview skills. True or False (p. 152)

True

An adequate number of study participants is required to achieve valid and significant results. True or False (p. 121)

True

Birth dates could be considered a type of personal identifier in a small population that could raise concerns about anonymity of the study participants. True or False (p. 134)

True

Case-control studies are often the best study approach for identifying risk factors of a disease. True or False (p. 49)

True

Clinical records may be used for a secondary data analysis. True or False (p. 164)

True

Comparative statistical tests usually are designed to test for difference rather than for sameness True or False (p. 236)

True

Convenience sample populations are often systematically different than the communities they are intended to represent. True or False (p. 111)

True

Cross-sectional surveys are used to establish baseline data prior to the initiation of longitudinal studies. True or False (p. 45)

True

Cross-sectional surveys provide a snapshot of the health status of a population at one-point in time. True or False (p. 45)

True

Dummy variables can be used to convert dichotomous responses into a series of categorical variables. True or False (p. 260)

True

Establishing a clear case definition that spells out inclusion and exclusion criteria is critical for a case series study. True or False (p. 41)

True

If clinical examinations are conducted as part of the data collection process, an assessment form should carefully describe each component of the examination, procedures to be used, and diagnostic procedures for each item on the assessment form. True or False (p. 157)

True

In a cross-sectional survey, the source population must be representative of the target population, and the sample population must be representative of the source population. True or False (p. 112)

True

In a simple linear regression model, the relationship between the predictor and outcome variables can be visually displayed using a scatterplot, and the regression model find the best-fit line for those points. True or False

True

In experimental studies, treatment-received analysis is better for testing the ideal-world efficacy of the intervention. True or False (p. 83)

True

Knowing what topics fall within the scope of a general journal can be tricky. True or False (p. 324)

True

No individuals participate in a correlational study. True or False (p. 100)

True

Once the pieces of the paper's story are clear, the next step is to check the structure and content of the manuscript. True or False (p. 306)

True

Population is defined as the group of individuals, communities, or organizations to be examined. True or False

True

Practicing the content, voice, and performance of an oral presentation ahead of time can make a positive experience more likely. True or False (p. 283)

True

Program evaluation includes a variety of approaches for examining the goals, processes, and/or outcomes of projects, programs, and/or policies. True or False (p. 92)

True

Qualitative data collection is not a detached, structured process based on a random sample of individuals. True or False (p. 87)

True

Research committees usually require everyone who will be in direct contact with study participants and/or their personal data to complete formal research ethics training. True or False (p. 193)

True

Research ethics committees protect study participants, researchers, and host institutions by carefully reviewing research protocols prior to their implementation. True or False (p. 195)

True

Research reports must provide accurate reference information for every publication that is used to support the methods, findings, and conclusions of a new study. True or False (p. 297)

True

Researchers have an ethical obligation to minimize the risks that research may pose to study participants. True or False (p. 181)

True

Statistics, when employed appropriately, can provide essential and useful information for making sense of health research data. True or False (p. 223)

True

The culmination of a well-designed and carefully conducted health research project is often the dissemination of results through an appropriate publication. True or False (p. 323)

True

The goal of a cross-sectional survey is to measure the proportion of a population with a particular exposure or disease. True or False (p. 45)

True

The goal of a meta-analysis is to combine the results of several high-quality articles that used similar methods to collect and analyze data into one summary statistic. True or False (p. 177)

True

The goal of a review article is to synthesize what is already known about a topic by connecting previous studies and offering new interpretations of their contributions to scientific knowledge. True or False (p. 167)

True

The goal of every research project is to find and address gaps in the literature and to build on previous work True or False

True

The methods section should provide information about ethical considerations, such as how informed consent was documented, whether community groups were consulted, and which ethics research committees reviewed the study. True or False (p. 292)

True

The peer-reviewed process is an important step toward producing a high quality paper. True or False (p. 320)

True

The primary advantage of an interview as a method for data collection in a primary study is that trained interviewers record the responses, and they can ensure the accuracy and completeness of each questionnaire. True or False (p. 147)

True

To be a confounder or effect modifier, the third variable must be independently associated with both an exposure (or predictor) variable and an outcome variable. True or False (p. 258)

True

To check the appropriateness of search terms to be used for a systematic review study, the researcher should identify a handful of articles known to be relevant to the study question. True or False (p. 173)

True

When comparing before-and-after results in the same individuals (paired data), the McNemar's statistical test can be used. True or False (p. 248)

True

When creating a research timeline, a researcher must keep the schedule somewhat flexible since predicting how long some step will take can be difficult. True or False (p. 104)

True

Women living in rural Ontario are an example of a type of population. True or False

True

Writer's block can be overcome only when an aspiring writer makes writing time a priority. True or False (p. 312)

True

An error that occurs when a study population yields a significant statistical test result when one does not exist in the source population is known as: A. Type I error B. Type II error C. Type A error D. None of the above (p. 125)

Type I error

An error that occurs when a statistical test of the study population finds no significant result when one actually exists in the source population. A. Type I error B. Type II error C. Type A error D. None of the above (p. 239)

Type II error

Which is NOT an example of Laboratory research? A. Compare tests of air quality in several metropolitan areas B. Identify biological mechanisms for the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria C. Use a food frequency questionnaire to examine dietary behaviors in a selected population group D. Develop a new vaccine

Use a food frequency questionnaire to examine dietary behaviors in a selected population group

A secondary analysis of data refers to: A. Collecting new data from individuals B. Writing a review article C. Using existing data D. None of the above (p. 37)

Using existing data

A(n) _____________ questionnaire measures what it was intended to measure in the population being assessed. A. Accurate B. Reliable C. Valid D. Discrete (p. 141)

Valid

What is the primary study question to ask when conducting a cross-sectional survey? A. What are the key characteristics of the cases in this study population? B. What is the prevalence of the exposure and/or disease in the population? C. Do cases and controls have different exposure history? D. None of the above (p. 46)

What is the prevalence of the exposure and/or disease in the population?

All of the following are true statements about data entry, EXCEPT: A. Data can be entered into a database program like Microsoft Access B. When entering data on Microsoft Excel each variable data should be entered on a row C. Database and spreadsheet files can be uploaded into standard statistical software programs for analysis D. It may be worth doing double-entry of at least 10% of the completed surveys to check the accuracy of data entry (p. 218)

When entering data on Microsoft Excel each variable data should be entered on a row

When should the Narrative Review approach be used? A. When the goal is to describe a new perspective on a topic that can be supported by the existing literature. B. When the goal is to compare the findings of previous studies on a well-defined topic. C. When the goal is to summarize previous findings using pooled statistics. D. When the goal is to write a report on the information found. (p. 168)

When the goal is to describe a new perspective on a topic that can be supported by the existing literature.

All of the following are ways a researcher can begin writing a research report if s/he is not sure where to begin, EXCEPT: A. Include relevant information about the methods used in the research from the study's protocol in the working document B. Fill the names of the people to thank in the acknowledgement section C. Include a working title for the paper at the beginning of the document D. Write the entire manuscript in one sitting

Write the entire manuscript in one sitting

A way for an investigator to become an expert in the literature on a well-defined topic is by: A. Writing a review article B. Describing the goals of the study C. Identifying a research question D. None of the above (p. 167)

Writing a review article

Most topics in population-based research can be expressed in terms of which formula? A. [disease/outcome] and [exposure] in [population] B. [exposure] and [population] in [disease/outcome] C. [exposure] and [disease/outcome] in [populations] D. None of the above

[exposure] and [disease/outcome] in [populations]

A ________________ for a statistical test is used to decide whether the results observed are likely to reflect real differences between groups. A. Null hypothesis B. Proportion C. p-value D. None of the above

p-value

A ________________ indicates how many standard deviations away from the sample mean an individual's response is. A. z-score B. Histogram C. Box plot D. Range

z-score