Research Quiz 5

Iowa Model of EBP (5)

- Identify a nursing problem and search the literature - Determine the organizational priority of the problem - Form a team to develop, implement and evaluate the project - Assemble the relevant literature - Critique the literature and formulate recommendations

Selecting the appropriate quantitative test (4)

1) Requirements of the research question 2) Number of groups to be tested 3) The level of measurement if the independent and dependent variables 4) The statistical and mathematical assumptions of the test

Rules of qualitative analysis (3)

1) Select tests a priori 2) Run all tests identified 3) Report all the tests that were run

3 types of qualitative analysis

1. Qualitative analysis offers no single standard for the analytic process. 2. Qualitative data results in enormous quantity of data that must be thoughtfully reviewed, reflected on, and summarized. 3. The need to reduce or put the data into a manageable format for dissemination of the findings.

Codebook

A guide for the qualitative analysis that outlines individual codes with definitions, criteria for inclusion and examples.

Triangulation

A means of enhancing credibility by cross-checking information and conclusions, using multiple data sources, using multiple research methods, or researchers to study the phenomenon, or using multiple theories and perspectives to help interpret the data.

Constant Comparison

A method of analysis in qualitative research that involves a review of data as they are gathered and comparison to data that have been interpreted to support or reject earlier conclusions.

Member Checking

A method of ensuring validity by having participants review and comment on the accuracy of transcripts, interpretations, or conclusions.

Bracketing

A method of limiting the effects of researcher bias and setting them aside by demonstrating awareness of potential suppositions of the researcher

Integrative Review:

A methodology that synthesizes quantitative and qualitative, and comparative effectiveness research to provide a comprehensive understanding of the human condition.

Scoping Review

A new method for aggregating evidence into guidelines for practice It is intended to present a broad overview of the evidence pertaining to a topic, irrespective of study quality, and is useful when examining emerging areas for which little evidence is known. Scoping Reviews are also useful in identifying knowledge gaps.

Reflexivity

A sensitivity to the ways in which the researcher and research process have shaped the data; based introspection and acknowledge of bias.

Systematic Review

A systematic review is a highly structured and controlled search of the available literature that minimizes the potential for bias and produces a practice recommendation as an outcomes Systematic review are critical for Evidence-based Practice because they summarize the numerous and sometimes contradictory findings in the literature. Systematic reviews can focus on patient concerns, the prevalence of problems, or effectiveness of diagnostic procedures.

Codes

After completing an intense examination of the data and developing an overall schematic the researcher develops more-specific categories of meaning based on what has been gathered. These categories of meaning are called codes. Codes supports a more detailed analysis.

Practice Guidelines

Among the most practical and understandable ways to read aggregate evidence. Practice guidelines are often developed by a group of clinical experts who are convened by a professional or academic body. The team conducts a rigorous and systematic review of existing research and judges how to best apply the research.

Bivariate analysis

Analysis of the relationship between two variables. The most common form of bivariate analysis is correlation. Bivariate analysis is also used to determine if a single variable can predict a specified outcome.

Constructivist Research

Another name for qualitative research because it is grounded in the assumption that individuals construct reality in the form of meaning and interpretation.

Z tests

Appropriate for large samples or when testing the entire population

T tests

Appropriate for smaller samples

Immersion/Crystallization analysis

Appropriate when the researcher desires total immersion in and reflection on text, especially during case research and ethnography. Stemming from the notion that the researcher is the true analytic tool, this analytic approach requires that the researcher be immersed in the data.

Parametric Tests

Based on the assumption that the data fall into specified distribution, usually the normal (bell-shaped) distribution.

Integrative Review

Broader reviews that allow for the simultaneous inclusion of experimental and nonexperimental research to more fully understand a phenomenon. They allow nurses to define concepts comprehensively, review evidence holistically, and analyze methodology from multiple perspectives.

Confidence interval

Captured in a range of numbers with a specified level of confidence and is used to estimate population parameters.

Field Notes

Detailed descriptions of the context, environment, and nonverbal communications observed during data collection and inserted by the researcher into the transcripts to enrich the data interpretation process.

Audit Trail

Detailed documentation of sources of information, data, and design decisions related to a qualitative research study.

Ethnography

Focuses on the culture of a group of people. The assumption underlying this traditions is that every group of individuals evolves around a culture that guides the way members structure their experiences and view of the world.

Qualitative research seeks to:

Gather data that illuminate the meaning of an event or phenomenon. The main purpose in doing so is to develop an understanding of meaning from the point of view of the informants. Data are gathered directly from informants or through the investigator's observations.

Editing analysis

Geared toward interpretation of text to find meaningful segments. Researchers using grounded theory, phenomenology, traditions tend to use this approach.

Z tests & T tests

Generate a statistic that reflects the differences between groups compared to standard error a p value quantifies the probability that standard error is responsible for the outcomes and a confidence interval for mean differences that enables the quantification for effect size

Template

Highly structured style which requires developing a template that provides an analysis guide for sorting narrative data. It is developed a priori.

Themes

Implicit, recurring, and unifying ideas derived for the raw data in qualitative research.

Inquiry audit

In this process an outside reviewer examines the data and other relevant documents

Content Analysis

Interpretation of the meaning in verbal responses or in documents. Commonly attached to designs that rely on data collected via interview or document analysis and that use interpretive coding to arrive at themes and patterns. Such designs are sometimes referred to as descriptive qualitative design.

Qualitative meta-analysis

Interpretive process that provides an overall framework for the combination and synthesis of findings from multiple qualitative studies that focus on the same phenomenon of interest. This approach appeals to qualitative researchers because it has characteristics of methods that elevate the level of evidence provided by these studies.

Phenomenology

Investigation of the meaning of an experience among a group whose members lave lived through it.

Peer Debriefing

Involves reviewing methods, procedures, and conclusion with objective peers who have the expertise in the study methods or content.

Stratified Purposive Sampling

Involves sampling participants who meet certain inclusion criteria and then stratifying them according to age, gender, ethnicity, and other criteria.

Theoretical Sampling

Involves the selection of a second sample of informants to whom less restrictive criteria are applied with the goal of encouraging diverse viewpoints to emerge.

Snow ball Sampling

Is useful when the researcher cannot locate a list of individuals who share a particular characteristics. Participants are identified they in turn are asked to identify others who met the inclusion criteria in this way the sample Snowballs.

Audit trail

It details researcher's decision rules for categorization and the inferences made in the analysis.

Saturation

Key consideration for the sample size an a qualitative study. Saturation is reached when themes become repetitive suggesting no new input is needed.

Constant comparison

Newly collected data are compared to existing data to confirm or refute conclusions and to decide when saturation has been reached. This constant comparison of new findings to existing results is a key characteristic of qualitative analysis.

Schematic

Outline of the categories of meaning that may be expected from the data. In the template approach this schematic is predetermined.

Traditions

Particular designs or approaches in qualitative research used to answer specific types of study questions.

Recontextualizing

Process that involves applying the theory that was derived from the analysis to different setting or groups. This extended exploration can result in the increased generalizability of the newly developed theory. The premise is that if a theory can be recontextualized it can be generalized.

Inferential

Reader can infer something about a population's response to an intervention based on the responses of a carefully selected sample. Inference requires the calculation of numerical values to enhance the researcher's and the reader's confidence that the intervention resulted in the outcomes and to rule out the possibility that something else did

Dependability

Repetition of the study with similar subjects in similar circumstances result in consistent findings

Grounded Theory

Research aimed at discovering and developing a theory based on systematically collected data about a phenomenon. The intent is to discover a pattern of reactions, interactions, and relationships among people and their concerns.

Transferability

Results can be transferred to situations with similar subjects and settings.

Standard Error

Samples are made up of individuals and particularly in small samples we cannot be sure that the sample exactly matches the population's characteristics. These differences, the ones that are due to the sampling process, are quantified as Standard Error.

Multivariate analysis

Simultaneous analysis of multiple variables. It may address the effects of multiple predictors on a single outcome, the difference between groups on several effects, or the relationships between multiple factors on multiple outcomes.

Univariate analysis

Single variable. Such analyses are the primary focus off descriptive and summary statistics. The term univariate analysis may also be applied when the study involves a single dependent variable or when only one group is included.

Robust Tests

Small deviations from normality may be acceptable with theses tests because most parametric test are Robust Tests, or capable if yielding reliable results even when their underlying assumptions have been violated.

Meta-Analysis

Statistical method of aggregating the results of quantitative studies. When experiments are replicated with similar populations using standard measures, it becomes possible to sum up the aggregate impact of the intervention on outcomes. Meta-Analysis involves drawing inferences from a sample of studies.

Cohen's Kappa

Takes this analysis one step further and generates a p values for the probability that random error was responsible for the agreement. Simple agreement is the tally of the percentage of the time that both coders agreed on a categorization. Agreements of 80% is considered acceptable in qualitative research.

Unit of Analysis

The definition of the major entity that will be considered a "Subject" for analysis.

Qualitative meta-synthesis

The development of overarching themes about the meaning of human events based on a synthesis of multiple qualitative studies.

Case Research Method

The intense and descriptive exploration of a single unit of study such as a person, family group, community or other entity.

Confirmability

The research attempts to enhance objectivity by reducing bias in methods and procedures.

Purposeful Sampling

The researcher identifies criteria for the type of informant most likely to illuminate the research questions, actively seeks out these individuals and personally invites them to participate.

Participant Observation:

The researcher is more than an observer but actually become an active participant in the culture under study to more thoroughly understands its experiences and worldview.

Credibility

The results of the study represent the realities of the participants

Translational research entails:

The transformation of scientific findings into interventions that are widespread and improve patient care.

__________ _________into practice is the final and most important step in the research process.

Translating research

Nonparametric Tests

Type of tests is "distribution free" meaning the tests do not rely on a specific distribution to generate accurate results. Nonparametric tests are becoming more common in healthcare where so many variables are not normally distributed.

Inferential analyses

Undertaken to determine of a specific result can be expected to occur in larger population given it was observed in a sample.

Qualitative inquiry

Unique in terms of the researcher's beliefs about the nature of reality and in the methods and procedures used to describe the informant's worldview.

Effect Size

he size of the differences between experimental and control groups compared to variability; an indication of the clinical importance of a finding.