Reserve Test - 2 Set

the first heart sound, heard when the atrioventricular (mitral and tricuspid) valves close (Lub)

S1

The second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle? (dub)

S2

Increased ventricular filling pressure (e.g., mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles

S3

heart sound where Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

S4

Period when the ventricles contract is known as?

Systole

What stage in the course of infection does as person begins to respond to the infection, symptoms decline and the person starts to get better?

convalescent period

A client asks why he has not had major heart damage since his cardiac catheterization revealed he has 98% blockage of the right coronary artery.

"You have small channels between some of your arteries, so you can get blood from a patent artery to one severely blocked."

Mechanism of infection Portal of entry includes? >Push down idiotic ideals swiftly<

-Penetration -Direct Contact -Ingestion -Inhalation -Source

What are the steps in the course of infectious disease? >I probably ate California Raisins<

-incubation period -prodromal period -acute phase -convalescent period -resolution

List the steps in the chain of infection >in review patho made perfect sense<

-infectious agent -reservoir -portal of exit -mode of transmission -portal of entry -susceptible host

The nurse knows that systolic hypertension is characterized by systolic pressure of ____mm Hg or higher

140

The nurse knows that the main objective of the management of hypertension is to achieve a sustainable level of blood pressure below:

140/90

The heart is a four-chambered muscular pump. In one day, how many gallons of blood are pumped throughout the body?

1800

A client has suffered chest injuries following a automobile accident. The chest injury has resulted in an increase in intrathoracic pressure. There can be a transient shift from the pulmonary to the systemic circulation of how much blood?

250L

A client is admitted to the cardiac unit with a diagnosis of pericarditis. The nurse is teaching th client about the anatomical location of the infection. The nurse evaluates the effectiveness of the teaching when the client correctly identifies which of the following as the location of the pericardium?

A membranous sac that encloses the heart

The pressure that must generated to pump blood out of the heart and into the aorta describes?

Afterload

When a client experiences the Cushing reflex, what occurs with the body?

An increase in arterial pressure to levels above the intracranial pressure

The heart consists of four valves. Which are the semilunar valves?

Aortic Pulmonary

thromboangiitis obiterans is also known as?

Berger's Disease

A client's echocardiogram identified a narrowed valve that has resulted in a decreased blood flow between the left atria and left ventricle. The nurse would interpret this as the:

Bicuspid valve

What is the sequence of blood return to the heart.

Capillaries, venules, veins, right atrium

herpes-type virus that usually causes disease when the immune system is compromised

Cytomegalovirus

Period when ventricles are relaxed and filling is known as?

Diastole

The two types of Source (mechanism of infection) portal of entry include?

Endogenous Exogenous

The branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people is called?

Epidemiology

Which enzyme has a powerful vasodilator effect on arterioles and increases capillary permeability?

Histamine

immunoglobulin found in mucous membrane secretion

IgA

What are the types of immunoglobulin?

IgA IgD IgE IgG IgM

Type of immunoglobulin that attaches and activates B Cells?

IgD

Type of immunoglobulin found in the lining of chest and abdominal cavities, matures B cells?

IgE

Type of immunoglobulin found in tissue of lungs, histamine, and eosinophils

IgE

immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta?

IgG

The first immunoglobulin produced is?

IgM

The presence of what immunoglobulin suggests that the newborn has a current infection?

IgM

which immunoglobulin would the nurse expect to see high levels of in a patient fighting a current infection?

IgM

Law that states that wall tension becomes greater as the radius increases

Laplace's Law

Pressure equals Tension / radius

Laplace's Law

Wall tension is also affected by wall thickness; it increases as the wall becomes thinner and decreases as the wall becomes thicker is a instrument part of this law

Laplace's Law

Which related circulatory complication can result from surgical treatment for metastatic breast cancer?

Lymphedema in affected arm

mnemonic for heart sounds?

My Time in Anatomy and Physiology Filled my head Kicked my tail

Mycoplama pneumoniae is an example of what type of agents of infection?

Mycoplasmas

What agent of infection type is unicellular, very small (1/3 the size of bacteria)?

Mycoplasmas

Where is IgE located?

On mast cells, on basophils, and in blood

A client has been experiencing fever, generalized muscle/joint pain, and overall malaise. The care provider suspects necrotizing damage to muscular arteries based on blood work that reveals an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and abnormal liver function. Which is a likely diagnosis for this client?

Polyarteritis nodosa

The amount or volume of blood pumped with each beat, based on venous return to the heart and stretch of muscle describes?

Preload

Which factor represents the amount of blood that the heart must pump with each beat and is determined by the stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers and the actions of the heart prior to cardiac contraction?

Preload

volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole is called

Preload

The electrical activity of the heart is recorded on the ECG. What does the T wave on the ECG represent?

Repolarization of the ventricles

Stage in the course of infection where the person exhibits no signs, symptoms, and no longer has any trace of the infection?

Resolution

A client has had an acute myocardial infarction (MI). The brother of the client has a history of angina. The client asks how he will know if his brother's pain is angina or if the brother is actually having an MI.

Rest and intake of nitroglycerin relieve chest pain with angina; they do not relieve chest pain with an MI.

(Mechanism of infection) portal of entry that is best described by our own: staph, strep, yeast is?

Source - Endogenous

(Mechanism of infection) portal of entry that is best described by food, water, airborne is?

Source - Exogenous

Syphilis and Lyme disease are examples of what type of agents of infection?

Spirochetes

Polio and HIV are examples of what type of agents of infection?

Virus

The phase in a course of infection where disease/illness reaches its full intensity is know as the?

acute phase

the pressure that must be exceeded before ejection of blood from the ventricles can occur

after load

What is responsible for controling the direction of blood flow from the left side of the heart to the systemic circulation

aortic valve

Agents of Infection >Be very polite some may find< happiness

bacteria viruses parasites spirochets mycoplasmas fungi

The venous system collects?

deoxygenated blood from the tissues

dyspenia

difficulty breathing

(Mechanism of infection) portal of entry that is best described by IV drugs/medications, bites (insect/animal), STD (via the mucosa), skin to skin, mother to baby is?

direct contact

The number of all cases of a disease (both old and new) that are identified in a specific population at a given point in time is known as? disease prevalence

disease prevalence

multinodular refers to a cell that is capable of ___ and ____.

eating and destroying

Types of deep lymphatic tissue

epitrochlear axillary inguinal

An agent responsible for causing disease is referred to as an?

etiologic agent

How do you determine cardiac output?

heart rate x stroke volume sum / 1000

what immunoglobulin levels would you expect to see in a healthy newborn?

high IgG and low IgM

The number or rate of new cases of a particular condition during a specific time is called?

incidence

The interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms in the course of infection refers to?

incubation period

A pathogen, such as a bacterium or virus that can cause a disease is known as to the ___ step in the chain of infection?

infectious agent

(Mechanism of infection) portal of entry that is best described by food borne, breast milk (HIV) is?

ingestion

(Mechanism of infection) portal of entry that is best described by anthrax, flu/cold, strep pneumonia, meningitis is?

inhalation

Which blood flow patterns reduces friction, allowing the blood layers to slide smoothly over one another?

laminar

A person has been exposed to a particular antigen and a now experiences a repeat exposure. What stimulates a quicker immune response?

memory T cells

C.diff

mild watery diarrhea leukocytosis hypoalbuminermia and high fever

An infection acquired during hospitalization is known as?

nosocomial infection

An example of an opportunistic infection is called

opportunistic infection

The arterial system distributes?

oxygenated blood to the tissues

(Mechanism of infection) portal of entry that is best described by break in the skin and (best defense) is?

penetration

Any body opening on an infected person that allows pathogens to leave

portal of exit

Types of superficial lymphatic tissue

pre-auricular post-auricular occipital sub mandibular sub lingual submental anterior cervical chain posterior deep cervical chain superclavicular

The short period after incubation; early, mild symptoms in the course of infection refers to?prodromal period

prodromal period

What does Leplace's law describe?

relation between wall tension, transmural pressure, and radius

What is the sequence or pathway for blood flow through the heart

right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - mitral valve - left ventricle - aorta

Hypoxia is said to have a negative inotropic effect on the heart. What does that mean

there will be interference in the generation of ATP, which is needed for muscle contraction.

a recurring, progressive, nonatherosclerotic inflammation and thrombosis of small and medium-sized arteries and veins, usually in the plantar and digital vessels in the foot and lower leg.

thromboangiitis obiterans