Resources
How much oil is left worldwide?
+1.0-1.1 trillion barrels in reserves +2.1-2.2 trillion barrels in resources +1 barrel = 42 gallons
How much of the other sources does the U.S. have?
+100 billion barrels of oil heavy crude and tar sands -Half of which can be recovered +1.7 trillion barrels of oil in the Canadian tar sands
How much do we mine in the U.S.?
+40,000lbs./yr in the U.S. +17,000lbs. of energy resources per year
What are our energy resources?
+85% comes from fossil fuels -37.5% = Petroleum -25.6% = Coal -23.1% = Natural Gas
What is the SEAL ROCK?
+A rock with low porosity and permeability that does not allow oil to pass through
What are the problems with nuclear power?
+Accidents +Nuclear waste
What are the environmental effects of coal?
+Acid Rain +Acid mine drainage +Greenhouse Gases +Strip Mines
What is aluminum's use?
+Airplanes, cans, cable +Not found in U.S.
How does coal occur?
+As layers a few inches to 10's of feet thick +Deep coal is mined underground +Shallow coal is strip-mined
What are the ranks of coal?
+As plant matter is compressed, it changes into different types of coal: 1. Plant Material 2. Peat (Organic material) 3. Lignite (Brown coal) 4. Bituminous (Soft coal) 5. Anthracite (Hard coal; metamorphic rock)
What is lead's use?
+Batteries
How does coal cause greenhouse gases?
+Burning coal will release greenhouse gases
How is oil recovered?
+By drilling a well +Usually flows from the well on its own due to pressure +Pressure lessens as oil is removed +Eventually oil must be pumped out +Water or steam is forced into the well to remove the last oil that can be taken from the well
How much coal is there in Resources and Reserves?
+Coal Production = 1 billion tons/year +U.S. Reserves = 265 billion tons +U.S. Resources = 3900 billion tons +25% of the world total is in the U.S.
How does coal burn?
+Coal burns cleaner and hotter at higher ranks +Peat burns smoky; Anthracite burns hottest and cleanest
What are some nonmetallic resources?
+Construction Materials +Fertilizers +Rock Salt +Gypsum +Sulfur
How is oil refined?
+Crude oil is removed from the ground and shipped to a refinery +Heated and sent up a distillation column +Different products condense at different temperatures in the column and are removed
What ores are associated with Igneous Rocks?
+Crystal Settling +Hydrothermal Fluids
What is crystal settling?
+Crystals grow in cooling magma +Crystals are heavy, and sink to the bottom, concentrating the ore
What is Heavy Crude?
+Dense, viscous petroleum (TAR) +Most of California's oil +Flows so slowly that steam or solvents must be pumped into the ground to get it out
What different petrochemicals are petroleum turned into?
+Dyes, Fertilizers, Medicines, Synthetic Rubber, Explosives, Perfumes, Paints, Saccharin, Solvents, Synthetic Fibers, Plastics
What is copper made of?
+Electrical wire (66%) +Brass (33%)
What the different types of geologic resources?
+Energy Resources +Metal Resources +Nonmetal Resources
What are some uses for rock salt?
+Food +De-icer
What are some uses for sulfur?
+Fungicide +Fertilizer +Matches
What are some OTHER nonmetallic resources?
+Gemstones +Talc +Borates +Diatomite +Graphite +Glass sand +Clay
What are some problems with natural gas?
+Greenhouse gas +Tank and pipeline spills +Subsidence
Where does most of our oil come from?
+Heavy Crude +Tar Sands +Oil Shale
What are some Metal Resources?
+Iron +Copper +Aluminum +Lead +Zinc +Gold +Etc.
What are some metal resources?
+Iron +Copper +Aluminum +Lead +Zinc +Silver +Gold
What is gold's use?
+Jewelry, electronics, coins, space program
What is silver's use?
+Jewelry, electronics, film
What is petroleum?
+Made of CRUDE OIL (liquid) and NATURAL GAS (gas) -Both are naturally occurring hydrocarbons -May occur together or separately -Most imports from Canada and Mexico
What are the characteristics of COAL?
+Made of compressed plant material that has not completely decayed +Today: 21% of our energy comes from coal +1900: 90% of our energy came from coal +88% is used to generate electricity
What are geologic resources?
+Materials extracted from the Earth +Practically everything we manufacture comes out of the ground
What are placer deposits?
+Metals are eroded from deposits in the mountains and carried away by rivers +Flowing water in the river separates metals (or gems) which are heavy, from lighter sand or gravel
What are hydrothermal fluids?
+Most important source of metallic ore deposits +Hot water is associated with magma, and is very good at dissolving metals +When hot water cools, metals come out of the water in concentrated form +Richest deposits are those that form in cracks to form veins
What is ore?
+Naturally-occurring material that can be mined profitably +Ores are usually associated with igneous rocks or with river deposits
Can we remove all of the oil room from a reservoir?
+No, we can only remove about 30-40% of the oil
Are geologic resources renewable?
+No. They are nonrenewable +They accumulate so slowly that they can be easily exhausted
How does coal cause acid rain?
+Often sulfur-rich +Sulfur goes up in the atmosphere +Mixes with water vapor in clouds to form acid rain +Solution: smokestack scrubbers; also cleans up the smoke from burning coal
What are the issues with oil shale?
+Only about 25 gallons of oil are produced per ton of rock +Produces a lot of wast rock -More than what is mined because it expands when heated
What is Oil Shale?
+Organic-rich shale +Oil is removed by heating the shale +U.S. has oil shale deposits in Wyoming, Utah and Colorado +3 trillion barrels of oil could be recovered worldwide +62% of world's oil shale is in the U.S.
Why is Subsidence a problem?
+Parts of Long Beach sank as much as 27 feet from the pumping of oil from the Wilmington oil field
What are some Energy Resources?
+Petroleum (oil and gas) +Coal +Uranium +Hydroelectric, Geothermal, Solar, etc.
What are some fertilizers?
+Phosphate +Nitrate +Potassium +Sulfur
What ores are associated with Sedimentary Rocks?
+Placer Deposits +Concentration by Weathering
Why are tank and pipeline spills a problem?
+Refined petroleum is far worse environmentally than crude oil
What is the difference between reserves and resources?
+Reserves -Discovered deposits -Can be extracted economically and legally -Fluctuate with new discoveries, better technology, etc. +Resources -All geologic material that has been discovered and is undiscovered -Involves guesswork -Stay about the same
What is the U.S. oil supply?
+Reserves: 21 billion barrels (7 years) +Resources: 74 billion barrels (24 years)
How long will the oil last?
+Reserves: 40-45 years +Resources: >100 years -Assuming current usage stays the same
How does coal contribute to acid mine drainage?
+Rocks surrounding coal are sulfur-rich +Rocks are mined and piled up next to coal mine in a waste rock pile +Groundwater and rainwater flow through waste rock +Sulfur-rich rock dissolves and becomes acidic +Acidity can be greater than battery acid +Nothing can live there
What goes into the cost of extracting a geologic deposit?
+Salaries +Equipment +Fuel +Taxes +Research and Development +Changes in Laws
What are some Nonmetal Resources?
+Sand +Gravel +Limestone +Building stone +Gems +Gypsum +Groundwater
What are some construction materials?
+Sand and Gravel -Used in cement and mortar +Stone -Cut into blocks for building; crushed to form road beds +Limestone -Primarily used to make concrete
What are Tar Sands?
+Sand cemented with asphalt +World's largest deposits in Canada +Removed by mining the sands then "cooking" them with hot water to release the tar
Where is Uranium found?
+Sandstone bodies +Associated with fossil plants or bones -Petrified wood and dinosaur bones may be radioactive +Most U.S. uranium found in: NM, UT, CO, WY
How is ore removed?
+Shallow ores are typically strip-mined +Deeper ones will be mined underground +Placer deposits mined by placer mining -Huge amounts of river sediment are washed to remove lighter gravel and sand and concentrate metals or gems
Where do oil and gas come from?
+Start as organic material (mostly plankton) that accumulated in the ocean +Plankton buried in clays -> Shale +Shale heats up -> Turns plankton into oil (less heat) or gas (more heat) +Oil spreads throughout the SOURCE ROCK; can't be removed easily +MIGRATION occurs +Oil will reaches a SEAL ROCK +The CAP ROCK traps the oil in an OIL TRAP and it is concentrated +The oil flows out of the RESERVOIR ROCK
What is an OIL TRAP?
+The place in which gas and oil are trapped and concentrated
What is MIGRATION?
+The process during which groundwater passes through rock and takes the oil with it
What is a RESERVOIR ROCK?
+The rock in which oil and gas should be concentrated +Has high porosity and permeability for oil to flow easily out of
What is a SOURCE ROCK?
+The shale in which the plankton was buried
Why are strip mines bad?
+They're ugly
What is zinc's use?
+To make brass
What is iron's use?
+To make steel
What is a CAP ROCK?
+Traps the oil and gas in the Oil Trap
What is the amount of usage in the U.S.?
+U.S. = 6% of world's population +Uses 29% of the world's oil production yearly -65% is used for transportation
What are characteristics of Uranium?
+Used in nuclear reactors +Produce about 7% of our energy needs +Breakdown of radioactive elements releases heat, which is used to generate electricity
What are some uses for gypsum?
+Wall board +Plaster of Paris
What is concentration by Weathering?
Aluminum forms in humid environments where chemical weathering removes every other metal, concentrating the aluminum