Respiration (Mastering)

P inside = P outside

No air is moving in or out of the lungs in this image. Which of the following describes the pressures of the atmosphere ("P outside") and the lungs ("P inside")?

Which way would O2O2 and CO2CO2 diffuse during internal respiration?

O2O2 would diffuse into the cells, and CO2CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries.

What is one atmosphere of pressure?

760 mm Hg

What is hemogloblin?

A protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.

External respiration involves the...

diffusion of gases between the interstitial fluid and the external environment

What occurs if intrapulmonic pressure is 763 mm Hg?

exhalation

During ____________________________, equilibrium is reached for O2O2 when the partial pressure for O2O2 in the pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli are the same.

external respiration

Which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration?

from the tissue cells into the blood

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is...

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

In the blood, oxygen is bound to ___________, a protein found in red blood cells.

hemoglobin

Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle(s).

internal intercostal

All these muscles participate in inhalation EXCEPT __________. 1. diaphragm 2. external intercostals 3. scalenes 4. internal intercostals

internal intercostals

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the cells and interstitial fluids is:

internal respiration

After blood becomes oxygenated,

it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells

The function of pulmonary ventilation is to...

maintain adequate alveolar ventilation.

The most common unit of measurement for measuring pulmonary pressures is...

mm Hg

Alveolar ventilation refers to the...

movement of air into and out of the alveoli.

What is the external intercostal?

primary muscle of inspiration

If PO2 increases...

saturation goes up and hemoglobin stores oxygen

During inhalation...

the diaphragm and rib muscles contract

During inhalation, air continues to move into the lungs until...

the internal pressure is the same is atmospheric pressure.

Internal and external respiration depends on several factors. Which of the following is NOT an important factor in gas exchange? 1. rate of blood flow through the tissue 2. the molecular weight of the gas 3. available surface area 4. partial pressure of the gases

the molecular weight of the gas

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract...

the volume of the thorax increases.

When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that...

they are equal

The chloride shift occurs in order to...

transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma

How would the partial pressures of O2O2 and CO2CO2 change in an exercising muscle?

The partial pressure of O2O2 would decrease, and the partial pressure of CO2CO2 would increase.

diaphragm contracts

What produces the movement labeled "2"?)

B. 70% converted to H2CO3 by carbonic anhydrase

Which letter represents the means by which 70 percent of the carbon dioxide is transported through the bloodstream?

external intercostals

Which muscle(s) produce(s) the movement labeled "1"?

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?

alveoli

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as...

bicarbonate ions

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are...

blood air barrier of the alveoli

Carbon dioxide and water combine to form...

carbonic acid

__________ percentage of carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin forming __________.

23% percentage of carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin forming carbaminohemoglobin.

If the hemoglobin molecules in a blood sample each had a single oxygen molecule bound to them, on average, the saturation would be __________.

25%

Low partial pressure of oxygen in tissues is a condition called...

Hypoxia

When levels of CO2 rise in the blood, which of the following changes will occur?

1. Levels of HCO3- increase. 2. Hemoglobin releases O2. 3. pH levels decrease.

Name the primary muscles of inspiration...

1. diaphragm 2. external intercostals

The effect of pH on hemoglobin saturation is known as the...

Bohr Effect

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is...

Bound to hemoglobin

The respiratory portion of the respiratory tract includes the...

Bronchioles and alveoli

_______ has a greater partial pressure in the pulmonary capillaries than in the alveoli, so it diffuses into the _______.

CO2 has a greater partial pressure in the pulmonary capillaries than in the alveoli, so it diffuses into the alveoli.

Despite the fact that the partial pressure difference is so much smaller for CO2, why is there as much CO2 exchanged between the alveoli and blood as there is O2?

CO2CO2 is much more soluble in blood than O2O2.

When does oxyhemoglobin form during respiration?

During external respiration

In which of the conditions would oxygen release from hemoglobin be increased?

During the run of the Iron Man Triathlon on a hot, humid day.

Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false? a. It involves a movement of chloride ion into RBCs b. It depends on the chloride-bicarbonate countertransporter c. It causes RBCs to swell d. It is driven by a rise in PCO2 e. It involves a movement of bicarbonate ions into the plasma

It causes RBCs to swell

If the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs?

It decreases.

The physical movement of air into and out of lungs is termed...

Pulmonary Ventilation

P outside < P inside

What is the relationship between the pressures at label "8"?

Which of these is not a function of the respiratory system? a. to exchange gases with the atmosphere b. to ventilate the air spaces c. transport RBCs (red blood cells) to the tissues d. to protect against environmental hazards

Transport RBCs to the tissues

P outside > P inside

What is the relationship between the pressures at label "3"?

External respiration includes all of these processes EXCEPT __________. A: release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells B: gas diffusion across respiratory membrane C: breathing D: gas transport

release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells