RESPIRATORY CONCEPT CHECK QUESTIONS

The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages

2.5 cm; 15-20

The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages.

2.5 cm; 15-20

Your frequency of breathing is 12 breaths/minute; your tidal volume is 500 mL; your vital capacity is 4,700 mL; and your dead air space is 150 mL. Your alveolar ventilation rate is ____ mL/min.

3,000

Each hemoglobin can carry up to ____ O2 molecules that are bound to ____.

4, iron

Prolonged deep inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center.

APNEUSTIC

When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, the amount of each gas that dissolves in the liquid is proportional to its partial pressure, according to

Henry's law.

Boyle's Law of Gases states that

If the volume goes up, the pressure goes down

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume,

Inspiratory reserve volume

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

___ protects the lungs from damage by over-inflation

The inflation reflex

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions

Tidal volume

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.

Tidal volume

To help expel abdominopelvic contents during urination, defecation, or childbirth, we often take a deep breath, hold it, and then contract the abdominal muscles. This is called the _____ _____

Valsalva manuever

To help expel abdominopelvic contents during urination, defecation, or childbirth, we often take a deep breath, hold it, and then contract the abdominal muscles. This is called the _____ _____.

Valsalva manuever

Which of these age-based changes is false?

Vital capacity increases.

The movement of chloride ions into the RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions is known as the ________.

chloride shift

The ________ of the lungs is an indication of their expandability, how easily the lungs expand and contract.

compliance

The ability of the lungs to inflate easily, called pulmonary ___, is reduced in certain fibrotic diseases of the lungs.

compliance

The ___ consist of mucous membranes supported by the turbinate bones.

conchae

The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage

cricoid

Which of the following is not a paranasal sinus?

cricoid

One effect of hypoxia is

cyanosis

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?

decreased pH

External respiration involves the

diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.

Gasping, labored breathing or "craving for air" is called

dyspnea

Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen. To get the same amount of oxygen to dissolve in plasma as carbon dioxide, you would have to

either increase the partial pressure of oxygen or decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

Expiration is normally a passive process resulting from the ___ of the thoracic cage

elasticity

The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called

emphysema

Which of these would not cause atelectasis?

emphysema

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the

epiglottis

Which of the following is most important in keeping food out of the trachea?

epiglottis

The openings to the nostrils are the

external nares.

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally,

a person would stop breathing

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are

alveoli

Asthma is

an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.

Peripheral chemoreceptors of respiration are located in the ___ (name any location).

aortic or carotid bodies

The most superior portion of the lung is termed the

apex

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

bicarbonate ions.

Internal respiration refers to exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the ________ and the ________.

blood; tissues

A mucosa consists of

both an epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue

The pneumotaxic center

both is in the pons and inhibits the apneustic center.

The largest passageways of the bronchial tree that lack cartilage are called ___.

bronchioles

Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in

more intense inhalation.

At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen.

more than 90

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the

movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Vibrissae are

nasal guard hairs

The nasal cavities are divided from one another by the

nasal septum.

The _____ houses the pharyngeal tonsils and receives the auditory tubes, while the ____ houses the palatine and lingual tonsils

nasopharynx, oropharynx

The palatine tonsils lie in the walls of the

oropharynx

The portion of the pharynx that receives both air and food is the

oropharynx.

Carbon monoxide binds 210 times as tightly as _____ to the _____ of hemoglobin

oxygen; iron on heme

The inflation reflex

protects the lungs from damage due to over-inflation.

The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

The smallest passageways in the lung to have ciliated epithelia are

respiratory bronchioles.

Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?K

respiratory minute volume

The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of

simple squamous epithelium

During swallowing, the

solids and liquids are forced into the esophagus. larynx is elevated. epiglottis folds back over the glottis. all of these(THIS IS THE ANSWER)

During swallowing, the

solids and liquids are forced into the esophagus. larynx is elevated. epiglottis folds back over the glottis. ALL OF THESE( THIS IS THE ANSWER)

Most of the wall of an alveolus consists of _____. Cells that wander the lumens of the alveoli and surrounding connective tissue are called _____.

squamous (type I) alveolar cells; alveolar macrophages

Surface tension at the surface of the water and air in alveoli resists inspiration. To decrease this surface tension, the great (type II) alveolar cells release _____.

surfactant

Squamous cell carcinoma is a form of lung cancer that begins in

the epithelium of the bronchi.

The difference between the amount of air you normally inhale with each breath and the amount you can inhale with maximum effort is

the inspiratory reserve volume.

The glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves carry signals from the peripheral chemoreceptors to

the medulla oblongata.

Which is greater?

the number of lobes in the right lung

The glottis is

the opening to the larynx.

Which of the following is greater?

the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air

he largest of the following cartilages is

the thyroid cartilage

Henry's law states that

the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas.

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

the volume of the thorax increases.

The ___ pressure is the gas pressure between the parietal and visceral pleurae minus the gas pressure in the alveoli.

transpulmonary

The left lung has _____ lobes and the right lung has _____ lobes to make room for the _____

two, three, heart

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the

upper respiratory tract.

If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's

vital capacity.

The amount of air that can be exhaled with maximum effort after maximum inspiration is called ______, and the amount of air left that cannot be exhaled is called ______

vital capacity; residual volume

The amount of air that can be exhaled with maximum effort after maximum inspiration is called ______, and the amount of air left that cannot be exhaled is called ______.

vital capacity; residual volume

The pneumotaxic center of the pons

modifies the rate and depth of breathing.

The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats.

12 to 18

You have a closed container full of air with a pressure of 760 mmHg. Oxygen makes up 21% of the air. The pressure of the air just due to oxygen is _____ mmHg

159

You have a closed container full of air with a pressure of 760 mmHg. Oxygen makes up 21% of the air. The pressure of the air just due to oxygen is _____ mmHg.

159

Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from

inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport only.

A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will

increase the rate of breathing.

If your chest expands, you would predict the intrapulmonary pressure to _____ because of ____ law.

increase, Henry's

You measured your resting breathing frequency at 12 breaths per minute with a tidal volume of 500 mL per breath. You exercised by riding a bicycle and peddled as fast as you could for 20 minutes. You then stopped and measured your breathing frequency and tidal volume again. You would predict that your breathing frequency would _____ and your tidal volume would _____

increase, increase

You measured your resting breathing frequency at 12 breaths per minute with a tidal volume of 500 mL per breath. You exercised by riding a bicycle and peddled as fast as you could for 20 minutes. You then stopped and measured your breathing frequency and tidal volume again. You would predict that your breathing frequency would _____ and your tidal volume would _____.

increase, increase

You opened a can of carbonated soda and poured it into a glass. The carbon dioxide formed bubbles in the soda because the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the air above the soda _____, which is explained by _____ Law

increased, Charles'

Pneumotaxic centers in the pons

inhibit the apneustic centers. promote passive or active exhalation. receive input from the hypothalamus and cerebrum. modify respiratory rate and depth. ALL OF THESE(THIS IS THE ANSWER)

The apneustic centers of the pons

inhibit the pneumotaxic center.

In quiet breathing,

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.

Carbonic anhydrase

is in RBCs. is an enzyme. can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma. can convert carbon dioxide into carbonic acid. ALL OF THESE ( THIS IS THE ANSWER)

Inhaled foreign objects tend to lodge more in the right bronchus because it

is wider and more vertical than the left

The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because

large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing

Which respiratory organ has a cardiac notch?

left lung

Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following, except the

lips

The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli all make up the

lower respiratory tract.

The hilum of the lung is on its _____ surface.

mediastinum

The inspiratory and expiratory centers are located in the ____, while the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers are located in the _____.

medulla oblongata, pons