Respiratory Review

yes, the saturation of hemoglobin will decrease from 75 to 35%/ this allows more O2 to unload at the tissues

(effect of exercise on tissue PO2) with a decrease of 20 mmHg in the tissues, will the saturation of hemoglobin decrease significantly? How does this help the tissues?

no, the saturation of the hemoglobin will decrease only about 3% (from 98 to 95% saturated

(effect of high altitude) with a decrease of 20 mmHg in the lungs, will the saturation of hemoglobin decrease significantly?

- pulmonary stretch receptors (PSRs) - inhibition - inflation reflex or Itering-Breuer reflex

- what does lung hyperinflation stimulate? - the effect on inspiration is ______ - what is this reflex called?

1. neural input from motor cortex 2. learned responses 3. receptors in muscles and joints 4. increased body temperature 5. epinephrine and norepinephrine 6. pH changes due to lactic acid

6 factors that probably increase ventilation during exercise

decrease

A decrease in surfactant will result in a ______ in compliance.

constrict, increases, decreases

Acetylcholine will ______ bronchioles which _______ resistance and ________ airflow.

cooperative binding (or positive cooperativity)

After one oxygen molecule (O2) binds to hemoglobin, it is easier for the other molecules to bind to the hemoglobin. this is know as _____

carbonic acid

CO2 binds with water to form _________

92 mmHg

Calculate the partial pressure of O2 on the top of Mt. Whitney

1. surface area and structure of the respiratory membrane 2. partial pressure gradients 3. matching alveolar airflow to pulmonary capillary blood flow

Efficient external respiration depends on 3 main factors

dilate, decreases, increases

Epinephrine will ______ bronchioles which _______ resistance and ________ airflow.

decrease, harder

Fibrosis will _____ compliance making it ______ to inflate the lungs.

0.46%

H2O

constrict, increases, decreases

Histamine will _______ bronchioles which _____ resistance and ______ airflow.

Boyle's Law

The relationship between pressure and volume that states, "The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume of its container."

1. humidification of air 2. gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries 3. mixing of new and old air

What 3 factors cause the partial pressures of gases in the alveoli to differ from pressures in the atmosphere?

440 mmHg

What is the atmospheric pressure on the top of Mt. Whitney?

intrapleural pressure

What pressure is always negative and helps to keep the lungs inflated?

oxyhemoglobin

When oxygen is loaded onto hemoglobin in the lungs, hemoglobin is called what?

deoxygemoglobin

When oxygen is unloaded from the hemoglobin at the tissues it is called what?

CO2 is much more soluble in liquid than O2, Henry's law

Why does more Co2 than O2 dissolve in liquid when both gases are at the same pressure? Name the law that explains this.

oxygen, Bohr effect

a decrease in CO2 loading facilitates ________ unloading from hemoglobin. said another way, CO2 loading facilitates O2 unloading. (the effect is on O2 loading and unloading) this is known as the _________

increase, Haldane effect

a decrease in hemoglobin O2 leads to an ______ in CO2 loading. said another way, O2 loading facilitates CO2 unloading (the effect is on CO2 loading and unloading) this is know as the __________

increase in pressure

according to Boyle's Law, a decrease in volume leads to an...

decrease in pressure

according to Boyle's Law, an increase in volume leads to a...

60 mmHg

arterial PO2 must drop below what to stimulate the peripheral chemoreceptors?

0.3 mmHg, 0.3 mmHg

at 760 mmHg and 747 mmHg what is the partial pressure of CO2?

3.5 mmHg, 3.4 mmHg

at 760 mmHg and 747 mmHg what is the partial pressure of H2O?

597 mmHg, 587 mmHg

at 760 mmHg and 747 mmHg what is the partial pressure of N2?

159 mmHg, 156 mmHg

at 760 mmHg and 747 mmHg what is the partial pressure of O2?

hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions

carbonic acid dissociates into ______ and ______

decrease pH increase Temperature, PCO2, and BPG right

during exercise, would an increase or decrease in these factors decrease PO2 hemoglobin saturation, making more O2 available to the tissues? pH, Temperature, PCO2, BPG. these factors would shift the oxygen-hemoglobin curve to the ______

irritant receptors; remove irritants from the airways by invoking coughing and sneezing

dust, smoke, and noxious fumes will stimulate receptors in airways; name the receptors and explain the protective reflexes

100, 98

from the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, we see the partial pressure in the lungs is ______ mmHg and hemoglobin in the lungs is ____% saturated.

40, 75

from the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, we see the partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues is ____ mmHg and hemoglobin is _____% saturated

PCO2 will decrease, pH will increase

if a person hyperventilates what will happen to PCO2 and pH in the blood?

PO2 will decrease, PCO2 will increase

if a person hypo ventilates, what will happen to PO2 and PCO2 in the blood?

lungs collapse

if trans-pulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lungs?

1. available surface area 2. partial pressure gradients 3. rate of blood flow varies

internal respiration depends on 3 factors

inspiration

intrapleural pressure is most negative during ________

decreases

intrapulmonary pressure (increases or decreases) during inspiration?

internal intercostals, external oblique and rectus abdominus

muscles that control forceful expiration

diaphragm and external intercostals

muscles that control inspiration

1. resistance within the airway 2. lung compliance

name two other important factors that play roles in ventilation

1. surface tension of alveolar fluid 2. elasticity of lungs 3. elasticity of thoracic wall

negative intrapleural pressure is due to what 3 things?

0.04%

percentage of CO2 in atmosphere

78.6%

percentage of N2 in atmosphere

20.9%

percentage of O2 in atmosphere

released

the carbonic acid reaction occurs in the opposite direction at the lungs so that CO2 can be _______

carbonic anhydrase

the catalyst for the formation of carbonic acid is ______

4, 4, iron in heme

the hemoglobin molecule is composed on ___ polypeptide chains and ____ heme groups containing iron. what does oxygen bind to ?

PO2= 270 mmHg, CO2 would be found in the highest concentration in blood

the planet Pneumo has a total atmospheric pressure of 900 mmHg. Oxygen and carbon dioxide each constitute 30% of the atmospheric. What is the partial pressure of oxygen on the plant Pneumo? Which gas would be found in highest concentration in your blood?

H+

what ion directly stimulates the central chemoreceptors?

CO2

what is the most important stimulus controlling ventilation?

- central and peripheral chemoreceptors - pons

what modifies the medullary center?

23%

what percentage of CO2 is combined with hemoglobin?

70%

what percentage of CO2 is converted to bicarbonate ions?

7%

what percentage of CO2 is dissolved in plasma?

1.5%

what percentage of oxygen dissolves in plasma?

98.5%

what percentage of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin?

carbominohemoglobin

when CO2 binds to hemoglobin, it is called __________

arterioles= vasoconstriction (CO2 effect) bronchioles= dilation (O2 effect)

when airflow is restricted so that the partial pressure of O2 is low and CO2 is high, what happens to the arterioles and bronchioles?

chloride, chloride shift

when bicarbonate ions move out of the red blood cells, _____ ions move in. this is known as the _______

decreases

when the bronchiole constricts, what will happen to airflow?

increases

when the bronchiole constricts, what will happen to resistance?

pneumothorax

when the lungs collapse this is know as what?

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

where in the medulla are the neurons that set the basic respiratory rhythm?