Respiratory, Urinary, Immune

Which of the following traces the correct order of an air particle traveling down the respiratory tract?

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchiole, terminal bronchiole

Which of the following is not considered part of the first line of defense?

natural killer cells

Which of the following structures is not lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

oropharynx

Which of the following transports 98% of oxygen in the blood?

oxyhemoglobin

Before B cells secrete antibodies, they differentiate into _________.

plasma cells

Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys?

producing insulin

Which of the following is not considered part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

respiratory bronchiole

Hypocalcemia stimulates __________.

secretion of parathyroid hormone

Trace the pathway of urine out of the kidney:

collecting duct of the nephron, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter

Correctly label the following anatomical features of the lower respiratory tract.

Larynx, Trachea, Carina, Lobar Bronchi, Segmental Bronchi, Main Bronchi

Match each nitrogenous waste with the substance from whose catabolism it results.

Proteins 3 Urea Creatine phosphate 2 Creatinine Nucleic acids 1. Uric Acid

Correctly label the following anatomical parts of a kidney.

Renal Cortex Renal artery Renal Vein Renal Pelvis Ureter

Correctly label the following components of the urinary system.

Right Kidney Ureter Urethra Left Kidney Urinary bladder

Which of the following does(do) not belong to the second line of defense?

The gastric juices

Which respiratory center is responsible for establishing the respiratory rhythm?

Ventral Respiratory Group in the medulla oblongata

Which of the following is not considered part of the second line of defense?

cell-mediated immunity

A patient was complaining of difficulty breathing. How should the nurse record this symptom?

dyspnea

A high volume of diluted urine is expected when aquaporin number is increased in the collecting duct of the nephron.

false

ADH stimulates water reabsorption by adding aquaporins in the membrane of the collecting duct of the nephron.

false

During inflammation, margination describes the movement of the white blood cells out of the blood vessels.

false

Humoral immunity takes care of intracellular viruses, whereas cellular immunity takes care of extracellular viruses.

false

T Helper cells recognize antigens found on MHC Type I receptors.

false

The left primary bronchi branches into three secondary bronchi.

false

The __________ is not an organ of the urinary system.

liver

The first of a series of neutrophil behaviors in inflammation is __________.

margination

Which structure is known as the 'windpipe' and is reinforced by 16-20 C-shaped hyaline rings?

trachea

A Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) of ≥ 90 mL/min is considered normal.

true

Aldosterone and ADH stimulate water reabsorption by the kidneys.

true

B cells and macrophages can act as antigen-presenting cells.

true

Cytotoxic T cells recognize antigens on MHC Type I proteins.

true

During inflammation, chemotaxis describes the movement of white blood cells towards the site of injury along a trail of chemical signals.

true

During tubular reabsorption, necessary glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the renal tubule back into the blood.

true

The respiratory system plays a role in circulating blood and lymph.

true

The right lung with 3 lobes is larger than the left lung that has 2 lobes.

true

The three regions of the male urethra are the prostatic, membraneous, and spongy urethra.

true

Volume of air forcefully exhaled after normal breathing 1 Expiratory Reserve Volume Total volume of air the lungs can hold 2 Total Lung Capacity Volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation 3 Residual Volume Volume of air exhaled forcefully after a forceful inhalation 4 Vital Capacity Maximum volume of air inhaled 5 Inspiratory Capacity Volume of air forcefully inhaled after normal breathing .6 Inspiratory Reserve Volume Volume of air during normal, quiet breathing 7 Tidal Volumee

1 Expiratory Reserve Volume 2 Total Lung Capacity 3 Residual Volume 4 Vital Capacity 5 Inspiratory Capacity 6 Inspiratory Reserve Volume 7 Tidal Volume

According to the flow of renal filtrate, rank these structures of the nephron in order of proximal to distal.

1. Glomerular capsule 2. Proximal convoluted tubule 3. Descending limb of the nephron loop 4. Ascending limb of the nephron loop 5. Distal convoluted tubule 6. Collecting duct

Discuss 4 assays used to test kidney function. Explain the significance of each, and how it can used to indicate kidney health.

1: Urine Analysis; If blood, glucose or anyother object that shouldnt be present further testing can be done. 2: GFR if lower than the 90 than that means the patient has renal failure 3: Creatnine or blood testing to see if the blood has any types of wastes 4: BUN blood nitrogen

Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify whether it is a characteristic of antibody-mediated immunity or cell-mediated immunity.

Antibody-Mediated Immunity Humoral immunity IgG production Agglutination Immunoglobin production Complement fixation Neutralization Cell-Mediated Immunity Used to destroy cancerous cells Used to destroy virus infected cells MHC-1

Trace the correct pathway of filtrate through the nephron:

Bowman's capsule, PCT, descending limb of Loop of Hele, ascending limb of Loop of Henle, DCT, collecting duct

Which of the following T cells releases perforins and granzymes to kill infected cells?

Cytotoxic T Cell

Which of the following occurs during exhalation?

Diaphram moves up

Which of the following statements is inaccurate regarding the mechanisms of breathing?

During inhalation, the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles relax and both move upwards.

Classify each item as a first, second, or third line of defense.

First Line of Defense Macrophages Eosinophils Inflammation Fever Second Line of Defense Skin Mucosal membranes Third Line of Defense Humoral immunity Cell-mediated immunity Lymphocytes antibodies

Match the following antibody classes to their key characteristics or functions:

Found in body secretions such as mucus, breastmilk, saliva : IgA Can cross the placenta and is involved in the secondary immune response. IgG Involved in the primary immune response. IgM Activates B cells IgD Involved in allergic and parasitic infections .IgE

Which of the following types of immunity targets extracellular targets such as bacteria and bacterial toxins?

Humoral immunity

Maria is allergic to peanuts and tends to avoid all processed foods and granola bars, in fear of having an allergic reaction. What is this an example of?

Hypersensitivity

Hypocapnia will lead to which of the following conditions?

Hypoventilation due to alkalosis

Which class of immunoglobulin provides passive immunity to the newborn?

IgA

Which of the following works with the sympathetic nervous system to decrease GFR due to vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole?

aldosterone

Rheumatoid Arthritis and Diabetes Mellitus are common in that the body attacks its own self-antigens. This is an example of:

autoimmune disorder

The majority of carbon dioxide is carried as ______________ in the blood.

bicarbonate

Which of the following is not expected to pass through the glomerular filtration membrane?

blood cells

Which step of urine formation occurs in the renal corpuscle?

glomerular filtration

Which of the following pressures contributes the most to glomerular filtration?

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Which of the following is not seen during an inflammatory response?

granzymes and perforins

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets mainly

helper T cells

Which of the following is not associated with hyperventilation?

hypercapnia

Respiratory acidosis can result from which of the following?

hypoventilation