RESTORATIVE ART

COSMETIZING

(the process of applying cosmetics to a surface) the inferior mucous membrane wider than the superior mucous membrane.

FURROW -

(wrinkle) a crevice in the skin accompanied by adjacent elevations; crosses the muscle at a right angle.

ANTERIOR NARES - NOSE

External nostril openings.

LIP CONTOUR

The contour of the lips is most commonly convex, sometimes straight, and seldom concave.

NASALIS - NOSE MUSCLE

muscle of the nose that covers the procerus horizontally.

SCAB

A crust over a sore or wound

LABIOMENTAL SULCUS

the junction of the lower integumentary lip and the superior border of the chin, which may appear as a furrow.

COSMETOLOGY - AFRICAN AMERICANS

African Americans, as other ethnic groups, have a wide range of skin tones and complexion colors. The reasons for using cosmetics for deceased African Americans would be the same as any other decedent. The choice for the type of cosmetics used is up to the funeral service professional.

COMPLEXION - NORMAL VARIABLES

Age -skin dulls and grays as texture changes. Climate -sunshine will change melanin concentrations of the skin. Health -the physical condition affects the redness of the complexion by the quantity of blood in the superficial capillaries. Genetics -genes will partly determine complexion.

ANTITRAGUS

A small eminence obliquely opposite the tragus. Located on the superior border of the lobe of the ear.

MASSAGE CREAM

A soft, white, oily preparation resembling cream and used as a protective coating for external tissue; a base for cream cosmetics; and wax softener.

NASAL DISTORTION

A state of being twisted or pushed out of natural shape or position. Nose may be twisted from its normal alignment by cancer of the cheek, by superficial pressure or by fractures.

HIGHLIGHT

A surface lying at a right angle to the source of illumination, which reflects the maximum amount of light; the lighter and brighter part.

FORCEPS

A surgical instrument with two opposing blades used to grasp or hold tissue or material

SCALPEL

A surgical knife with a short blade.

SUBCUTANEOUS SUTURE

A suture situated or occurring beneath the surface.

TEMPORARY SUTURE

A suture that will be removed

AFTER IMAGE

A visual impression remaining after a stimulus is removed. If you stare at a sheet of colored paper, and then stop, a flash of the color's complement will appear.

COLOR - PERSONAL PERCEPTION

A visual sensation. Everyone has special considerations . They are influenced by eye fatigue , color blindness, etc.

ACHROMATIC HUES

BLACK, WHITE, GRAY Not found in the visible spectrum.

COOL HUES

BLUE - Is the coolest hue GREEN VIOLET Cool hues have shorter wavelengths Create impression of coldness make objects appear to recede

C.A. RENOUARD

C.A. Renouard scoffed at the new theory and felt that demisurgery was not necessary and was unwelcome. •However, prior to his death in 1953, he reversed his opinion and actually provided short term courses at his school.

C.J. SPEAS

C.J. Speas, a dental plastic surgeon taught RA at the Gupton Jones College in Nashville, Tennessee during the late 1940's. •The new concept being utilized was the "Family resemblance theory".

BURNS - 2ND DEGREE

Cause acute inflammation and blisters The hair may be singed or completely burned There may be swelling of the eyes and lips May be treated by: puncturing the blisters use massage cream peel away any loose skin after embalming wax, and cosmetize

BURNS - 1ST DEGREE

Cause redness of the skin May be treated with massage cream and cosmetics.

MELANOCYTES

Cells within the dermis that produce melanin that determine the color of skin. More melanin present, the darker the skin.

SUBTRACTIVE METHOD - MIXING COLOR ILLUMINATION

Diminishing wavelengths by superimposing two or more color transparencies over the same light source.

TRIANGULAR FOSSA

Depression between the crura. The second deepest depression of the ear.

MICRO RACES - EUROPEAN

Descendants of Europe that have migrated throughout: -North America -Australia -New Zealand -North Africa -Middle East -Western Asia DISTINCTIONS: • Nose -Thin medium tip, compressed thin wings • Eyes -Horizontal eye closure, slight slope • Ear -Moderate length, large free lobe, flat helix • Lips -Thin to medium, non-elevated • Skull -Long head length, vertical forehead, no supraorbital development

LIGHT COLOR THEORY

Developed by Sir Isaac Newton 1666. A beam of light is broken down into the color spectrum (7 colors) Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet

PINNA

EAR

RACES - PRIMARY

EUROPEAN AFRICAN ASIATIC

SKULL - VARIATIONS

In an adult the facial portion of the skull is approximately 1/2, an infant is 1/8. From birth to age 7 the skull grows rapidly and almost reaches full size. From age 7 to puberty growth slows considerably. At puberty all parts, especially the frontal and facial area (sinuses). At age 22 ossification begins

COLORING METHOD - EXTERNAL

Involves the application of cosmetics to the skin through the use of: Cream cosmetics Powder cosmetics Liquid cosmetics Spray-on and air brush applications

EYE - PROFILE TERMS

Involves the: -Supercilium -Supraorbital area -Line of closure -Superior palpebral sulci -Inferior palpebral sulci

VOMER BONE - SURFACE BONE OF THE FACE

Is a single bone located along the midline within the nasal cavity. It forms part of the septum of the nose. It is thin and varies in different individuals. Frequently, it is slightly bent to one side or the other, making the nasal chambers of unequal size.

COLOR

Is a visual sensation stimulated by rays of light of a definitive wavelength on the retina of the eye.

COLOR

Is the response to light with specific wavelengths of radiant energy that strikes the retina of the eye.

NASAL INDEXES

LEPTORRHINE (EUROPEAN) NARROW NOSE MESORRHINE (ASIATIC) INTERMEDIATE NOSE PLATYRRHINE (AFRICAN) WIDE NOSE

FRONTAL HEAD VIEWS

OVAL ROUND SQUARE TRIANGULAR INVERTED TRIANGLE DIAMOND OBLONG

POSTMORTEM COSMETOLOGY

Postmortem cosmetology accomplishes the recreation of form and color by: Replacing color in the skin Counteracting color changes Covering discolorations Accenting positive facial features De-emphasizing negatively appearing features Compensating for artificial funeral home lighting

TREATMENT - SCABS DUE TO ABRASIONS

Removal of scab 2. Protect surrounding tissue from dehydration with massage cream 3. Waxing and reproduction of pores and wrinkles 4. Cosmetizing

CILIA

The eyelashes. Characteristics -come together but don't interlace - more numerous on upper lids, longer, and curve upward; - lower lashes curve downward; when the eyes are closed they create a unitary effect. • Restoration (uses false eyelashes)

EYE - ORBIT

The eyesocket.

WEATHER LINE

The line of color change at the junction of the wet and dry portions of the mucous membranes. the area where adhesive is applied to keep the lips closed.

ANTIHELIX

The inner rim of the ear. It starts at the superior border of the lobe and continues upward until it ends by becoming the crura. It forms the superior and posterior walls fo the concha.

LINE OF THE TEMPLES

The irregularly formed continuous border of the forehead and eye-sockets. It merges with the border of the temple to define changes in plane of the area of the head

POWDER

In mortuary cosmetology, powder is usually used to dry and set the cosmetics. As powder absorbs oil form cream, it reduces the shiny and moist-looking areas. The drying effect allows the cosmetics to adhere better to the skin, making it more difficult to rub off. It is better to apply a small amount at a time using a brush, pad, puff, cotton ball or atomizer.

LIGHTING

The quality of lighting in the preparation room, and the reposing room, and chapel should be designed to have flexibility in color and brightness. The reposing room should have lighting that is similar to a warmly lit living room.

COLOR

The response to light with specific wavelengths of radiant energy that strikes the retina of the eye.

LIP RESTORATIONS

The thickness (vertical width) of the upper red lip can be compared with its distance from the columni nasi. • The thickness of the lower red lip can be compared with the upper red lip. Generally, the lower lip is thicker. • Females usually have thicker red lips than males.

EYE - LINE OF EYE CLOSURE

The line that forms between the two eyelids when they are closed, and which marks their place of contact with each other. Occurs in the lower third of the eye socket as dipping curve. The upper lid covers two-thirds and the lower lid, one-third. The lateral end is inferior and posterior to the medial end. The two lids abut when they close and do not overlap.

LINE OF CLOSURE

The line that forms between the two mucous membranes when the mouth is closed and the lips come in contact with each other. Usually located at the lower border of the upper teeth. Has the shape of the classic hunting bow.

FOLD

an elongated prominence adjoining a surface

FRONTAL (CORONAL)

anterior; the anterior view of the face or features. Frontal Plane - divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.

PROMINENCE

any part that projects or juts out.

EMINENCE

any prominence or projection.

STRATUM CORNEUM

The top layer of skin. Darker skin - the stratum corneum is more compact and has greater permeability. They also contain more sebaceous (oil producing) glands 40-60%. The use of orange or yellow tinted cosmetic powders may be preferred for people with black, bronze, red, or yellow complexions. The white massage cream turns gray when left on the deceased with dark skin.

PHILTRUM

The vertical groove located on the superior integumentary lip. The width, form, and depth are different from person to person.

IDEAL LIGHTING - REPOSING ROOM

Would consist of an auxillary lighting system utilizing 3 different colored incandescent lights (red, blue and green)

SURFACE BONES OF THE FACE

Zygomatic (2) Nasal (2) Maxilla (2) Mandible Vomer Lacrimal (2) Palatine (2)

MONOCHROMATIC

Variations of 1 color scheme or hue. Varies in tints, tones and shades.

FRENULUM

a band of flesh that connects the lip to the gum (not a muscle).

ALVEOLAR PROCESSES - MAXILLAE

a bony ridge found on the inferior surface of the Maxillae and the superior surface of the Mandible which contains the sockets for the teeth.

FOSSA

a concavity such as a dimple (usually small).

CAVITY

a deep or hollow place or part

DIGASTRICUS - NECK

a double-bellied muscle which draws the hyoid bone anteriorly and posteriorly; lies below the body of the mandible.

FRONTAL HEAD VIEW - SQUARE

a frontal head form in which the head is broad and exhibits very little curvature; the forehead is wide and the angles of the mandible are usually low as well as wide.

FRONTAL HEAD VIEW - OBLONG

a frontal head form in which the head is long and narrow throughout.

SULCUS

a furrow, canal or groove (plural is sulcii).

EYEBALL

a globular form; diameter is about one inch in males, slightly smaller in females.

DEPRESSION

a hollow or concave region; the lowering of a part. TYPES OF DEPRESSIONS: CAVITY CONCAVE FOSSA MEATUS NOTCH ORIFICE SULCUS

LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS ALAEQUE NASI-MOUTH

a muscle of facial expression which elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostril opening

DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS-TRIANGULARIS

a muscle of facial expression which depresses the angle of the mouth.

MEATUS

a natural passage or canal.

CONDYLE

a rounded eminence at the articulating end of a bone; the posterior process of the ramus of the mandible.

CONCAVE

a rounded surface as the interior of an arc or segment of a circle; exhibiting a depression of hollow surface; a concavity.

FRONTAL HEAD VIEW - INVERTED TRIANGLE

a three-sided figure whose base is superior to its apex; when used to describe a frontal-view geometric head shape, a head which is wide in the forehead and narrow in the jaws.

MENTAL EMINENCE -MANDIBLE

a triangular projection on the inferior portion of the anterior mandible.

LENGTH

a vertical dimension.

MEDIAL

middle; nears the medial plane.

INVERSION

of the photograph for detection of asymmetry- tissues turned in an opposite direction or folded inward- the unfamiliarity of the view permits concentration on a specific area.

TAXONOMY

orderly classification of plants or animals by their presumed natural relationships.

MEDIAN (SAGITTAL)

position closest to the midline. Median Plane - a lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left proportions. If the division is into two equal halves, it is called median or mid-sagittal.

OBLIQUE

slanting or inclined; neither perpendicular or horizontal.

INCLINATION

slope; a line that is neither horizontal nor vertical.

ARCH

structure having a curved outline resembling an arc or bow

FRONTAL VIEW

suggests length and width relationships that are considered viable in accurate restoration.

PROFILE VIEW

suggests projections and recessions considered viable for accurate restoration.

PLANE

surfaces having very little curvature.

FOREHEAD

that part of the face above the eyes.

CRANIUM

that part of the human skull which encloses the brain.

NASAL SULCUS

the angular area between the posterior margin of the wing of the nose and the nasolabial fold.

FRONTAL PROCESS OF MAXILLAE

the ascending part of the upper jaw which gradually protrudes as it rises beside the nasal bone to meet the frontal bone; the ascending process of the upper jaw.

ORIGIN - MUSCLES

the attachment of a muscle which moves least when the muscle contracts; attached to a fixed point--the beginning.

ANATOMICAL POSITION

the body is erect facing the observer, arms at sides, palms turned forward,thumbs pointed away from the body, feet together

DERMORTOLOGY

•The new courses being offered at other schools were called "Dermortology".

ORBICULARIS OCULI - EYE MUSCLE

closes the eyelids; a thin, fiat, broad muscle (circular) originating at the bony margins of the eye socket. It extends its fibers into the eyelids. During the aging process this helps form the optic facial sulci.

MIDDLE AGES

•Death masks were prepared. •Effigies were adorned with wigs. •The effigy head was then attached to a torso and dressed in clothing or armor of the decedent and then placed on the coffin until burial. •A few effigies remain in storage at Westminster Abbey in London.

FACE

is usually egg-shaped or oval.

PLATYRRHINE

A classification given to a nose that is short, broad, and has a minimum of projection; common to individuals of African descent.

INCISION

A clean cut into tissue or skin

PIGMENT THEORY

A coloring matter which can be applied to an object.

COLORING METHOD - INTERNAL

Use of arterial injection solution with dye

ASYMMETRY

lack of symmetry, balance or proportion; refers to differences of paired features.

MELANOSOMES

larger, more oval, and singly dispersed in black skin; while in white skin, they are smaller and more aggregated.

SHADE

Addition of BLACK

TONE

Addition of GRAY

TINT

Addition of WHITE

DIMPLES

shallow depressions located on the cheek or chin in a rounded or vertical form.

LINE OF CLOSURE (HUNTING BOW)

shaped as a bent wood weapon with a central belly; resembling a "cupid" bow (5 distinct arcs).

EAR - RIDGES AND ELEVATIONS

1. Helix 2. Tragus 3. Anti-tragus 4. Anti-helix 5. Crura The Crus is neither a depression or an elevation. It is the flattened origin of the Helix and ends in the Concha.

LACRIMAL BONES - SURFACE BONES OF THE FACE

2 bones located in the medial wall of each orbit between the ethmoid and maxillary bones. They somewhat resemble a fingernail in shape.

ANALOGOUS COLORS

2 or more hues that have the same hue in common. Are adjacent to each other on the color wheel. Examples: Red- Orange; Red; Red-Violet Yellow-Orange; Yellow; Yellow-Green Blue-Violet; Blue; Blue-Green

LIGHT COLOR THEORY

A beam of light is broken down into the color spectrum (7 colors). This was developed by Sir Isaac Newton in 1666.

ABSORPTION

A black object absorbs all the colors in the incident light.

LEPTORRHINE

A classification given to a nose that is long, narrow, and high bridged; common to individuals of Western European descent.

MESORRHINE

A classification given to a nose that is medium broad and medium low bridged; predominant among people of Asian descent

EYES - LACERATED

A laceration is an irregularly torn or jagged wound, ranging from superficial scratches to deep tears in the tissues. • Treatments include: - Cementing laceration - Removal of eyelid tissue and wax restoration (not recommended) - Building new eyelashes if necessary

BASKET WEAVE SUTURE

A network of stitches employed to cross the borders of a cavity or excision, used to anchor fillers and to sustain the tissues in their proper position

INTERTRAGIC NOTCH

A notch or opening between the tragus and the antitragus of the ear.

INCISION SEALING POWDER

A powder that is put in an incision just prior to suturing. When the powder comes in contact with moisture, it forms a soft, solid barrier against leakage.

SEALER

A quick-drying liquid that leaves a hard, thin, transparent coat or layer through which moisture cannot pass

MIXING COLOR ILLUMINATION

ADDITIVE METHOD - Mixing colored lights on a surface with each having same wavelengths; adding 2 or more lights together to create another light. SUBTRACTIVE METHOD - Diminishing wavelengths by superimposing two or more color transparencies over the same light source.

SKIN PIGMENTS

ALBINISM HEMOGLOBIN CAROTENE FRECKLES Regardless of racial origin, all people have about the same number of melanocytes. These are cells that produce melanin, the dark pigment found in the hair and skin. The more melanin, the darker the skin. The distribution and size of pigment granules within melanocytes also influence skin color. Sun stimulates melanin production.

TRAGUS - EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS

An elevation protecting the ear passage. Arises from the posterior margin of the lateral cheek.

ABRASION

Antemortem injury resulting from friction of the skin against a firm object resulting in the removal of the epidermis.

CHROMATIC HUE

Any color EXCEPT - Black, White or Gray Found in the visible spectrum.

EXPOSED AREA

Any visible surface that is to remain uncovered or unclothed.

TREATMENT - BLEACHING

Applications are usually cavity fluid or a commercial mortuary bleach such as phenol (carbolic acid). EFFECTS OF BLEACHING Lightens the color of the skin. b. Dehydrates the moisture content of the skin (may also cause dehydration burn). c. Discoloration may reoccur with regard to surface preservation of tissue. APPLICATION Surface compresses (cotton and plastic) Hypodermic injection of bleaching agent Reason for possible ineffectiveness -there is lack of control in its distribution through the tissues Be very cautious when using arterial fluids because staining can occur causing blotchiness. An alternate application can be of phenol (carbolic acid -an antiseptic/disinfectant employed to dry moist tissues and to bleach discolored tissues) and alcohol. You may alternate the phenol with alcohol. Phenol can burn the skin and the alcohol halts the corrosive action of the phenol.

EYES - WRINKLED EYELIDS

Are caused by the reduction of swelling. • Treatments include: - Waxing - Reproduction of normal wrinkles - Excision(to remove as by cutting out; the area from which tissue has been removed) of part of the eyelid - Electric spatula

WARM COLOR AREAS OF SKIN

Areas on the face include: Cheeks, chin, ears, lips, forehead Areas on the hands include: Knuckles, fingernails, cuticles

COSMETIZING - HAND

Base coat is applied. Blush/Rouge is applied to the knuckles and other warm color areas of the hand. Brown complexion is applied. Powder is applied. Excess powder is removed. Nail polish may be applied when requested by the family of the deceased.

BONES - FEMALE

Bones of female are thinner Eminences are less prominent Female vertex is lower, more rounded Smoother facial bones Jaws and teeth are smaller

COMPLEMENTARY COLORS

Colors across from each other on the color wheel and when mixed in equal amounts form gray.

SKULL - COMPARISON

Comparison of male, female, and infant skulls.5 Bone thickness Size of bones Prominences and depressions

COSMETIC LIGHTING - REPOSING ROOM

Compensate for changes caused by sunlight and other illumination.

BURNS - 3RD DEGREE

Complete destruction of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues All hair is usually gone, and the remains are charred. If the deceased is unrecognizable, deodorize and preserve the remaining tissues by arterial embalming and hypodermic injection.

TREATMENT -LACERATIONS & INCISIONS

Dry the inside of wound with cauterant pack. Seal the wound with a sealer. Remove dehydrated pieces of skin on edges. Use appropriate suture depending upon size of wound. Subcutaneous suture or glue for small wounds. Basket weave for larger wounds; use mastic. Apply wax and cosmetics

TERTIARY COLORS

Dulled, muted grays or browns; same as tone.

MANDIBULAR FOSSA

Fossa-(glenoid fossa) the small oval depression on the zygomatic process of the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible articulates; just anterior to the external auditory meatus.

FRACTURES

Fracture -a broken bone Simple fracture -broken bone that does not pierce the skin. Compound fracture -broken bone that pierces the skin. Osteomyelitis -a chronic metabolic skeletal disease; inflammation of the bone. Splint -an appliance of wood, metal, or other material used to protect or immobilize a part. TREATMENT FOR FRACTURES Reset and stabilize the fracture (Refer to pages 132-133 in the RA text). Utilize a splint Wire bridging Wire employed to connect two structures which are undamaged such as remaining parts of a bone; a wire mesh placed within an aperture to hold other restorative fillers.

COSMETICS - EXTERNAL APPLICATION

GLOVED HAND BRUSH SPONGE PUFF/PAD SPRAY

NOSE - STRAIGHT PROFILE

GRECIAN; characterized as straight from tip to root.

DISTINGUISHING MARKINGS

Generally not concealed or altered: •Moles •Birthmarks •Scars •Wrinkles •Tattoos •Others?

COSMETIC - BRUSH SELECTION

Good cosmetology depends in part on the quality and design of the brushes used. Brushes manufactured of inferior materials can be the cause of poor cosmetic results. Consider the application: Purpose Style of ferrule Setting compound Handle design Type and source of hair and bristles Sable (marten), ox, camel, fitch, badger, goat hair, bristle (hogs and boars), or synthetic. Types of Brushes Spreading brushes Stippling brushes Powder dusting brushes Tamping brushes Tinting brushes Blending brushes Lining brushes Highlighting brushes

NOSE - STRAIGHT

Grecian - characterized as straight from tip to root. The dorsum exhibits a straight line from the root to the tip; the most common nasal profile.

DIMENSIONS OF COLOR

HUE VALUE INTENSITY

LIGHT

Has wavelengths (similar to radio waves) measured in millimicrons, and their frequency is the number of cycles per second.

EAR - HOLLOW CAVITIES & DEPRESSIONS

Hollow cavities and depressions 1. External auditory meatus 2. Ear passage 3. Triangular fossa 4. Concha (or shell) 5. Intertragic notch 6. Scapha The various depressions become increasingly deeper as they approach the ear passage.

POST-EMBALMING R.A. TREATMENTS

Hypodermic injection, tissue builder Suturing or gluing incisions, lacerations Sealing incisions, lacerations, etc. Application of surface waxes General cosmetic treatments Nail treatments Hair grooming Swelling reduction and other major treatments as required (tumors, etc.)

LOBE - EAR

Inferior fatty 1/3 of the ear; most inferior part of the ear. Attaches to the cheek.

LOBE

Located along the inferior part of the dorusm, the lobe appears spherical in shape and adjoins the both columna nasi and the wings of the nose. The rounded anterior projection on the tip of the nose.

SIDES OF THE NOSE

Located between the bridge and each wing of the nose, the sides comprise the lateral walls. Lateral walls of the nose located between the wings of the nose and bridge. The recede laterally from the dorsum.

MASSETER - MUSCLES OF MASTICATION

Masseter muscles (2) - closes (by raising) the mandible; mastication; a thick, quadrilateral muscle thick in its middle area and originates at the lower portion of the zygomatic bone and the anterior portion of the inner wall of the zygomatic arch. The fibers extend obliquelydownward to insert around the angle of the jaw. The belly of the masseter projects externally only slightly less than the zygomatic arch.

MELANIN

Melanocytes are the cells that produce melanin, the dark pigment found in the hair and skin. The more melanin, the darker the skin. The distribution and size of pigment granules within melanocytes also influence skin color. Sun stimulates melanin production.

RECESSION

the withdrawal of a part from its normal position; same as depression.

NASAL - SURFACE BONES OF THE FACE

NASAL (2) The nasal bones lie directly inferior to the glabella. They form the bridge of the nose and the dome over the superior portion of the nasal cavity. Articulates with each other, forming bridge of nose and with the frontal bone, forming the root of the nose, which is specifically where the frontal bone meets the two nasal bones. NASAL CAVITY - Is the orifice (opening) in the face bounded by the margins of the nasa bones and the maxilla. The cavity is made up of 2 irregular-shaped spaces separated by cartilage, which makes up a small part of the septum. This area is used as a hidden injection point for tissue building the face.

ROY G. BIV

Newton's identification of the color spectrum: ◦ Red ◦ Orange ◦ Yellow ◦ Green ◦ Blue ◦ Indigo ◦ Violet

COMPLEXION - ABNORMAL VARIABLES

One's normal color complexion may vary due to: Blood discolorations due to trauma or hypostasis. Pigmentary discolorations as a result of: Disease, jaundice, decomposition, dehydration, postmortem staining, arterial injection fluid. Changes in skin moisture content due to: Emaciation, dehydration, dessication.

DEHYDRATION

Partial loss of moisture content

PRIMARY COLORS

Pigments from which all other colors are made. ◦ Red ◦ Yellow ◦ Blue

SECONDARY COLORS

Pigments from which all other colors are made. ◦ Red ◦ Yellow ◦ Blue

MASTIC COMPOUND

Putty-like substance; an absorbent sealing adhesive that can be injected under the skin or applied to surface tissues to establish skin contour

PRIMARY COLORS

RED - YELLOW - BLUE Pigments from which all other colors are made.

NOSE - CONVEX PROFILE

ROMAN, AQUILINE OR HOOKED; Curved, as the beak of an eagle, a nose that has a hook as seen from a profile; may exhibit a hump in the bridge.

MICRO RACES

Races within the three primary races.

EYE - SUPERIOR ORBITAL AREA

Region between the supercilium and superior palpebrae. Composed of muscle and fat, it tis deepest near the root of the nose.

COSMETICS - APPLIED TO:

Restore the deceased to a normal life-like appearance. Mask signs of trauma or injury. Create an even skin tone due to loss of color through embalming.

NOSE - CONVEX

Roman, aquiline or hooked. Curved, as the beak of an eagle, a nose that has a hook as seen from a profile; may exhibit a hump in the bridge.

MORPHOLOGY

SHAPE

TEMPORAL BONE - NAME THE PARTS

SQUAMA - like a fish scale; is the thing superior part of the temporal bone. The Temporal Cavity is immediately lateral (outside) the Squama, and this space houses the Temporalis muscle. ZYGOMATIC ARCH - a long, thin, arched process extending anteriorly from the squama to the zygomatic bone. It is considered the widest part of the face. MANDIBULAR FOSSA - A small oval depression or socket o n the underside of the temporal bone. The condyle of the mandible articulates in this depression. The mandibular fossa lies just anterior to the external auditory meatus. EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS - The opening of the ear passage located in front of the mastoid process MASTOID PROCESS - A rounded projection of the interior portion of the temporal bone just medial to the lobe of the ear. The sternocleidomastoid muscle attaches to the mastoid process. The widest part of the neck is measured by a straight line extending between the midpoints of the bellies of the two sternocleidomastoid muscles.

MAJOR CARTILAGES

Septum and superior lateral cartilage.

BRIDGE

Supported by the nasal bones, the bridge forms the arched portion of the nose. Dome over the nasal cavity. Point of greatest projection. The arched portion of the nose supported by the nasal bones.

JUXTAPOSITION

Simultaneous contrasts. Any 2 hues placed side-by-side (or superimposed) Hues modify each other in the direction of their complements. Enrich each other if complements Dull each other if not complements

EYES - SUNKEN

Situated as a depression; concave. -Support of the eyelids -Hypodermic tissue building

NOSE - CONCAVE

Snub, pug, infantine, or retroussé. Characterized by a dip in the bridge and turned up at the end.

TRANSLUCENT

Somewhat transparent; diffusion of light so that image is blurred.

BRUSHES - TYPES

Spreading brushes Stippling brushes Powder dusting brushes Tamping brushes Tinting brushes Blending brushes Lining brushes Highlighting brushes

EYE RESTORATION

Sunken eyes • Swollen eyelids • Discolored eyelids • Wrinkled eyelids • Protruding eyes • Lacerated eyes • Separated eyelids • Swollen orbital pouch • Dehydrated inner canthus • Eye enucleation

RESTORATION OF TISSUE EROSION & NASAL DISTORTIONS

Suture to maintain position. Splint-an appliance as of wood, metal, etc. used to keep in place or protect a displaced or moveable part (wire or pin). Pack Wax

SURFACE BONES OF THE HEAD (CRANIUM)

Temporal (2) Parietal (2) Occipital (1) Frontal (1) Ethmoid (1) Sphenoid (1)

BURNS - 4TH DEGREE

The absence of tissue that has been completely destroyed as the result of a burn. Complete incineration of tissue.

SUTURE

The act of sewing; also the completed stitch.

CANON OF BEAUTY

The ancient greeks created a canon or rule of judgement used to determine beauty. Sets a standard for the proportion of facial features. Defined as the norm of perfect proportions - the harmonious relationship of the features to each other and to the face.

NASAL SULCUS

The angular depression located between the anterior cheek and the wing of the nose.

DORSUM

The anterior ridge of the nose. The anterior protruding ridge of the nose extending from root to tip. It includes the bridge.

PROPORTIONAL RELATIONSHIP - THUMB & INDEX FINGER

The distance from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the finger is equal to the following measurements: The length of the ear The length of the nose The normal hairline to the root of the nose The base of the nose to the bottom of the chin Using the thumb & index finger as a unit of measure, hold the thumb parallel to the index finger.

NOSTRILS

The external openings of the nose located between the columna nasi and each wing.

SUPERCILIUM

The eyebrows Characteristics -3 parts: - (1) head or brow - (2) middle or body - (3) lateral or tail • Restoration -use wax and place hairs in wax

BASICE LINEAR FORM - CONCAVE PROFILE

The forehead protrudes beyond the eyebrows, and the chin protrudes beyond the Infantine Retrousse plane of the upper lip (least common type)

BASIC LINEAR FORM - CONVEX PROFILE

The forehead recedes posteriorly from the eyebrows, while the chin recedes from the plane of the upper lip (most common type)

SCAPHA

The fossa between the inner and outer rims of the ear. It is the shallowest depression of the ear.

EYE - OPTIC FACIAL SULCI (CROW'S FEET)

The furrows radiating laterally from the lateral corner of the eye - an acquired facial marking.

EYE - INFERIOR PALPEBRAL SULCUS

The groove or furrow of the inferior border of the inferior palpebral - an acquired facial marking.

NOSE

The nose is the most prominent feature of the face. The nose is the easiest feature to model, it's the most centrally located feature, and it projects beyond the mass of the face.

CRUS - OF THE HELIX

The origin of the helix that is flattened and ends in the concha.

JOEL E. CRANDALL

The science of Restorative Art was founded by Joel E. Crandall, an embalmer in New York City. •In the April 19, 1912 issue of "The Sunnyside", an article appeared stating the originator of the new demisurgery was Joel E. Crandall. He repaired a mutilated body and photos appeared showing the before and after conditions. •Crandall formulated cosmetics and a wax-like putty. •He practiced by mutilating plaster heads. •Crandall offered to travel to anywhere within a 400 mile radius of New York City. •He gave classes and limited the enrollment to 25 students for the month long session. •Crandall manufactured and sold kits containing all of the necessary instruments, supplies, etc. •Crandall used the term "demisurgery".

PHYSIOGNOMY

The study of the structures and surface markings of the face and features.

PROPORTIONAL RELATIONSHIP - HEAD

The widest part of the head is measured by the distance between the two parietal eminences.

EYES - DISCOLORED EYELIDS

Treatments include: - Bleaching - Cosmetizing

EMINENCES

USED AS BONY GUIDES TO THE EXTERNAL FORM OF THE HEAD

ATTACHMENT OF HEAD TO TRUNK

Use a splint or a dowel (a wooden or metal rod used as an armature) Insert into foramen magnum Attach to spinal column Align the head Suture muscles Apply filler-cotton dipped in Plaster of Paris and wrapped or other quick-setting material. Wax surface areas

EYELIDS - SIZE & FORM

Vertical comparison (standing) • Horizontal comparison (lying down) - the width is wider than the open eye - fold of skin above eyelid disappears - position of lateral end is lowered inferiorly - inner canthus becomes a slight eminence. Point of greatest projection is the middle of the upper lid - the external convexity is increased by the cornea. • Correct shape and form in natural repose (to lay at rest): - variations are generally not due to differences in the size of the eyeball, but variations in the orbital margin.

FACE - VERTICAL LINES

Vertical lines are used to determine the width of head features by using the width of the eye as a standard of measurement. 1. Draw a line down from the medial corner of each eye. This line will extend to the corner of the wing of the nose. 2. Extend a line down from the lateral corner of each eye. This line will extend to the sides of the face. 3. Extend a line down from the middle of the eye. this line will extend to the corner of the mouth. The face is 5 eyes wide from zygomatic arch to zygomatic arch. Extension from the medial end of each eye aligns with the base of the nose. Extension from the lateral corner of each eye aligns with the sides of the face. Extension from the middle of each eye aligns with the corners of the mouth.

ANTERIOR (VENTRAL)

before or in front of; an anatomical term of position and direction that denotes the front or forward part.

INFERIOR

beneath; lower in plane or position; the undersurface of an organ or indicating a structure below another structure; toward the feet (base); the chest is inferior to the neck.

SKULL

bony structures of head which consists of the cranium and face.

SYMMETRY

correspondence in size, shape, and relative position of parts that are on opposite sides of the face.

HORIZONTAL (TRANSVERSE)

cuts across the median plane at right angles (transverse). Horizontal Plane -divides the body into superior and inferior sections

NASO-ORBITAL FOSSA

depression superior to the medial portion of the superior palpebrae.

BILATERAL DIFFERENCES

dissimilarities existing in the two sides or half of an object.

ZYGOMATICUS MINOR - MOUTH

draw the lip superiorly and anteriorly.

ZYGOMATICUS MAJOR - LAUGHING MUSCLE

draws the lip posteriorly, superiorly, and anteriorly; known as the laughing muscle.

PROCERUS - NOSE MUSCLE

draws the skin of the forehead inferiorly. Contraction pulls the medial ends of the eyebrows down. Covers the bridge of the nose.

MENTALIS - MOUTH

elevates and protrudes the inferior lip; wrinkles the skin over the chin.

ACQUIRED FACIAL MARKINGS (11)

facial markings that develop during one's lifetime, primarily as a result of repetitious use of certain muscles. NASOLABIAL SULCUS TRANSVERSE FRONTAL SULCI INTERCILIARY SULCI OPTIC FACIAL SULCI (CROW'S FEET) SUPERIOR PALPEBRAL SULCUS INFERIOR PALPEBRAL SULCUS BUCCO-FACIAL SULCUS MANDIBULAR SULCUS LABIAL SULCI PLATYSMAL SULCI CORDS OF THE NECK

TRANSVERSE FRONTAL SULCI

furrow which cross the forehead.

NOSE - MAJOR CARTILAGE

gristle or white elastic substance attached to the ends of bones and forming parts of structures, such as the nasal septum and the framework of the ear.

NOSE - NASAL SPINE OF THE MAXILLA

indicates bony length; the sharp, bony projection located medially at the inferior margin of the nasal cavity.

SATURATION - ILLUMINATION

is a visual aspect indicating the vividness of the hue in the degree of difference from a gray of the same lightness.

MELANIN

protects the skin from the harmful rays of the sun and absorbs Ultraviolet Rays. People with darker skin are less likely to develop skin cancer than people with lighter complexions. The color of skin is determined by the amount of melanin, carotene, and blood present.

CHROMA - ILLUMINATION

refers to the brightness of the illumination.

HUE - ILLUMINATION

refers to the color of the illumination given off by the bulb.

INSERTION - MUSCLES

refers to the end of a muscle which is attached to a moveable part or to the skin. The pull of a muscle is applied to the place of insertion.

NATURAL FACIAL MARKINGS (9)

those that are present from birth; hereditary. PHILTRUM NASOLABIAL FOLD NASAL SULCUS OBLIQUE PALPEBRAL SULCUS ANGULUS ORIS EMINENCE ANGULUS ORIS SULCUS LABIOMENTAL SULCUS SUBMENTAL SULCUS DIMPLES

MEDIAL LOBE

tiny prominence on the midline of the superior mucous membrane; inferior to the philtrum.

POSTERIOR (DORSAL)

toward the rear or caudal end; toward the back; dorsal.

LATERAL

toward the side.

BILATERAL

two sides.

FRECKLES

uneven concentrations of melanin appearing as a dark spot, usually on the face.

INTEGUMENTARY LIPS

upper & lower, excludes the red lip areas; the skin-covered fleshy fold above and below the orifice of the mouth - from the base of the nose to the top of the chin.

NOSE - SEPTUM

vertical cartilage dividing the nasal cavity into two chambers, responsible for asymmetry of the nose; the right chamber is slightly larger.

CORDS OF THE NECK

vertical prominences of the neck.

FRONTAL HEAD VIEW - DIAMOND

widest across the cheekbones, narrowing in width in both the forehead and the jaws.

CHIN

• Four types of profiles: -Triangular -Round -Oval -Square

NOTCH

the indention between two projections.

PROFILE

the side view of the human head.

COSMETICS - EXTERNAL

Foundation -a basecoat Blush/rouge -a cheek color usually a powder or cream Lip color -usually lipstick or cream Mascara -used to darken the eyelashes Eye shadow -colored cosmetic applied to upper eyelid Eyeliner -applied as a line where eyelashes join the eyelid Eyebrow pencil -applied to give color to the eyebrows

OCCIPITOFRONTALIS (EPICRANIUS) - MUSCLE

The epicranius, draws the scalp posteriorly and anteriorly; a thin, flat, broad muscle covering the forehead, the apex of the head, and the back of the head. As this muscle contracts, it raises the eyebrows and forms the transverse frontal sulci; its function is expression. Its origin is across the base of the vertical portion of the occipital bone. The fibers extend upward.

FRONTAL HEAD VIEW - OVAL

(most common)- a frontal head form in which the head is generally egg- shaped, with the cranium slightly wider than the jaws.

EYE - BONY MARGINS

(the boundary or edge) of the orbital cavity.

GLABELLA

(1) -a single bony prominence of the frontal bone located between the superciliary arches in the inferior part of the frontal bone above the root of the nose-not apparent on all foreheads.

FRONTAL EMINENCES

(2) -paired, rounded, unmargined prominences of the frontal bone found approximately one inch beneath the normal hairline (upper 2/3 of forehead).

SUPERCILIARY ARCHES

(2) -the inferior part of the forehead just superior to the median ends of the eyebrows.

RISORIOUS - FALSE SMILE

(false smile) draws the angles of the mouth anteriorly.

LABIAL SULCI

(furrows of age) the vertical furrows of each lip extending from within the mucous membranes into the integumentary lips.

FRONTAL HEAD VIEW - ROUND

(infantine)- a frontal head form in which the head exhibits maximum curvature.

FRONTAL HEAD VIEW - TRIANGULAR

(least common) - a frontal head from in which the face is wider between the angles of the mandible than it is at the forehead; representing a triangle in shape; formed by three lines and having three angles.

DENTAL PROGNATHISM

1. Use of wet cotton slings -two narrow wet strips of cotton placed over integumentary lips, overlapped, and usually left overnight or until cosmetizing. • 2. Cleaningteeth which are to be seen - use clear nail polish. 3. Gluinglips. • 4. Use of pledget (a small ball, cylinder, or tuft, often made of cotton) of cotton behind the receding lip. 5. Use of mouth former(a device used in the mouth for shaping the contour of the lips) with grated surface. • 6. Waxing-a restorative modeling or surface material composed of beeswax, paraffin, starch, etc. and a coloring pigment which will soften at body temperature and will reflect light in a manner similar to normal skin.

BURNS

A burn refers to oxidizing or to cause to be oxidized by fire or equivalent means (combustion). A burn is also a tissue reaction or injury resulting from the application of heat, extreme cold, caustics, radiation, friction, or electricity. 1. Open flame causes blisters or seared patches . 2. Scalds cause blisters, but usually doesn't affect hair. 3. An explosion bleaches the skin. 4. Radiant heat whitens the skin. 5. Chemicals create a dark or yellowish color stain. 6. Gasoline causes blisters on the skin but doesn't affect the tissue underneath. Categories of burns. 1st degree 2nd degree 3rd degree 4th degree

COSMETIZING - FACE

A concealer foundation is selected and applied. A darker color for complexion is selected and applied. A blush/rouge is selected and applied. The warm areas are highlighted. Lip color is applied. Powder is applied.

LIP COLOR

A cosmetic used to color the mucous membrane of the lips. Purpose in mortuary application is to reproduce the natural coloration of the lips. Purpose in life is to create a distinctive coloration on the lips more colorful than the natural color. There is no one perfect color to be used for lips on all bodies. Each case will vary. The art of blending cosmetics is developed by knowledge of color theory and experience through trial and error.

COMPLEXION

A term that applies to color and the texture of the skin. The skin color varies as a result of the differences in the color of the pigment within and under the epidermis and the dermis.

EYE - NASAL ORBITAL FOSSA

A triangular concave depression superior to the medial portion of the superior palpebrae.

REFLECTION

A white object reflects all the colors in white light equally.

LACERATION

A wound or irregular tear of the flesh

JAUNDICE

Also known as icterus, jaundice is a condition characterized by excessive concentrations of bilirubin and bile pigment in the skin and tissues, resulting in a yellow appearance of the deceased. As a result of an oxidation and reduction process that occurs with the introduction of arterial chemicals, the bilirubin is converted to biliverdin. This results in the yellowish condition reverting to a green appearance which may be extreme in certain cases (see page 195 in the RA text). Jaundice treatment options. Use jaundice fluids. Use a pre-injection fluid (if edema is not present). Use a co-injection with a low index arterial solution to retard the oxidation and reduction process. Use of fluid dyes in conjunction with the arterial treatment. Certain types of fluorescent lighting will also moderately affect the discoloration. Use of cosmetics to cover the discoloration. The use of an air brush is highly effective in covering the discoloration. Pre-embalming treatments include the use of massage creams and soap with warm water prior to arterial injection. Although not proven to be a highly effective treatment, some benefit may be gained. During injection, the use of a pre-injection fluid may be helpful if edema is not present to aid in flushing out the discoloration. Consider a restricted cervical injection which will allow the body from the neck down to be treated with a stronger solution. Keep in mind that there will however still be some collateral circulation to the head and face. Use of cavity fluid as arterial fluid. Use extreme caution and always be certain that the manufacturer indicates the fluid can be used for jaundice. Use of the relative counterstaining method. This concept involves the use of cosmetic dyes with arterial solutions to treat the jaundice condition. Use of bleaching co-injection (for mild jaundice cases). Preservation is most important in the preparation of a jaundiced body. The body can always be treated with opaque cosmetics to hide the discoloration.

CHARLES O. DHONAU

Charles O. Dhonau, in 1915 suggested to do work in the same light as that in which the body will rest. This same principle applies today.

LOSS OF TEETH

Changes resulting from the loss of teeth. As you age there is a reduction in the size of the jaws due to loss of teeth. Also a reduction in vertical length of face. And, alterations of the jaw.

TREATMENT - UNPRESERVED AREA

Compresses Utilize special fluids or embalming gel, wrap. Application of fluid packs Apply cavity, phenol or other fluid packs and cover with plastic for a specified time period. Hypodermic injection of affected areas Hypodermically treat all areas surrounding the unpreserved areas as well.

CONCHA

Concave shell of the ear; the deepest depression of the ear located posterior and superior to the ear passage.

PALATINE BONES - SURFACE BONES OF THE FACE

Consist of 2 bones that are located at the back part of the nasal cavity behind the maxillae. These bones help form the back part of the roof of the mouth, part of the floor and outer wall of the nasal cavity, and a very small portion of the floor of the orbit.

EYE- SUPERCILIUM

EYEBROWS - Hair that grows up and outward and is unequal in length. It is denser near the glabella.

EYE - CILIA

EYELASHES - The fringe of hair edging the eyelids. Irregular in length and spacing with cilia a the end of the line of eye closure. The cilia on the upper lid turn up and on the lower lid turn down.

PROPORTIONAL RELATIONSHIP - 4 MEASUREMENTS ARE EQUAL

Ear passage to the tip of the nose Eyebrow to the base of the chin Hairline to the base of the nose Ear passage to ear passage Also, The height of an average adult is seven to eight heads tall. The width of the face is two-thirds the length of the face.

SWOLLEN LIPS - TREATING

Electric spatula(heat compress) • Aspiration-the drawing out of liquids or gases by means of suction • External pressure-weight applied to a surface

INTERMEDIATE COLORS

Equal amounts of combinations of adjacent primary and secondary colors.

CONCURRENT R.A. TREATMENTS

Establish good preservation to tissues through massage, arterial injection Apply compresses to control swelling Apply massage cream to vital areas such as the lips, eyelids, general facial areas

PRE-EMBALMING R.A. TREATMENTS

Eyes, mouth and lip closure Shaving facial hair Alignment of bone structure Alignment of torn tissues and deep cuts Removal of loose or torn epidermis Drainage of skin eruptions, blisters, scabs Removal of surface stains, adhesive tape Clean skin, hair, and areas of face and hands Shaving facial hair Eyes, mouth and lip closure Shaving facial hair Alignment of bone structure Alignment of torn tissues and deep cuts Removal of loose or torn epidermis Drainage of skin eruptions, blisters, scabs Removal of surface stains, adhesive tape Clean skin, hair, and areas of face and hands Alignment of bone structure Alignment of torn tissues and deep cuts Removal of loose or torn epidermis Drainage of skin eruptions, blisters, scabs Removal of surface stains, adhesive tape Clean skin, hair, and areas of face and hands

BILATERAL CURVATURES - 4 SURFACES OF THE FACE

FOREHEAD CHEEKS SUPERIOR INTEGUMENTARY LIP CHIN

FRONTAL BONE - NAME THE PARTS

FRONTAL EMINENCES - (2) rounded prominences on either side of the median line and a little inferior to the center of the frontal bone. A warm-color area of the face. SUPRAORBITAL MARGIN - (2) The superior rim of the eye socket. SUPERCILIARY ARCHES - (2) The inferior part of the forehead just superior to the medial ends of the eyebrows. GLABELLA - (1) An elevation located between the superciliary arches on the inferior part of the frontal bone immediately above the root of the nose. The root is the point at which the two nasal bones touch the frontal bone. It is inferior to the glabella.

PHYSIOGNOMICAL MARKINGS

FURROW GROOVE FOLD

FACIAL MARKINGS

Facial Markings Include: WRINKLES DEPRESSIONS PROJECTIONS Factors responsible for facial markings: Heredity - natural facial markings Age - loss of muscular tone causes sagging of tissue; gravitational pull inferiorly. Environment - sun, harsh exposure, chemicals, etc. in workplace. Muscle striation and action - repetition leaves hollows, folds, furrows, prominences; usually more noticeable in men because they have less adipose tissue. Position of the body - Effect of gravity on muscle sagging loss of muscle tone causes sagging and a gravitational pull inferiorly. Erect vs. supine position a person in a supine (horizontal) position has a gravitational pull both laterally and posteriorly. Condition of the body - Traumatic or pathological condition Corpulence vs. emaciation Pathological condition - diseased; due to disease. Corpulence - having an abnormal amount of fat on the body. Emaciation - excessive leanness; a wasted condition resulting in sunken surfaces of the face.

OCCIPITAL -

Forms the lowest part of the back & base of the cranium. Acts as a cradle for the brain. Articulates with the parietal bone at the lambdoidal suture and the Temporal bone at the squamosal suture. Foramen magnum - an opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord, spinal arteries and nerves pass. It is located midway between two mastoid processes. This opening can assist in securing the head to the body in a decapitation death.

COSMETIC - FOUNDATION

Foundation is a complexion cosmetic that acts as a base for additional colored cosmetics. May be applied with brush, sponge or fingers. For light skin, select a foundation that is a shade darker than the deceased's skin color. This will more accurately mimic normal skin color. For dark skin, the foundation should match the skin color. When applying, blend well into the skin and also a short distance into the area to avoid distinct lines of demarcation between the two areas.

ILLUMINATION - DIMENSIONS OF COLOR

HUE - refers to the color of the illumination given off by the bulb. CHROMA - refers to the brightness of the illumination. SATURATION - is a visual aspect indicating the vividness of the hue in the degree of difference from a gray of the same lightness.

TRANSPARENT

Having the property of transmitting rays of light through its substance. TRANSPARENT LIQUID PROS- Does not cake or clump on skin Does not rub off easily Does not give a pasty appearance Dries quickly Easily removed from hair CONS Limited color choice Does not cover discolorations May be dehydrating Does not cover or work well with wax Can collect in deep pores and appear to be darker than the rest of the skin.

TORCHIERE LIGHTS - REPOSING ROOM

In conjunction with recessed lights are also very popular and effective.

INFERIOR MUCOUS MEMBRANE OR LOWER LIP

Is thicker than the superior mucous membrane. Lies posterior to the upper mucous membrane.

WINGS

Located between the nasal sulcus and the lobe of the nose, each wing lies along the inferior margin of the side of the nose. Lateral lobes of the nose. the widest part of the nose bordered by the nasal sulcus and the anterior nares.

EYE - LINE OF CLOSURE

Located on the inferior1/3 of the orbital cavity: - it's gently curved - it is equal to the width of the eyeball + the canthus • The lateral end is always posterior to the medial end.

GLABELLA

Located superior to the root of the nose, the glabella is an eminence of the forehead found between the eyebrows.

FLUORESCENT LIGHT

Long tubular bulb coated on its inner surface with phosphor an containing mercury vapor. Electrons from the cathode provides UV light causing phosphor to emit visible light.

SKULLS - MALE & FEMALE

Male & female skulls are the same until puberty.7 After puberty: The female skull is lighter and smaller than that of the male. The cranial capacity of the female is about 10% less in area than a male.

MAXILLA - SURFACE BONES OF THE FACE

MAXILLA (2) The maxillae are the bones of the upper jaw. They form the skeletal base for most of the superior portion of the face, anterior roof of the mouth, sides and floor of the nasal cavity, and floor of the orbits. Articulates with each other at the midline, forming the nasal spine, a small bony process. PROCESSES OF THE MAXILLA EMINENCES / PROCESSES - Frontal processes of maxilla - the ascending part of the upper jaw, which gradually protrudes as it rises beside the nasal bone to meet the frontal bone. ALVEOLAR PROCESS - The ridge of thick, spongy bone surrounding the alveoli of the teeth. PALATINE PROCESS - Forms the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth. Part of the nasal cavity and part of the orbital cavity. ZYGOMATIC PROCESS - Where the temporal bone joins the zygomatic bone. DENTAL PROGNATHISM (BUCK TEETH) Can occur in this bone. The point where the two maxilla meet form a sharp bony process known as the nasal spine. The nasal spine creates the inferior border of the nasal skeleton.

PORES

Minute depressions in the surface of the skin; as the opening of the sweat glands.

ADDITIVE METHOD - MIXING COLOR ILLUMINATION

Mixing colored lights on a surface with each having same wavelengths; adding 2 or more lights together to create another light.

SURFACE BONES OF THE FACE

Nasal (2) -lie directly inferior to the glabella and form the bridge of the nose and dome over superior portion of nasal cavity. Zygomatic (2) -The diamond-shaped bones that form the cheekbones. Maxilla (2) -a paired bone with several processes that form the skeletal base of most of the superior face, roof of the mouth, sides of the nasal cavity, and floor of the orbit (upper jaw bone). Mandible -the horseshoe-shaped bone forming the inferior jaws (lower jaw bone & chin). Vomer -single bone along the midline of nasal cavity. Forms part of the septum. Lacrimal (2) -located in the medial wall of each orbit between the ethmoid and maxillary bones (shape of fingernail). Palatine (2) -located in back part of the nasal cavity behind the maxillae. Help form back part of roof of mouth.

DISPERSION

Newton's process of breaking up a beam of sunlight into its individual colors using a glass prism.

OPAQUE

Not allowing light to pass through; conceals. OPAQUE CREAM PROS Most creams help prevent dehydration Choice of light or heavy thickness Covers discolorations Covers wax Mixes with wax CONS May appear to be pasty May discolor hair May clump if not applied properly Rubs off easily Needs powder application to dry Stains clothing

SECONDARY COLORS

ORANGE - GREEN - PURPLE Equal amounts of combinations of two primary colors.

WARM HUES

ORANGE - Is the warmest hue RED YELLOW Warm hues have longer wavelengths Create impression of warmth Make objects appear closer and larger

SKULL - MALE & FEMALE

OVAL SHAPED - when observed from a front, side or top view. Male skulls are larger and thicker than female skull bones.

SURFACE BONES OF THE HEAD/CRANIUM

Occipital bone (1) -lowest part of the back and base of the cranium, forming a cradle for the brain. Parietal bones (2) -two bones that form the roof and part of the sides of the skull. Temporal bones (2) -inferior portion of the sides and base of the cranium, lies below (inferior to) the parietal bones and in front of (anterior to) the Frontal bone (1) -anterior 1/3 of the cranium forming the forehead and parts of the eye socket and most of the anterior of the cranial floor. Ethmoid (1) -a horizontal plate that forms the roof of the nasal cavity and closes the anterior part of the base of the cranium. Sphenoid (1) -located at the anterior part of the base of the skull and binds cranial bones together.

OVAL

Oval from 3 views front side Crown-the topmost part of the head (vertex).

PARIETAL

PARIETAL (2) These bones create the superior portion of the sides and back of the cranium as well as the posterior 2/3 of the roof of the cranium. Parietal articulates with the occipital bone a the lambdoidal suture, temporal bone at the squamosal suture, frontal bone at the coronal suture, and the opposite side parietal at the sagittal suture. The parietal eminence, which are marked convexities on the outer surfaces of the parietal bones, are considered the widest part of the cranium. The highest part of the cranium is known as the vertex. The crown is an area at the top of the cranium delineated by connecting four points together. The four points are the two frontal eminences and the two parietal eminences. The area above these four points is know as the crown, as these four points are where a king's crown would rest.

RESTORATIVE ART - TIME PERIODS

Pre-embalming: restoration performed before the embalming procedure. Concurrent: treatments of a restorative nature performed during the embalming operation. Post-embalming: treatments of a restorative nature performed after the embalming operation.

MASTOID PROCESS

Process(2)-the rounded projection on the inferior portion of the temporal bones just posterior to the lobe of the ear. (part of temporal bone)- located immediately behind and below the ear passage. The lobe is usually just below this projection.

INCANDESCENT LIGHT

Produced by electricity running through a filament bulb. High in yellow color.

PROGNATHISM

Projection of the jaw, or jaws beyond the projection of the forehead.

NOSE - CONCAVE PROFILE

SNUB, PUG, INFANTINE, OR RETROUSEE; characterized by a dip in the bridge and turned up at the end.

EYE - INNER CANTHUS

Small elevation extending medially and obliquely from the medial corner of the superior palpebrae. There are no eyelashes here.

SHADOW

Surfaces which do not lie a t right angles to the source of illumination or are obscured by other surfaces and which reflect little or no light.

CAVITIES

Temporal Cavity (2) -the concave surface of the head overlying the temporal bone. Orbital Cavities -the bony sockets which contain and protect the eyeball--it's quadrilateral in outline.

TEMPORALIS - MUSCLE

Temporalis muscles (2) - closes (by elevation) the mandible; used in mastication and are the strongest chewing muscles; fan-shaped originating at the superior and posterior margins of the temporal bone. It is thin at its origin becoming thicker and helping fill the temporal cavity as its fibers approach and pass under the zygomatic arch converging at their insertion around the coronoid process on the anterior end of the ramus of the mandible that serves for attachment of the temporalis muscle of the mandible.

FACIAL MARKING

The "character" lines, wrinkles, grooves, cords, and dimples of the face and neck.

HUE

The 1st dimension of color; the property of a color which distinguishes it from others. An unadulterated color by achromatic colors.

VALUE

The 2nd dimension of color Deals with Lightness or Darkness (Tint or Shade)

INTENSITY

The 3rd dimension of color Deals with Purity, Brightness and Dullness

LATERAL MARGINS OF THE EYE-SOCKET

The anterior edge as it dips concavely between the forehead and cheekbone corresponds with the position of the lateral corner of the closed eyelids. The edge of the lateral margin is posterior to the median margin because of the bilateral curvature of the skull.

SUPERIOR INTEGUMENTARY LIP

The area between the base of the nose and the superior margin of the superior mucous membrane.

INFERIOR INTEGUMENTARY LIP

The area between the inferior margin of the inferior mucous membrane and the mental eminence.

CASKET VEIL

The casket veil is a see through piece of sheer cloth placed over the open side of the casket. The casket veil may be useful and appropriate under certain circumstances such as viewing when major restoration was performed. A casket veil is also useful in overcoming problems created by bright daylight.

BASICE LINEAR FORM VERTICAL/BALANCED

The chin, forehead, and upper lip all project to an imaginary line. Not any one feature protrudes or recedes more than the other two.

ROOT

The concave recession located along the superior portion of the dorsum, immediately below the forehead. The apex (top) of the pyramidal mass of the nose, which lies directly inferior to the forehead. The concave dip inferior to the forehead.

EYEBROWS

The eyebrows are considered one of the most expressive features of the face. Eyebrows will vary for every individual. The normal eyebrow usually grows in a pattern that is angled upward and outward towards the distal edge of the brow. In youth, the brow follows the well-defined line of the supraorbital margin. In advanced age, the pattern will change in direction. The most flattering eyebrow alignment follows the supraorbital margin; those that are too straight or slanted tend to be less attractive (Sanders).

PROPORTIONAL RELATIONSHIP - NOSE

The face is 3 noses long The length of the nose is equal to the length of the ear. The width of the nose at the wings is equal to the width of an eye.

FACE - HORIZONTAL LINES

The face is divided by 8 lines, which create 6 zones. 1. Divide the face in two equal halves by drawing a line at the: a. Vertex (top) of the cranium b. The line of eye closure c. Base of the chin 2. Divide the face in three equal parts by drawing lines through the: a. Hairline b. Eyebrows ( & tip of the ear) c. Base of Nose (& base of the earlobe) d. Base of Chin 3. Divide the area between the base of the nose and the base of the chin into three equal parts by drawing lines through: a. Base of Nose b. Line of lip closure c. Top of chin d. Base of chin Divisions of width. The basic unit for the width of the face is the width of one eye. The distance between the eyes is the width of one eye. The width across the base of the nose is the width of one eye. The distance between the outer corners of the eyes is the distance of three eyes. The distance between the zygomatic arches is the widest part of the face. The widest part of face is equal to 2/3 the length of the face. The width of the mouth equals the width of two eyes. The corners of the mouth are vertically aligned with the middle of the eyes. The width of the mouth is two times the width of the base of the nose.

EYE - SUPERIOR PALPEBRAL SULCUS

The groove or furrow of the superior border of the superior plapebrae - an acquired facial marking.

STANDARDIZED PROPORTIONS OF THE FACE

The length of the face is measured from the normal hairline to the base of the chin. The length of the nose equals the length of the ear. The ear is equal from the base of the nose to the base of the chin. The length of the ear equals the length of the outer corner of the eyelid to the ear passage. The line of closure of the mouth lies halfway between the base of the nose and the top of the chin. The eyes are located halfway between the vertex of the cranium and the base of the chin.

MOUTH - CHARACTERISTICS

The mouth and chin areas constitute the lower 1/3 of the face. The chin occupies the lower 1/3 of that 1/3 of the face. The mouth consists of two large fleshy folds of tissue which meet at the orifice containing the teeth and the tongue. Each of the fleshy folds have distinctive parts and the manner in which they connect or abut each other forms additional parts.

MOUTH

The mouth is the center of expression, especially the corners of the mouth. Several pairs of muscles encircle the mouth. They have linear, triangular, or quadrangular forms or outlines and pull upon the soft: parts of which they are attached. They converge toward the mouth from all sides and they affect its appearance. They also affect the appearance of the anterior cheeks and chin. The cavity in which mastication takes place. The beginning of the alimentary canal.

NASAL CAVITY

The orifice in the bony face bounded by the margins of the nasal bones and the maxilla.

NOSE - NASAL CAVITY

The orifice in the bony face bounded by the margins of the nasal bones and the maxilla.

HELIX

The outer rim of the ear has the general shape of a question mark. It begins superior to the lobe and ends by attaching to the cheek.

EPIDERMIS

The outermost layer of skin

NASAL BONES

The paired nasal bones are inferior to the glabella, forming a dome over the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

NOSE - NASAL BONES

The paired nasal bones are inferior to the glabella, forming a dome over the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

PREPARATION ROOM LIGHTING

The primary lighting system must be brighter than in the reposing room. Ideal lighting is a recessed fluorescent light fixture with diffusing plastic panels to eliminate shadows and increase efficiency in all aspects of embalming. Auxiliary lighting is recommended in the area where the body is to be cosmetized, dressed and casketed.

DECAPITATION

The separation of the head from the body. To decapitate is the act of such separation. Embalming treatment of head and trunk is performed separately.

EYE- OBLIQUE PALPEBRAL SULCUS

The shallow, dark, curving groove below the medial corner of he eyelid. It moves inferior and laterally - a natural facial marking.

NORMAL SKULL- GEOMETRIC FORM

The shape of a plane figure determined by its outline, such as rounded, oval, square, etc.

NASAL SPINE OF THE MAXILLA

The sharp, bony projection located medially at the inferior margin of the nasal cavity. This indicated the bony length of the nose.

COLUMNA NASI

The skin partition located between the nostrils. The fleshy termination of the nasal septum at the base of the nose located between the nostrils. the most inferior part of the nose.

CRURA - OF THE ANTIHELIX

The superior and anterior bifurcating branches of the antihelix.

PROPORTIONAL RELATIONSHIP - EYES

The superior border of the ear is on the same horizontal plane as the eyebrows. The inferior border of the ear is on the same horizontal plane as the base of the nose. The face is three ears long.

EYE- SUPRAORBITAL MARGIN

The superior rim of the eye socket located on the frontal bone.

EYE - SUPERIOR PALPEBRAE UPPER EYELID

The upper lid is wider than the lower lid. Vertically, it is nearly three times as large as lower lid. When naturally closed, it covers the cornea. The lower margin is what forms the line of eye closure. m The point of greatest projection for the closed eye is just off center medially.

SUPERIOR MUCOUS MEMBRANE OR UPPER LIP

The upper margin has the shape of the classic hunting bow. the medial lobe is found in the center of the membrane. Narrows laterally as it disappears before reaching the end of the line of closure. Contains two high peaks slightly off center on either side of a dipping curve.

MUCOUS MEMBRANE

The visible red surfaces of the lips; the lining membrane of body cavities that open to the exterior.

MANDIBLE - ANGLE

The widest part of the jaw -a bony angle formed by the junction of the posterior edge of the ramus of the mandible and the inferior surface of the body of the mandible. It influences the form of the head as it may be turned inward or outward adjusting width, etc. The measurement is similar to the distance between the zygomatic bones.

WARM COLOR AREAS OF THE SKIN

These are areas of the skin surface which during life are naturally reddened. Cosmetics will be applied to these areas to restore the warmth that red coloring gives. Areas on the face include: Cheeks, chin, ears, lips, forehead Areas on the hands include: Knuckles, fingernails, cuticles

EYES - PROTRUDING

This conditions is caused by the projection of the eyeball and is uncommon. External pressure • Cranial aspiration by puncturing the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone; - through the nostrils - release gases due to putrefaction - The cribiform plate is the horizontal surface of the ethmoid bone (which separates the nasal cavity from the cranial cavity) Aspiration behind the eyeball • Aspiration inside the eyeball • Removal of the humor(any liquid or semi-liquid of the body, as the aqueous or vitreous humor of the eyeball) of the eyeball

COSMETIC - BLUSH OR ROUGE

This is a cosmetic used to recreate the natural red coloring in the warm color areas of the skin caused by the blood. Liquid and cream blushes are the most common types used in mortuary cosmetology and can be applied over the foundation with a brush, sponge, puff or the fingers before using a drying powder. The location of the blush on the cheek depends upon the age of the deceased. The coloring should be faint and barely visible. The location of the pat of color will be adjusted below the plane of the cheek and the center of the eye (refer to page 176 in the text).

ALBINISM

a hereditary absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes.

DEPRESSOR LABII INFERIORIS - QUADRATUS

a muscle of facial expression which draws the lower lip inferiorly and slightly lateral; also known as the Quadratus muscle.

LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS-MOUTH

a muscle of facial expression which elevates and extends the upper lip.

LEVATOR ANGULI ORIS - MOUTH

a muscle of facial expression which elevates the angle of the mouth; contributes to nasolabial fold.

LEVATOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIS - EYE MUSCLE

a muscle of facial expression which raises the upper eyelid; a thin, flat muscle that originates deep in the roof of the orbit. Its fibers extend downward into the upper eyelids for insertion. During the aging process it forms a fold of tissue across the upper eyelid.

PROJECTION

a part extending beyond the level of its surroundings in varying degrees. TYPES OF PROJECTIONS: ARCH CONDYLE CONVEX EMINENCE PROCESS PROMINENCE

CORRUGATOR - MUSCLE

a pyramid-shaped muscle of facial expression which draws the eyebrows inferiorly and medially; causes frowning.

INNER CANTHUS

a small elevation extending medially and obliquely from the medial corner of the superior palpebrae.

SURFACE PLANE

a surface exhibiting a minimum curvature but differing in direction from the adjacent surface.

GROOVE

an elongated depression in a relatively level plane or surface.

FORAMEN MAGNUM

an opening in the occipital bone through which passes the spinal cord from the brain (use for repair of a decapitation).

ORIFICE

an opening or entrance to any body cavity.

PROCESS

an outgrowth such as on the surface of a bone.

SUPERIOR

anatomically towards the head (vertex); the eyes are superior to the mouth.

ORBICULARIS ORIS - MOUTH - PUCKERING MUSCLE

closes the lips, encircles the mouth. It is a large, thick muscle contained within the upper and lower lips. Also referred to as the Puckering muscle. It covers the entire area between the base of the nose and the top of the chin. Both the origin and insertion are in the skin. The fibers of the muscles intercross with all other muscles of the mouth.

CRANIOFACIAL MORPHOLOGY

refers tot he different shapes that the face, cranium, and facial features assume.

SUPRAORBITAL AREA

region between the supercilium and the superior palpebrae.

STERNOCLEIDOMASTOIDEUS - NECK

rotate and depress the head; used to measure the widest point of the neck.

CONDYLE

rounded eminence at the articulating end of a bone.

CONVEX

rounded surface as the exterior of an arc or segment of a circle; curved evenly; resembling a segment of the outer edge of a sphere.

CORONOID PROCESS - MANDIBLE

shaped like a crow's beak; the anterior process of the ramus of the mandible to which the temporalis muscle attaches.

RESTORATIVE ART

the care of the deceased to recreate natural form and color. There are two divisions noted in the definition. Two Divisions of R.A. •The re-establishment of natural contour or form to the visible surfaces. •The establishment of normal skin color. •The term, Restorative Art was first used in August of 1927 at the Minnesota State convention. •However, the term was not adopted until the 1930's. •RA was used as a "label" for specialized postmortem treatment. •Restorative art procedures were actually established in 1912 and referred to as "demisurgery".

INCISIVE FOSSA -MANDIBLE

the depression between the mental eminence and the inferior incisor teeth.

WIDTH

the dimension of an object measured across from side to side.

NASOLABIAL FOLD

the eminence of the cheek adjacent to the mouth; extending from the superior part of the posterior margin of the wing of the nose to the side of the mouth.

EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS

the external opening of the ear passage. Primary structure used for locating the ear.

MANDIBULAR SULCUS

the furrow beneath the jaw line which rises vertically on the cheek.

INFERIOR PALPEBRAL SULCUS

the furrow of the lower attached border of the inferior palpebrae.

ANGULUS ORIS EMINENCE

the small convex prominence found lateral to the end of the line of closure of the mouth.

PROTRUSION

the state or condition of being thrust forward or projecting; same as projection.

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

the study of humans as a biological species with interest in evolution and modern human variation

SUPRAORBITAL MARGINS

the superior rim of the eye sockets.

PLATYSMAL SULCI

the transverse, dipping furrow of the neck.

BUCCO-FACIAL SULCUS

the vertical furrow of the cheek.

PHILTRUM

the vertical groove located medially on the superior lip.

INTERCILIARY SULCI

the vertical or transverse furrows between the eyebrows.

RAMUS - MANDIBLE

the vertical portion of the mandible.

SQUAMA

the vertical surface of the temporal bone; scale-like, thin, and translucent. Any impact causes swollen and discolored eyes.

MUCOUS MEMBRANES

the visible red surfaces of the lips -in color, the two red lips aren't identical. There is generally less red in the upper lip and the color may also vary in the width.

CAROTENE

the yellow pigment of the skin.

PLATYSMA - NECK

wrinkles the skin of the neck and chest; depress the mandible and inferior lip; runs obliquely up the side of the neck towards the mental symphasis and the angle of the jaw.

EYES - SEPARATED EYELID TREATMENTS

• Adhesives-substances which may be applied in order to sustain contact of two surfaces • Stretching the eyelids • Incising the levator palpebrae superioris (not recommended) • Use perforated eyecap(a thin, dome-like shell made of hardened cloth, metal, or plastic placed beneath eyelids to restore natural curvature and to maintain position of posed eyelids). • Total excision and rebuilding with wax • Partial excision and retaining the eyelashes Excision of tissue should be last resort.

EYES - SWOLLEN EYELIDS

• External pressure during embalming • Aspiration of blood and serum • Cavity fluid compress • Dehydrating agents • Surgical reduction of fat in orbit • Electric spatula

EYES - DEHYDRATED INNER CANTHUS

• Gluing (not as useful as waxing) • Waxing

MICRO RACES - ASIATIC

• Local races found within: -Northern Asia -Central Asia -Eastern Asia -Indonesia • American Indians and other indigenous people of Western Hemisphere are traditionally included among Asiatic race. DISTINCTIONS: • Nose -Low root and bridge, med. width, concave • Eyes -Sloping, outer canthus superior to inner • Ear -Long, narrow, large free lobes, unrolled helix • Lips -Medium, non-elevated • Skull shape -Shorter length, vertical forehead, no supraorbital margin

SUBMENTAL SULCUS

the junction of the base of the chin and the submandibular area, which may appear as a furrow.

PINNA

EAR - General characteristics -length is 1/3 of face; width of the ear is 2/3 of its length; irregular in form. Anatomical guides-descriptive references for locating anatomical structures by means of the anatomical structures which are known.

FOUNDATION

Foundation is a complexion cosmetic that acts as a base for additional colored cosmetics. May be applied with brush, sponge or fingers. For light skin, select a foundation that is a shade darker than the deceased's skin color. This will more accurately mimic normal skin color. For dark skin, the foundation should match the skin color. When applying, blend well into the skin and also a short distance into the area to avoid distinct lines of demarcation between the two areas.

MANDIBLE - SURFACE BONES OF THE FACE

MANDIBLE (1) The horseshoe shaped bone forming the lower jaw. It consists of 2 portions - The BODY & the RAMUS. BODY (1)- The curve shaped, horizontal, and lowest part of the lower jaw. It contains alveolar processes for the teeth, as the maxilla does. RAMUS (2)- The vertical portions of the mandible. It is wide, flat, and quadrilateral in shape. MENTAL EMINENCE - A triangular projection on the inferior of the anterior mandible. INCISIVE FOSSA - The area between the mental eminence and the inferior incisor teeth. CORONOID PROCESS - A thin, flattened process projecting from the anterior portion of the upper border of the ramus. Serves as the insertion of the Temporalis muscle of mastication (chewing) from the temporal cavity above, which may need injections of tissue builder. CONDYLE - A rounded eminence at the articulating posterior process of the ramus. Can be associated with a dislocated jaw. ANGLE OF THE MANDIBLE - The angle formed by the junction of the posterior edge of the ramus and the inferior surfaces of the body of the mandible. It influences the form of the head from a frontal view. BI-MANDIBULAR WIDTH - Is measured by a straight line between the 2 angles of the mandible and is used in photographic analysis for restoration.

PROGNATHISM - TYPES

MAXILLARY - the superior jaw (maxilla) protrudes. MANDIBULAR - The inferior jaw (mandible) protrudes. DENTAL (BUCK TEETH) - Oblique insertion of the teeth; front teeth protrude. ALVEOLAR - Sockets of the teeth are inclined. Abnormal protrusion of the alveolar process(es). INFRANASAL - The base of the nasal cavity protrudes abnormally.

EYE - INFERIOR PALPEBRAE OR LOWER EYELID

The lower lid is narrower and thinner than the upper lid. It follows the curve of the eyeball and inclines from the line of closure. The upper lid overlaps the lower lid at the lateral end of the lower lid.

FACIAL PROPORTIONS

The mathematical relationships of the facial features to one another and/or to the head and face.

ZYGOMATIC - SURFACE BONES OF THE FACE

ZYGOMATIC (2) The diamond-shaped bones that form the cheekbones. They are located on the frontal and lateral planes of the face. The bones form part of the inferior and lateral surfaces of the orbital cavity. Articulates with Temporal Process of the Zygomatic. Embryonically, the Zygomatic Arch is made form three primary ossification centers which grow together to form the arch. when the arch is completely fused, it has 3 parts from anterior to posterior. 1. Zygomatic Bone 2. Temporal Process of Zygomatic 3. Zygomatic Process of Temporal, which completes the arch attaching it to the temporal bone. The arch point the way to the ear and cuts its length in half. The widest part of the anterior plane of the face is measured by a straight line from the midpoint of one zygomatic bone to the midpoint of the opposite zygomatic bone. Acts as an area for rouge cosmetics.

SUPERIOR PALPEBRAL SULCUS

the furrow of the superior border of the upper eyelid.

NASOLABIAL SULCUS

the furrow originating at the superior border of the wing of the nose and extending to the side of the mouth.

OPTIC FACIAL SULCI (CROW'S FEET)

the furrows radiating from the lateral corner of the eye.

ANGULUS ORIS SULCUS

the groove found at each end of the line of closure of the mouth.

MANDIBLE - BODY OF

the horizontal portion of the lower jaw.

WEATHER LINES

the lines of color change at the junction of the wet and dry portions of the mucous membranes.

NORM

the most common characteristics of each feature; typical, average.

HEMOGLOBIN

the pigment that gives blood color.

PALPEBRAE

the plural eyelid, both superior and inferior.

BUCCINATOR - TRUMPETERS MUSCLE

the principle muscle of the cheek which compresses the cheeks and forms the lateral wall of the mouth; known as the trumpeter's muscle .

ZYGOMATIC ARCH

the processes on the temporal and zygomatic bones; they determine the widest part of the face(cheekbones). Divides the ear into equal parts.

PARIETAL EMINENCE

the rounded peak of the external convexity of the parietal bones; determines the widest part of the cranium (located just above the top of the ears).

OBLIQUE PALPEBRAL SULCUS

the shallow, curving groove below the medial corner of the eyelids.

NASAL SPINE OF THE MAXILLA

the sharp, bony projection located medially at the inferior margin of the nasal cavity.

ENUCLEATION

• The removal of an entire mass or part, especially a tumor or an eyeball, without rupture. • Seal the cavity; use incision seal, small trocar button, or aron alpha cement. • Restore contour; use cream and cotton (or replace round gauze ball) with eye cap.

EYES - SWOLLEN ORBITAL POUCH

• This condition creates bags under the eyes. • There is fullness between the inferior palpebrae and the oblique palpebral sulcus. Reduction by external pressure at time of embalming. • Aspiration with hypodermic needle followed by compress. • Electric spatula

MICRO RACES - AFRICIAN

•African geographical race is distributed in modern local races of sub-Saharan Africa and persons of African descent in the Western Hemisphere. •Darkness of skin color is not an indicator of genetic relationship to African race. DISTINCTIONS: African distinctions. • Nose -Low, broad at root & bridge, w/depression at root. Thick tip, flared wings, straight profile. • Eyes -Similar to European • Ear -Short, wide, small attached lobes, deeply rolled helix • Lips -Thicker, elevated • Skull shapes -Long length, vertical sloping forehead, greater supraorbital development

RESTORATION TYPES

•Average Average restorations require only posing of the features and cosmetics. •Minor Minor restorations are those requiring a minimum effort, skill or time to complete. •Examples: correcting misaligned fractures, hypodermic tissue building, reduction of swelling, waxing, suturing clean cuts, small hair replacements, bleaching and covering minor discolorations and blemishes. •Major Major restorations are those requiring a long period of time, are extensive, require advanced technical skill and an express written consent to perform. EXAMPLES - Restoration of full head of hair, problems with prognathism, deep wound preparation,repair/reconstruction of multiple fractures, third degree burns, skin slip, dismemberment of limb/head, artificial construction of facial feature, masking a completely discolored face.

RESTORATIVE ART BASICS

•Be familiar with the terminology. •Study the Supplemental Packet and be familiar with its content. •Know the terms in the glossary. •Know the color wheel elements. •Know your facial proportions. •Look at people and study profiles and features. RA works with: •Form •Color

ESTABLISHING COLOR EXAMPLES

•Bleaching a discoloration •Covering a discoloration •Replacement of natural skin color lost through the embalming process •Application of ornamental cosmetics for women •This phase is often called mortuary cosmetology.

COLOR

•Color refers to the rays of light reflected from the surface. •The color of skin is determined by its spectral composition. •Restorative Art is a science, art and a craft which can be learned. One does not need to be an "artist".

PROFICIENCY INCENTIVES

•Comforting psychological effect on the immediate family and close friends. •Professional responsibility - when there is considerable damage (mutilation, injury, disease), the curious come to see. The appearance of the deceased reflects back upon the funeral home. •Improves client/family relations •Attains personal satisfaction.

R.A. - PRIME REQUIREMENTS

•Development of a scientific approach. •Precise observations. •Exact comparison. •Mechanically accurate reproduction and execution.

CIVIL WAR PERIOD (1861-1865)

•Due to the nature of the war some efforts were being made to repair the trauma and injuries of the dead. •As the family of one Union soldier commented, "the corpse looked good for being dragged by mules".

FORM

•Form refers to shape of a structure which is recognizable by its outline and surface movement. •Form involves three dimensions: length, width and projection.

RACIAL DISTRINCTIONS

•Racial distinctions are based upon many more classifications than skin color. •Hispanics share racial heritage between that of European and Asiatic geographical races.

RECONSTRUCTION EXAMPLES

•Reduction of swollen tissue •Elevation of sunken tissue •Closure of broken tissue •Replacement of missing skin •Alignment, elevation or depression of fractured bones

HISTORY OF RESTORATIVE ART

•The Egyptians were the first to apply some efforts toward restoration. •No record of restorative art procedures applied during the middle period of embalming history has been found. •Embalming concentrated on preservation in the earlier periods. •Death masks, effigies were often utilized.

FAMILY RESEMBLANCE THEORY

•The new theory implemented the use of a mold of a family member. •A cast was made in wax and the appropriate part was then applied to the deceased giving a more accurate resemblance of parts such as the ears, nose, mouth, and eyes. •Other schools then also followed suit and started to teach the "new science".