Restorative Art Ch 4

Frontal Bone

-the anterior 3rd of the cranium, forming the forehead and the anterior portion of the roof of the skull -2 bones in infants, 1 in adults -Vertical and Horizontal surfaces -Eminences: Frontal Eminences, Supraorbital Margins, Superciliary Arches, Glabella

Mandibular Notch

A relatively deep invention between the condyle and Coronoid process of the mandible

Divisions of the Mandible

Body: Mental Eminence, Alveolar Processes, Incisive Fossa Ramus: Coronoid Process, Mandibular Condyle, Mandibular Notch

Sutures

Narrow junctions often found between 2 bones -fused in adults -made of strong, fibrous tissue

Zygomatic Arch Depression

One of the lesser con cavities of the face located on teh lateral portion of the cheek inferior to the zygomatic arch

Coronoid Process

The anterior, non-articulating process of the ramus of the mandible which serves as the insertion for the temporalis muscle

Nasal Cavity

the orifice in the bony face bounded by the margins of the nasal bones and the maxilla

Occipital Condyles

-2 rounded knobs on the occipital bone that form a joint with the first cervical vertebra

Parietal Bones

-2, paired bones that form the posterior 2/3 of the vault of the cranium and part of the sides of the skull -eminence: Parietal Eminences

Surface Bones of the Face

-Nasal Bones (2) -Zygomatic Bones (2) -Maxilla Bones (2) -Mandible (1)

Occipital Protuberance

-prominence at the center of the external surface of the occipital bone

Angle of the Mandible

A bony angle formed by the junction of the posterior edge of the ramus of the mandible and the inferior surface of the body of the mandible -marks WIDEST PART OF LOWER 1/3 OF THE FACE

Maxilla Bones

A paired bone (2) with several processes that form the skeletal base of most o the superior face, roof of the mouth, sides of the nasal cavity, and floor of the orbit -eminences: nasal spine of the maxilla, alveolar processes, frontal process of the maxilla

Mandibular Condyle

A rounded prominence at the end of a bone forming an articulation; the posterior process of the ramus of the mandible

Glabella

A single bony prominence of the frontal bone located between the superciliary arches in the inferior part of the frontal bone above the root of the nose

Mental Eminence

A triangular projection on the inferior portion of the anterior mandible

Superciliary Arches

The inferior part of the forehead just superior to the median ends of the eyebrows -eminences of the frontal bone

Nasal Spine of the Maxilla

The sharp, bony projection located medically at the inferior margin of the nasal cavity

Supraorbital Margins

The superior rim of the eye socket -eminence of the frontal bone

Squama

The vertical surface of the temporal bone

Surface Bones of the Cranium

-Occipital (1) -Parietal (2) -Temporal (2) -Frontal (1) -Sphenoid and Ethmoid are NOT superficial but are Cranial bones

Horizontal Surface of the Frontal Bone

-anterior portion of the crown -continues to ascend superiority until it reaches the parietal bones -crown is the topmost part of the head

3 Distinct Areas of Variation Between Male and Female Skulls

-bone thickness -size -prominence of eminences

Impact of Loss of Teeth

-appearance will "shrink" the size of the skull -reduction in size of superior and inferior jaws -absorption of the alveolar processes -significant signs of aging

Zygomatic Bones

-bones of the cheek, often described as being diamond shaped and forms the cheek bones -the surface of these bones is on both the frontal and lateral planes of the face -surface is convex in both an anterior and lateral direction, change in direction occurs at the approximate center of the bone -zygomatic arch, zygomatic arch depression, and zygomaticofrontal process

Major Sutures of the Cranium

-coronal -lambdoidal -squamosal

Nasal Bones

-directly inferior to the glabella and forming a dome over the superior portion of the nasal cavity -many indicate this structure to exhibit a triangular form -the formation of the bridge of the nose is sustained by the articulation of these bones

Infant Skull

-fontanels- spaces between the bones to help in birth and permit growth of brain and skull during childhood -7 bones (which are softer than in adults) -cranial sutures- made of strong, fibrous tissue, hold bones together, close with growth (and help determine age of a skull) -Frontal Bone is actually 2 bones (becomes 1 in adults)

Vertical Surface of the Frontal Bone

-forehead -this extends from the upper margin of the eye sockets to the level of the 2 frontal eminences, part of the face above the eyes

Male Skulls

-generally heavier due to thicker bones -areas of muscle attachment are more defined -typically larger -Temporal Line often has more pronounced ridge

Foramen Magnum

-opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes from the brain

Temporal Bones

-paired bones that make up the inferior portion of the sides and base of the cranium, inferior to the parietal bones and anterior to the occipital bone -eminences: Squama, Temporal Cavity, Zygomatic Arches, Mastoid Processes

Frontal Eminences

-paired, rounded, unmargined prominences of the frontal bone found approximately one inch beneath the normal hairline

Zygomatic Arches

-the processes on the temporal and zygomatic bones -determines the WIDEST PART OF THE FACE

Parietal Eminences

-the rounded peak of the external convexity of the parietal bones -determines the WIDEST PART OF THE CRANIUM -located a short distance above the posterior boarder of the ears (may help with reconstruction)

Mastoid Processes

-the rounded projection on the inferior portion of the temporal bones just posterior to the lobe of the ear

Female Skull

-thinner, lighter bones -smaller overall -less pronounced areas of muscle attachment -usually has a more flattened vertex -more rounded

Occipital Bone

-unpaired, single bone described as the lowest part of the back and base of the cranium, forming a cradle for the brain -Eminences: Occipital Protuberance, Foramen Magnum, and Occipital Condyles

Geometric Form of the Skull

-usually an oval -viewable from 3 perspectives: frontal, profile, and superior -generally, the width is about 2/3 its length

Anatomical Structures to Locate the Ear

1- External Auditory Meatus- the opening or passageway of the ear 2- Zygomatic Arch- the processes on the temporal and Zygomatic bones, determines widest part of the face 3- Mandibular Fossa- the small oval depression on the Zygomatic process of the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible articulates, just anterior to the external auditory meatus 4- Mastoid Process- the rounded projection on the inferior portion of the temporal bones just posterior to the lobe of the ear

Ethmoid

An anterior cranial bone located between the eyes , it contributes to the medial wall of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the nasal septum -3 parts: Cribriform plate, ethmoidal labyrinth, and the perpendicular plate

Sphenoid Bone

An unpaired bone of the neuro cranium -it is situated in the middle of the skull towards the front, in front of the basilar part of the occipital bone

Frontal Process of the Maxilla

The ascending part of the upper jaw which gradually protrudes as it rises beside the nasal bone to met the frontal bone; the ascending process of the upper jaw

Alveolar Processes

The body ridges found on the inferior surface of the maxilla and the superior surface of the mandible which contain the sockets for the teeth

Temporal Cavity

The concave surface of the head overlying the temporal bone

Incisive Fossa

The depression between teh mental eminence and the mandibular incisors

Coronal Suture of the Cranium

The junction between the frontal and parietal bones

Lambdoidal Suture of the Cranium

The junction between the parietal and occipital bones

Squamosal Suture of the Cranium

The junction between the parietal and temporal bones

Zygomaticofrontal Process

The lateral rim of the eye socket formed by a process of the frontal bone and a process of the zygomatic bone