Restorative Arts

Restorative arts started in the U.S. in

1912

Platyrrhine

African nose

Mesorrhine

Asian nose

Three primary races

European (white), Asiatic (yellow), and African (black)

Leptorrhine

European nose

(?) founded restorative arts

Joseph Crandall

European

Nose- leptorrhine (long, narrow, high root/bridge) Eyes- horizontal eye closure, inner canthus superior to outer Ear- moderate in length, large free lobe, flat helix Lips- thin to medium, not elevated (smallest) Skull shape- long head length, vertical forehead, fairly smooth

Asiatic

Nose- mesorrhine (intermediate nose) Eyes- sloping eyes, outer canthus superior to inner canthus Ear- long, narrow, large free lobes, unrolled outer rims Lips- medium, non-elevated Skull shape- shorter skull length, vertical forehead, no supraorbital margin

African

Nose- platyrrhine (wide nose) Eyes- similar to European, usually larger Ear- short, wide, attached lobe, deeply rolled outer rim Lips- thicker, elevated Skull shape- largest supraorbital development, long skull length

Purposes of the skull

Protect the brain Support the jaws Serve as an attachment for muscles Give form to the head

Depression

a hollow or concave region

Ethmoid

a horizontal plate that forms the roof of the nasal cavity and closes the anterior part of the base of the cranium

Median/Sagittal plane

a lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions; if the division is in two equal halves, it is called MEDIAN or MID-SAGITTAL

Projection

a part extending beyond the level of its surroundings

Vomer bone

a single bone located along the midline within the nasal cavity; forms part of the septum of the nose

Widest part of the neck is measured by

a straight line extending between the midpoints of the bellies of the 2 sternocleidomastoid muscles

Most common stitch

baseball

Widest part of the head is measured

between the 2 parietal eminences

Coolest hue

blue

Trumpeter's muscle

buccinator

Restorative arts

care of the deceased to recreate natural form and color

Most inferior part of nose

columna nasi

Temporal bone

comprises the inferior portion of the sides and base of the cranium; located inferior to the parietal bones and anterior to the occipital bone Squama- the thin superior part of the temporal bone; the temporal cavity is immediately lateral (outside) the squama, and this space houses the temporalis muscle Zygomatic arch- a long, thin, arched process extending anteriorly from the squama to the zygomatic bone; it lies above the external auditory meatus and divides the length of the ear in half- it is considered the widest part of the face Mandibular fossa- a small oval depression or socket on the underside of the temporal bone; the condyle of the mandible articulates in the depression. Mandibular fossa lies just anterior to the external auditory meatus External auditory meatus- the opening of the ear passage located in front of the mastoid process Mastoid process- a rounded projection of the interior portion of the temporal bone just medial to the lobe of the ear; the sternocleidomastoid muscle attaches to the mastoid process. The widest part of the neck is measured by a straight line extending between the midpoints of the bellies of the two sternocleidomastoid muscles

Least common profile

concave

Deepest depression of the ear

concha

Palatine bones

consist of two bones that are located at the back part of the nasal cavity behind the maxillae; these bones help form the back part of the roof of the mouth, part of the floor and outer wall of the nasal cavity, and a very small portion of the floor of the orbit

Most common profile

convex

Symmetry

correspondence in size, shape, and relative position of parts that are on opposite sides of the face

Frowning muscle

corrugator

The muscular system

covers, shapes, and supports the skeleton and its function is to produce all movement in the body

Optic facial sulci are also known as

crow's feet

Convex

curved evenly; resembling a segment of the outer edge of a sphere

Craniofacial morphology

different shapes that the face, cranium, and facial features assume

Bilateral differences

dissimilarities existing in the two sides or half of an object

Frontal/Coronal

divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

Horizontal/Transverse

divides the body into superior and inferior sections

Minor Restoration

doesn't take a long time, includes tissue building, setting of misaligned fractures, suturing small cuts, removal/restoration of fever sores, waxing, bleaching

______ exhibit the greatest difference in position, form, and size

ears

Origin

end of a muscle attached to a fixed point

Two of the most important influences on human form and behavior are

environment and nutrition

Occipitofrontalis is also known as

epicranius

Concave

exhibiting a depressed or hollow surface; a concavity

Occipital bone

forms the lowest part of the back and base of the cranium; acts as a cradle for the brain Foramen magnum- an opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord, spinal arteries, and nerves pass; it is located midway between the two mastoid processes.

Labial sulci are also known as

furrows of age

Widest part of the anterior plane of the face

is measured between midpoints of zygomatic bones

Widest part of the face

is measured between the zygomatic arches of the temporal bone

Asymmetry

lack of symmetry, balance, or proportion

Nasal bones

lie directly inferior to the glabella; they form the bridge of the nose and the dome over the superior portion of the nasal cavity Nasal cavity- the orifice in the face bounded by the margins of the nasal bones and the maxilla; the cavity is made of two irregular shaped spaces separated by a cartilage, which makes up a small part of the septum. Used as a hidden injection point for tissue building

The most adhesive wax

lip wax

Most inferior part of the ear

lobe

Sphenoid

located at the anterior part of the base of the skull and binds the other cranial bones together

Warmest hue

orange

Puckering muscle

orbicularis oris

Taxonomy

orderly classification of plants or animals by their presumed natural relationships

Most common head shape

oval

_____ bone forms the widest part of the cranium

parietal

Insertion

part of a muscle attached to a moveable part

Depressor labii inferioris is also known as

quadratus

Major Restoration

requires special permission, includes deep wound preparation, deep lacerations, third degree burns, skin slip, dismemberment, modeling a facial feature, problems with buck teeth

False smile muscle

risorius

Shallowest depression of the ear

scapha

Inclination

slope; deviation from the horizontal or vertical

Strongest chewing muscle

temporalis

The color of the skin is determined by

the amount of melanin, carotene, and blood present

Frontal bone

the anterior 1/3 of the cranium forming the forehead and parts of the eye socket and most of the anterior of the cranial floor; it is comprised of two planes- the vertical plane making up the forehead and the horizontal plane making up the superior part of the cranium Eminences of frontal bone: Frontal eminences- rounded prominences on either side of the medial line and a little inferior to the center of the frontal bone Supraorbital margin- the superior rim of the eye socket Superciliary arches- the inferior part of the forehead just superior to the medial end of the eyebrows Glabella- an elevation located between the superciliary arches on the inferior part of the frontal bone immediately above the root of the nose.

"Demi-surgery"

the art of building or creating parts of the body which had been destroyed by accident, disease, decomposition, or discoloration, and making the body perfectly natural and life like

Anatomical position

the body is erect, feet together, palms facing forward, upper limbs are at the sides with thumbs pointed away from the body

Maxilla

the bones of the upper jaw; they form the skeletal base for most of the superior portion of the face, anterior roof of the mouth, sides, and floor of the nasal cavity, and floor of the orbis Processes of the maxilla: Frontal processes of maxilla- the ascending part of the upper jaw, which gradually protrudes as it rises beside the nasal bone to meet the frontal bone Alveolar process- the ridge of thick, spongy bone surrounding the alveoli of the teeth Palatine process- forms anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth; part of the nasal cavity and part of the orbital cavity Zygomatic process- where the temporal bone joins the zygomatic bone Dental prognathism (buck teeth)- the point where the two maxilla meet form a sharp bony process known as the nasal spine that creates the inferior border of the nasal skeleton

Zygomatic bones

the diamond shaped bones that form the cheekbones; they are located on the frontal and lateral planes of the face and form part of the inferior and lateral surfaces of the orbital cavity The widest part of the anterior plane of the face is measured by a straight line from the midpoint of one zygomatic bone to the midpoint of the opposite zygomatic bone

Mandible

the horseshoe shaped bone forming the lower jaw; it consists of two portions- body, ramus Body- the curve shaped, horizontal, and lowest part of the lower jaw; contains the alveolar processes for the teeth Ramus- the vertical portions of the mandible; it is wide, flat, and quadrilateral in shape Mental eminence- a triangular projection on the inferior of the anterior mandible Incisive fossa- the area between the mental eminence and the inferior incisor teeth Coronoid process- a thin, flattened process projecting from the anterior portion of the upper border of the ramus; serves as the insertion of the temporalis muscle of mastication from the temporal cavity above Condyle- a rounded eminence at the articulating posterior process of the ramus Angle of the mandible- the angle formed by the junction of the posterior edge of the ramus and the inferior surfaces of the body of the mandible; influences the form of the head from a frontal view Bimandibular width- measured by a straight line between the two angles of the mandible and is used in photographic analysis for restoration

Protrusion

the state or condition of being thrust forward or projecting

Physical anthropology

the study of humans as a biological species with interest in evolution and modern human variation

Morphology

the study of shape

Physiognomy

the study of the structures and surface markings of the face and features

Recession

the withdrawal of a part from its normal position

Parietal bones

these bones create the superior portion of the sides and back of the cranium as well as the posterior 2/3 of the roof of the cranium The parietal eminence forms the widest part of the cranium Vertex is the highest part of cranium Crown is the area on the top of the cranium delineated by connecting the two frontal eminences and the two parietal eminences

Medial

toward the midline

Inferior

towards the feet (ex. The chest is inferior to the neck)

Anterior/Ventral

towards the front (ex. The frontal bone is anterior (ventral) to the occipital bone)

Superior

towards the head (ex. The eyes are superior to the mouth)

Posterior/Dorsal

towards the near or caudal end (ex. The occipital bone is posterior (dorsal) to the frontal bone)

Lateral

towards the side, away from the midline

Least common head shape

triangle

Second deepest depression of the ear

triangular fossa

Depressor anguli oris is also known as

triangularis

Lacrimal bones

two bones located in the medial wall of each orbit between the ethmoid and maxillary bones

Bilateral

two sides

Widest part of nose

wings

Laughing muscle

zygomaticus major