Review study guide chapter 16

The ________ collects data and conducts epidemiologic studies in the United States.

CDC (The center for disease control and prevention

In what publication would you find data on emerging/reemerging diseases in the United States?

CDC (The center for disease control and prevention).

Match each term with its description. ___sporadic disease A. the number of disease cases per 100,000 individuals. endemic disease B. a disease in higher than expected numbers around the world. pandemic disease C. the number of deaths from a disease for every 10,000 individuals . morbidity rate D. a disease found occasionally in a region with cases occurring mainly in isolation from each other. mortality rate E. a disease found regularly in a region.

- Sporadic disease is a disease found occasionally in a region with cases occurring mainly in isolation from each other. - Endemic disease is a disease found regularly in a region. - Pandemic disease is a disease higher than expected numbers around the world. - Morbidity rate is the number of disease cases per 100,000 individuals. - Mortality rate is the number of deaths from a disease for every 100,000 individuals.

What activity did John Snow conduct, other than mapping, that contemporary epidemiologists also use when trying to understand how to control a disease?

1. Snow's meticulous case-tracking methods. 2. Snow's work illustrated what is referred to today as a common source spread of infectious disease including point source spread, continuous common source spread, and intermittent common source spread.

A blanket from a child with chickenpox is likely to be contaminated with the virus that causes chickenpox (Varicella-zoster virus). What is the blanket called? a. fomite b. host c. pathogen d. vector

A. Fomite

Which of the following factors can lead to reemergence of a disease? a. A mutation that allows it to infect humans b. A period of decline in vaccination rates c. A change in disease reporting procedures d. Better education on the signs and symptoms of the disease

B. A period of decline in vaccination rates

A mosquito bites a person who subsequently develops a fever and abdominal rash. What type of transmission would this be? a. mechanical vector transmission b. biological vector transmission c. direct contact transmission d. vehicle transmission

B. Biological vector transmission

Why are emerging diseases with very few cases the focus of intense scrutiny? a. They tend to be more deadly b. They are increasing and therefore not controlled c. They naturally have higher transmission rates d. They occur more in developed countries

B. They are increasing and therefore not controlled.

. Which is the most common type of biological vector of human disease? a. viruses b. bacteria c. mammals d. arthropods

D. Arthropods

Which of the following would NOT be considered an emerging disease? a. Ebola hemorrhagic fever b. West Nile virus fever/encephalitis c. Zika virus disease d. Tuberculosis

D. Tuberculosis (TB)

Which of the following would NOT be considered a reemerging disease? a. Drug-resistant tuberculosis b. Drug-resistant gonorrhea c. Malaria d. West Nile virus fever/encephalitis

D. West Nile virus/ encephalitis

Cattle are allowed to pasture in a field that contains the farmhouse well, and the farmer's family becomes ill with a gastrointestinal pathogen after drinking the water. What type of transmission of infectious agents would this be? a. biological vector transmission b. direct contact transmission c. indirect contact transmission d. vehicle transmission

D. vehicle transmission

Differentiate between droplet vehicle transmission and airborne transmission.

Droplet vehicle transmission: is a when an individual coughs or sneezes, small droplets of mucus that may contain pathogens are ejected. (the transmission occurred over a distance of 1 meter or less). Airborne transmission: is when the dust or fine particles known as aerosols, can float in the air, and can carry pathogens and facilitate the airborne transmission of disease. (the transmission occurred over a distance greater than 1 meter).

Match each type of epidemiology study with its description. ___experimental A. examination of past case histories and medical test results conducted on patients in an outbreak. ___analytical B. examination of current case histories, interviews with patients and their contacts, interpretation of medical test results; frequently conducted while outbreak is still in progress ___prospective C. use of a set of test subjects (human or animal) and control subjects that are treated the same as the test subjects except for the specific treatment being studied ___descriptive D. observing groups of individuals to look for associations with disease ___retrospective E. a comparison of a cohort of individuals through the course of the study

Experimental : use of a set of test subject (human or animal) and control subjects that are treated the same as the test subjects except for the specific treatment being studied. Analytical: Observing groups of individuals to look for associations with disease. Prospective: A comparison of cohort of individuals through the course of the study. Descriptive: Examination of current case histories, interviews with patients and their contacts, interpretation of medical test results, frequently conducted while outbreak is still in progress. Retrospective: Examination of past case histories and medical test results conducted on patients in an outbreak.

Match each pioneer of epidemiology with his or her contribution . ___Florence Nightingale A. determined the source of a cholera outbreak in London. ___Robert Koch B. showed that surgical wound infection rates could be dramatically reduced by using carbolic acid to disinfect surgical tools, bandages, and surgical sites. ___Joseph Lister C. compiled data on causes of mortality in soldiers, leading to innovations in military medical care. ___John Snow D. developed a methodology for conclusively determining the etiology of disease.

Florence Nightingale: Compiled data on causes of mortality in soldiers, leading to innovations in military medical care. Robert Koch: developed a methodology for conclusively determining the etiology of disease. Joseph lister: Showed that surgical wound infection rates could be dramatically reduces by using carbolic acid to disinfect surgical tools, bandages, and surgical sites. John snow: determined the source of a cholera outbreak in london.

________occurs when an infected individual passes the infection on to other individuals, who pass it on to still others, increasing the penetration of the infection into the susceptible population.

Propagated spread

. A ________ is an animal that can transfer infectious pathogens from one host to another.

Vector

The ________ collects data and conducts epidemiologic studies at the global level.

WHO (World health organization)

During an epidemic, why might the prevalence of a disease at a particular time not be equal to the sum of the incidences of the disease?

because the prevalence represents the cumulative number of the new cases over many years minus the numbers of the cases that are no longer active. (e.g because the patient was died or cured).

A patient in the hospital with a urinary catheter develops a bladder infection. This is an example of a(n) ________ infection.

nosocomial or healthcare-associated

A batch of food contaminated with botulism exotoxin, consumed at a family reunion by most of the members of a family, would be an example of a ________ outbreak.

point source