Robotics

Pi

*3.14*15926535897932

Asimov's 3 Laws of Robotics

1. A robot may not injure a human being nor, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. 2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings, except when such orders conflict with the First Law. 3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws.

2 Elements of a robot:

A computer functions as the mind of the robot. A machine functions as the body of the robot.

Area of a Circle

A=πr²

Actuator

An actuator applies force to an object. The actuator uses pressurized fluid to produce motion.

Area

Area is a unit of measure expressed in square units such as square feet or square inches. The area of a room is its floor space. Area is determined in a square or a rectangle by multiplying the length times the width. The common formula for this is *A = L x W* and *A = F / P*, where *A* is the area, L is the length of the object, and *W* is the width of the object.

Processing Machines

First machines to mimic the human mind, invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642, *manual called caulators*

Underwater Robots

For the last 35 years, remote-controlled robots have been used to explore ocean depths where the pressure is too great for humans. Robots can work in underwater construction since they never suffer from the cold temperatures and never need to come up for air. Fitted with propellers and fins, robots can move efficiently and quickly underwater.

Subsymbolic AI

In subsymbolic AI, the robot learns to categorize. The robot's knowledge allows it to see objects in the world that are connected or related. In this way, the robot defines objects by basic form or basic function and doesn't rely on a limited program of images.

___ was a fiction writer and wrote many novels based on robots.

Isaac Asimov

Pitch

Pitch is the up and down motion of the robot part.

Robotic Surgery

Robosurgeons were originally developed to assist in neurosurgery, which requires precise cuts and insertions into the brain. The robotic surgical arm provides a constantly steady hand, cutting precisely and increasing the efficiency and accuracy of surgical procedures.

Robotic Hnads & Microchips

Robotic hands can be made smaller than a human's. They can work accurately and quickly, placing many components on a microchip. As a result, chip technology is faster and more accurate than ever before.

Space Construction

Robots may also help humans build large structures in space. Due to the harsh environment of the vacuum of space, humans must be constantly protected with spacesuits, which are cumbersome and vulnerable. Robots can be operated by remote control to build such structures.

Roll

Roll is the rotation of the joint along the axis of the robot part.

... allow a robot to process information.

Software programs

Tracks

Some robots have tracks like a tank and a shock system, which allow a lot of wheel movement. These robots are intended to move over all kinds of terrain and to stay upright.

Stationary Coordinate System

Stationary robots usually depend on a computer processor to direct their movements. The computer processor uses a coordinate system created by a computer systems designer to tell the different body parts where and how to move.

Replicating Creativity

Technology has not yet advanced enough to replicate the creativity that great artists, writers, and musicians possess. Human emotion plays a very significant role in the creation of art, music, and literature. If robots don't possess emotions, are they capable of creating great art? Until scientists can pinpoint the source of human emotions, they can't replicate emotions in a machine. Scientists still don't know whether emotions are simple chemical reactions or a process of electrical messages that take place in the brain.

MSL Mission

The MSL mission has four main scientific goals: investigation of the Martian climate, geology, and whether Mars could have ever supported life, including investigation of the role of water and its planetary habitability.

Mars Rover

The Mars Rover is a teleoperated land track robot controlled by radio waves from Earth. The Mars Rover was equipped with a video camera and touch and thermal sensors. It moved around the surface of Mars and collected information to transmit back to Earth. This amazing robot conducted experiments on the composition of rocks and soil and generally increased scientific knowledge. It may be a robot who first discovers life on other planets.

Moving Parts

The design of robot hardware emulates, or mimics, human movement and allows the robot to perform human tasks. However, a robot need not resemble a human. Consider, for example, the space arm on a space shuttle used to pick up or grab large items. Many parts of a robot move, including its arms, wrists, and hands. The entire robot can even be mobile. Robots can transport themselves on legs, wheels, fins, or even wings. To understand how these objects move, it's important to understand how the computer communicates with each part.

Terminator Syndrome

The idea of robots having emotions frightens the people who fear that robots might physically harm humans. Violent, indestructible robots depicted in movies such as "The Terminator" only add to people's fears. Whether these fears are justified or premature is debatable. Technology is advancing so rapidly that robots and computers could actually have independent thought and emotions at some point.

Information Industry

The information industry involves jobs that use communications technology to find and organize information.

Pitch, Yaw, and Roll

The pitch, yaw, and roll of a robotic arm define the coordinates that it will be able to reach--just as the pitch, yaw, and roll of the human shoulder determine its area of reach.

Prelinguistic Programming

The prelinguistic programming language doesn't use languages to tell a robot what to do, but instead uses a teaching pendant. The teaching pendant actually shows the robot what to do. The robot is put into the learning mode and then taken through the action it is expected to perform. When put into the action mode, the robot will repeat and save the actions it was shown. A robot can be taught several steps, one at a time, by being physically taken through each step.

Revolute Coordinates

The revolute coordinates include points in all the directions surrounding the arm. The revolute coordinate arm has much more freedom of movement than the rectangular coordinate arm.

Robotic Arm Coordinate System

The various locations a robotic arm can move within a physical space are called coordinates. The computer's processing system tells the arm to move to different points within its specific coordinate system. The points are called coordinate points. Each point in space that the robot arm can reach has a specific number that corresponds to a coordinate point.

Volume

The volume of a rectangle is *V = L x W x H* The volume of a cylinder is *V = (pi)r^2 x h*

Robot Toys

There are a variety of robotic toys available for both children and adults. They range from dolls that look like fictional robotic characters to simple remote-controlled machines. Ordinary people can program robotic kits to perform simple tasks, such as fetching the newspaper. They can also give their robots simple speech capability.

Yaw

Yaw is the side to side motion of the robot part.

Blaise Pascal

a French physicist, mathematician, and philsopher, discovered that a closed container filled with a gas or liquid is subject to a physical law. Pascal's law states that in a closed container, the pressure that the gas or liquid exerts on the container will be the same at all points.

Control Valves

control the movement, flow, and pressure of the gas or liquid taken in and out of a pneumatic or hydraulic system. Control valves ensure that the part of the hydraulic or pneumatic machine that needs pressure receives the correct amount.

The demand for ... is increasing.

electronics technicians and computer systems designers

Robots in kits possess the same artificial intelligence as robots used in manufacturing facilities.

false

HERO-1

first commercial personal robot, made by a health company

Robots are ideal for working in places ... to human life.

hostile

The basic laws of robotics focus on robots relationship with ____________.

humans

One impact of robotics is the the United States has changed from a manufacturing society to a(n) _____ and service society.

information

There is an interesting debate whether a robot will be developed that is _____ superior to humans.

mentaly

force = pressure x area

pascals law

There are large robots that weigh ____ of pounds.

thousands

Pneumatic and hydraulic systems are used almost exclusively with stationary robots.

true

When working with any machine that has potentially dangerous moving parts, you should always think of safety first.

true

Radius

1/2 the diameter

Principia Mathematica

1910 book written by Bertrand Russell that presented new mathematical theories

Diameter

2r

During the last ..., software programs for robots and computers have advanced a great deal.

40 years

The final landing place for the rover was less than 1.5 miles from its target after a ... mile journey.

50,000,000

Directional Control Valve

A directional control valve receives a signal that changes the direction of, stops, or starts, the flow of the liquid or gas in a pneumatic or hydraulic machine.

Neural Network

A neural network inside a computer has a set of circuits that communicate with each other, similar to how brain cells function. Electronic signals are sent to different parts of the network. The network is able to create and strengthen connections between different parts by repeating the connections and remembering those connections that are often repeated.

Amusement Park Robots

Amusement parks were the first to use robots for entertainment. The moving models in the theme rides at Disneyland were some of the first robots ever created. The Walt Disney robots, called Audio-Animatronics, were some of the most advanced robots in existence at the time.

Weight Problem

Another challenge in designing walking robots is their extreme weight. Some robots weigh thousands of pounds. A two-legged walking robot must be able to support its entire weight on one leg and one foot at a time. This places a great deal of stress on the soles of the robot's feet.

Botball

Another famous robotic competition is the Botball competition. High school and university students build small, simple robots to compete. These robots are programmed to perform a simple task mandated by the competition's organizers. The students must program the robot to perform the action by itself and not by remote control. In a Botball tournament, people gather and compete in teams of two robots. The four robots are put into the Botball arena, where the robots attempt to perform a mandated activity as many times as possible. The team whose robot completes the activity the greatest number of times wins.

Robots Learning

Another limitation of robots is the ability to react to new situations with appropriate actions in all possible contexts. For example, imagine going to a restaurant with your friends instead of going with your family. With your family, you might take your seat quietly and begin looking at the menu. With your friends, you might jump into a seat or even argue about who gets to sit where. How can a robot learn to act appropriately in social contexts?

Robotic Legs

Another major moving hardware part is a robot's legs. Legs, of course, provide the primary source of locomotion. Robotic legs don't have to be as flexible as arms, because legs don't have such a wide range of motions.

Small Brains

Another problem with reproducing human intelligence in robots is the issue of scale. Although computers and computer components are getting smaller, it isn't possible to make a robotic intelligence system that is both compact and can closely reproduce the abilities of the human brain.

Lasers

Another three-dimensional vision system uses lasers to map objects. The robot projects a laser at an object. Then, it determines the object's shape and distance by the amount of time required for the laser to be received by the robot's sensors. This system allows fast recognition of objects.

Anthrobots

Anthrobots are robots that need touch, visual, and hearing sensors, as well as radar, to assist them in mimicking the movements and actions of humans. Anthrobots are used in situations that require all the physical and sensory capabilities of a human.

Space AI

Artificial intelligence, however, will allow a robotic spacecraft to perform all the duties humans can perform on another planet, and maybe more. Robots will be able to research the chemical composition of the atmosphere, or perform gravitational experiments even without teleoperated guidance. In addition, the robotic space traveler will be far more resilient to injury than a human astronaut.

Microrobotics

As microrobotic technology advances, robots will be able to assemble smaller and smaller chips with more circuits. Microrobots as small as the head of a pin are being developed to construct tiny circuits. Such robots can be programmed to create an exact circuit design that they reproduce perfectly every time.

Breaking Asimov's Laws

Asimov's Laws of Robotics could be broken just like other laws. Some military robots already exist that are programmed to harm people defined as a threat--terrorists, for example. If these robots are programmed with artificial intelligence, they might learn to classify all humans as enemies. Are there ever circumstances that give a robot the legal right to harm a human? These are questions that must be answered.

Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)

CIM uses a numerical coordinate programming language. The language tells the robot exactly where to go. Then CIM directs the robot to perform a simple, specific function, such as picking up a box. CIM tells the robot each step of a process. This language is ideal for manufacturing that demands exact movements and no adaptation.

The following describes robot efficiency EXCEPT:

Can carry out only one task

Differences in __________________________ are the building blocks for symbolic AI.

Characteristics

Chemical Energy

Chemical energy sources also power robots. The most common chemical energy sources for robots are batteries. Batteries use chemicals encased within metal shells to provide energy for movement and computer processing. However, electricity can also be supplied by gas-powered generators, which means that a robot can have an engine like a car.

Combination Robots

Combination robots are perhaps the most mobile of all. Robots with wheels and arms, wheels and wings, or fins and wings, for example, can move in many different ways through air and water and on land. Robots that have propellers like a boat have been developed to work in ocean exploration and construction. Other robots have been developed with jet engines or flying props that allow them to move through the air.

Which programming languages use a universal model to instruct a robot what to do or where to do?

Comprehensive

Comprehensive Programming

Comprehensive programming languages use a model to instruct a robot in what to do. Instead of showing the robot, a coordinate system provides instructions for the robot's actions using a coordinate grid. For example, the language tells the robot to go to a specific coordinate on the grid and perform a simple action, such as cutting a pattern. The grid acts like a model of the real world for the robot. The robot moves in real space based on the instructions mapped out on the coordinate grid.

Symbolic Programming

Computer programmers place as many symbols as possible in a robot's computer program. Each symbol has at least one appropriate response that the robot can use when it encounters an object.

Computer-Aided Design (CAD)

Computer-aided design, or CAD, is a graphic design program used to create building and product design plans. A CIM operator draws up a set of plans using CAD and then sends the plans directly to a robot in the manufacturing plant.

Thomas Edison

Created a talking doll

Types of Control Valves

Directional Flow Pressure

2 Types of Power Systems

Electrical Power & Fluid Power

Electrical Power

Electrical power systems include motors that provide power for the robot.

Lack of Mobility

Engineers have typically compensated for clumsy robotic movement by adding more legs. Robots with two legs are not yet able to move as well as humans. Advancing wrist technology will help solve this problem, as human wrists have joint movement similar to that of ankles and hips.

Explicit Programming

Explicit programming languages are the most common method used to program computers or robots. Using this method, the robot isn't shown what to do, nor are models used. Instead, the robot is programmed to follow step-by-step instructions using programming languages such as C++, Java, or Lisp. Overall there are about 30 different robotic programming languages.

IBM made the first robot used in the industry

False

Recognition

For example, a robot that sees the same black cat every day will always make the same neural network connections. The robot's recognition of the cat will become almost automatic. However, scientists have a long way to go before a neural network can emulate the complex human brain.

Force

Force, in one of its most basic forms, is produced by a weight. This weight has mass — that is to say, it weighs something. A rock lying on the ground produces force against the earth. Fluid power and mechanical systems can also develop force. Placing weight on a table develops a force that can be measured in pounds. As the weight increases, the force on the tabletop and supporting legs also increases. *F = A x P*

3 Systems of Symbols used in Symbolic AI

Frame-based Rule-based Logic programming

Frame-Based Systems

Frame-based systems consider the physical properties of an object. For example, a cat has four legs, whiskers, fur, and a tail.

Hephaestus

Greek God of metalworking, short and unattractive, married aphrodite, made 2 metal people who talked and walked

Robofish

However, robots also can be built to imitate animals. Scientists in Japan and the United States have created robotic models of extinct species using this technology. The fish are so lifelike that they must be inspected close-up to tell they are robots.

Politicaly Correct Robots

Human beings are amazingly adaptable. A robot that can internalize the infinite range of factors that make us human beings is hard to imagine. No robot has been developed that can respond to situations using old-fashioned common sense and social awareness. For example, humans know they behave differently at a wedding than at a funeral. Robots can't distinguish between the two situations.

Human Brain

Human brain cells, called neurons, are the "thinking" cells that receive and send electronic messages to each other and to the rest of the body. There are different types of neurons in different parts of the brain. As yet, scientists are unsure what each neuron does, but they're working on neural networks for robots. Scientists hope to eventually copy the design of the human brain for use in thinking robots.

Robot Explorers

Humans and robots will work together to seek new life forms and explore uncharted territories. In the future, there will be more manned space stations, and robots will have an increasingly important role in them. The AERCam Sprint free-flyer is a 14-inch diameter, 35-pound sphere that contains two television cameras, an avionics system and 12 small nitrogen gas-powered thrusters. The sphere, which looks like an oversized soccer ball, was released during the Shuttle STS-87 spacewalk and flew freely in the forward cargo bay for about 30 minutes. The free-flyer was remotely controlled from the Shuttle's aft flight deck using a hand controller, two laptop computers and a window-mounted antenna. The AERCam hovers close to the spacecraft and sends back video information to the crew. The camera will detect malfunctions early on, thus protecting the crew of the spaceship.

Programming

Humans communicate with each other by using spoken language. Software communicates instructions to a robot using languages; and, like humans, robots only understand certain languages. If you were told to do something in a foreign language, you probably wouldn't respond. The same is true for robots. A robot will only understand the computer language that the software programmer used to program it. There are several types of programming languages.

Hydraulic Power

Hydraulic power systems use pressurized liquid.

Logic Programming Systems

In logic programming, the computer is programmed with a series of logically true statements and then asked questions to see how the computer interprets the statements.

Symbolic AI

In symbolic AI, knowledge is represented in symbols. Objects in the outside world are programmed as symbols the robot has stored in its memory. The robot expands its own library of symbols by contrasting new objects it encounters to those stored in its memory.

Robot Maids

In the early 1980s, several companies tried without success to market personal robots. The main problem was cost. Such robots had very limited functionality yet cost around $8,000. Microcomputing power didn't exist to provide the robots with the intelligence required to navigate around the house in search of work. Most of the personal robot companies quickly went out of business.By 2009 there were several household robots on the market. The IRobot-Rumba vacuum cleaner, Electrolux-Trilobite vacuum, Zucchetti-Lawnbolt lawnmower, and IRobot-Scooba 380 swimming pool cleaner are just a few of the household robot now available.

Robot named Psycho

Invented by J.N Maskelyne in the 1800s, it could spell, calculate math, play cards, do simple magic tricks, controlled by pneumatic tubes

Linear Actuator

Linear actuators move objects or apply force in a straight line.

DARPA (defense advanced research project agency)

Made by the Department of defense in 1958

Industry Robots

Manufacturing robots are principally used to complete repetitive tasks that require a high degree of accuracy. This type of work is perfect for a robot, since it is simply programmed to do the same job repeatedly. Humans tend to make mistakes when the work requires very little concentration, provides no stimulation, and is repetitive.

Alternative Fuels

Many new robots are powered by alternative fuel technologies such as solar panels and fuel cells. Solar panels are very effective at supplying mobile robots with the energy they need. Planetary robots are solar powered. Hydrogen fuel cells convert specialized fuels into energy. These efficient cells work like very long-lasting batteries.

Kits In Botball

Many of the competitors in the Botball competitions use robotic kits supplied by the kit manufacturers. The contest organizers want to ensure that all competitors are competing using the same equipment. However, the robots produced from the kits are not all the same. One of the great things about robotic kits is that each person or team uses creativity to assemble the robot in a different manner. The contestants modify the kit to build the robot they want.

Combinations

Many robots actually use a combination of electrical, hydraulic, and pneumatic power. Industrial robots typically use electricity to power the compressors and pumps that supply pressure to pneumatic and hydraulic systems. This combination takes advantage of the accessibility of electrical power, as well as the force supplied by pneumatic and hydraulic systems.

Dante II

Many volcanologists (scientists that study volcanoes) have lost their lives while researching volcanic activity. Dante II is a robotic explorer used to descend into a volcano to gather high-temperature gases from the crater floor. The Dante II was anchored to the volcano crater rim and rappelled down the sides of the crater to collect data. Dante II also has great potential for the exploration of planets with extreme environments--something humans could never do. Robots will be the great explorers of the 21st century.

... must look for ways to make robotic components lighter and smaller before robots are truly able to walk or run as well as a human.

Mechanical technicians

Robots In Films

Most people have seen robots in movies or television shows such as "Star Wars," "Star Trek," and "The Terminator." Many of these robots look and act like humans. In the movies, robots even feel emotion and have intelligence that surpasses that of humans. Although these imaginary creatures are entertaining, it's fascinating to wonder how soon robots will actually behave like the robots on screen. How long will it be before humans have robot friends or neighbors?

Mars Explorations

NASA's researchers and a team of highly-trained engineers are taking on more advanced projects to explore new areas inside and outside of our solar system. New versions of flying robots would enable them to fly short distances and collect information from more areas on Mars than the original land robots did.

AI Problems

Neither symbolic nor subsymbolic AI systems are problem-free. Using symbolic AI, the robot has difficulty when it sees a new object not stored in its memory. Symbolic systems do not mirror the way a human mind works. The weakness of the subsymbolic theory is that the robot may break rules and act unpredictably because of invalid connections it makes.

Application Packages

Owners of robots purchased for industrial or personal use often have little or no experience in programming a robot. Because of this, software, called an application package, is installed in the robot when it's manufactured. For example, a robotic arm purchased to cut metal will have the appropriate software included. The application package allows the new owner to easily tell the robot which designs to cut and to specify all aspects of its cutting operations.

Punch Cards

Papers used to put coding commands on that could tell the early computers what to do

Miniturization

Pave the way to robotics, made components lightweight, portable, powerful,

2 Types of Fluid Power Systems

Pneumatic & Hydraulic

... systems require compressors and pumps, which are often heavy and not easily moved.

Pneumatic and hydraulic

systems work well with stationary industrial robots because they supply the great amount of force necessary to do the work of these robots.

Pneumatic and hydraulic

Pneumatic Power

Pneumatic power systems use pressurized air.

Pressure

Pressure is the application of force to something by something else in direct contact with it. Blaise Pascal studied the relationships between pressure, force, and area. A simple formula for pressure is: *Pressure = Force / Area*

Symbolic Theory of AI

Proponents of the symbolic theory of artificial intelligence believe that knowledge comes from how and when a person understands and can manipulate symbols.

... provide pressurized liquid and air used by hydraulic and pneumatic systems.

Pumps and compressors

___ is (are) a type of competition in which robots fight until only one remains functioning.

Robot wars

Robot Competitions

Robotic competitions take place every year. Many of the competitions are quiet, scientific demonstrations of a robot's ability to move objects or itself. They're actually tests of engineering and design. In other competitions, robots fight until only one robot remains functional. Yet, such violent robotic competitions only enhance humans' fear of robots.

Robotic Kits

Robotic kits are now available in many shapes and sizes. There are kits for robotic arms, robots with wheels, robots with legs, microrobots, and robots that fly and swim. These kits, designed for the amateur robot user, require the user to learn a simple programming language to operate the robot. The kits are a good way to learn about robotics.

Kits & Computers

Robotic kits now take advantage of the personal computers that many people have in their homes. To program the robot, the user: Learns the programming language Writes a command program Sends the command language to the robot that is attached to his or her personal computer The robots in kits do not possess artificial intelligence. The amateur robotic kits have about the same capabilities as the commercially used industrial robots of the 1980s.

Robot #119 Check

Robots designed with specialized visual and touch sensors judge whether manufactured objects are correctly made. If the part is made correctly, the robot passes it to the next step in the process. If the part is defective, the robot removes it from the cycle and sends it to be corrected, indicating the exact nature and location of the defect.

Human-Like Robots

Robots perform many valuable functions, but they still lack the human touch. Robots may perform preprogrammed surgical operations, but they are not yet able to diagnose illnesses. Robots may teach a programmed lesson to a class of students, but they are incapable of caring for their students as individuals. In fact, robots may never be able to replace humans in care industries such as medicine and teaching. However, scientists are working on a robot that uses neural networks, which would enable it to diagnose illnesses.

Robot Models

Robots test new spacesuits designed for extreme conditions encountered in space. Using humans to test these suits is dangerous. It's also costly, since doctors and test conductors need to monitor the human subjects. Robots need no physician, and they test the suits until proven to be absolutely safe. A Robotic Spacesuit Tester is a human-like robot designed to test spacesuits in thermal-vacuum conditions. The robot has 12 hydraulic joints that deliver the entire range of human motions.

Rule-Based Systems

Rule-based systems apply programmed rules to all situations. For example, a robot is programmed to avoid all objects and find the door. If the robot saw a cat, it would simply be an object to avoid. The robot wouldn't consider the cat's unique characteristics.

Copying the Human Brain

Scientists are still learning how different parts of the human brain function. They know the basic chemical process that generates thinking, but they can't replicate the process or repair the brain after it has become damaged. Though researchers gain more insight every day into how the brain works, human aspects such as emotion, level of intelligence, personality, and character are still not fully understood. Until scientists learn exactly how human beings behave, they can't re-create human-like robots.

Plastic Skin

Scientists are working on artificial muscles made from lightweight plastic to use on robots. The material will be able to relax and contract. This skin will give robots much more flexibility in grasping and lifting objects. Even more exciting is the idea of using the plastic skin to emulate different biological species. Virtually any species of robotic creature will be more lifelike in appearance and behavior with this plastic skin. Plastic skin will drastically change the appearance and actions of a robot. More importantly, the technology can be used for human limb replacements. Robotic limbs with plastic skin may help people who have lost limbs in accidents. Plastic muscles may even be used to replace damaged human muscles. Again, robot technology has far-reaching implications for human welfare.

Robot Muscles

Scientists at NASA have developed two types of muscles. The first type is a flexible, plastic ribbon made up of chains of carbon, fluorine, and oxygen molecules. The ribbon bends when an electrical impulse flows through it. Four of these ribbons have been used to make a gripper that can pick up a rock. The second type is a muscle made up of thin sheets of plastic wrapped around a cylinder. The electric current contracts the cylinder and increases its length. When the current is turned off, the cylinder returns to its original shape. This action allows a robot to lift or drop loads.

Virtual Aquariums

Scientists can build virtual aquariums using nothing but robotic species. One day, people will be able to see species of fish long extinct and learn how they lived and what caused their extinction. Tiny sensors tell the robotic fish where to swim. Robotic fish can swim much farther than submarines using less power. They can swim through the ocean and simultaneously collect data to tell us more about water pollution, underwater mapmaking, and marine life.

One important difference between a robot and a machine is that a robot must have ...

Sensory capabilities

Software

Software, unlike hardware, can be changed or reprogrammed. Software functions as the robot's brain. Software allows the robot to think in an organized manner, and specifies procedures or algorithms that tell the robot exactly what to do and how to do it.

Fixed Robots

Stay in one place Have a fixed base

2 Major Robotic AI Theories

Symbolic & Subsymbolic

Curiosity Rover

The Curiosity Rover is a robotic, car-sized rover exploring Gale Crater on Mars. Curiosity carries a radioisotope-powered mobile scientific laboratory and is part of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission by the United States. Curiosity carries the most advanced payload of scientific equipment ever used on the surface of Mars. It is the fourth NASA unmanned surface rover sent to Mars since 1996. Curiosity was launched from Cape Canaveral on November 26, 2011 aboard the MSL spacecraft and successfully landed on Aeolis Palus in Gale Crater on Mars on August 6, 2012.

Robots with Legs

The most mobile of all robotic designs is one with legs instead of wheels. Robots can be designed with multiple legs to increase their mobility and functionality.

Rectangular Coordinates

The rectangular coordinates include only the points within the reach of the arm that are located above and below, away from, and from left to right of the robot's arm.

CAD Instructions

The robot's processor turns the CAD graphic information into instructions for the robot. The robot is then able to re-create from the raw material the design that was created by the engineer. This type of programming is often used for cutting machines that reproduce patterns.

Freedom of Movement

The robotic arm with the greatest freedom of movement can move as much, or more, than the human arm. Fluid and electrical power systems provide the linear and circular motion needed to manipulate the arm and its hand or gripper. Modern robotic arms, wrists, and hands are increasingly more human-like.

Mimicking Human Thought

The theories of symbolic and subsymbolic AI help programmers and engineers to create a machine brain that more closely replicates human thought. In future days, you will be introduced to the actual neural networks or machinery that create the nervous system and brain of a robot.

Control Programs

These control programs can direct one robot or a whole system of robots. Such a program often includes a function that allows a person to override the program at any time and take control in the event that a robot malfunctions. Control programs also monitor and control all the movements the robot performs by monitoring the robots sensors, interpreting info provided by the sensors, choosing the proper software to use given the situation

Todays Robotic Kits

Today's robotic kits are able to do more useful things. The robots built from kits can perform services such as vacuuming rugs or working as an alarm device. As robotic technology increases, kits will become less expensive and more useful. In the future, your hand-built robot may be doing many of the chores around your house.

Walking robots can travel over terrain that humans cannot

True

The most restricted type of arm may be able to move only within the rectangular coordinates:

Up and down Side to side In and out

Walking Robots

Walking robots were created to travel over rough terrain that wheeled vehicles were unable to cross. A robot that stumbles constantly is useless. To create more flexible walking robots, there will have to be advances in artificial intelligence, sensors, and robotic vision. Robots will need to see obstacles in their paths and problem-solve where to place their own feet to avoid those obstacles.

Subsymbolic Programming

When the subsymbolic approach is used, only a learning rule is programmed into the robot. Everything else is learned from experience. This creates knowledge, and information is stored across the entire system rather than in symbols in memory. The information is stored at a level lower than symbols--thus, the name "subsymbolic" intelligence.

Information careers include ...

accountants, executive assistants, and information systems specialists

Behaviors

actions performed by a robot

A robotic kit can help an amateur engineer __________________.

all the answers are correct

absolute pressure x volume = a constant

boyles law

The use of robotic arms has ______________ the cost of assembling an automobile.

decreased

Robots can be powered by an electric motor designed by an ...

electrical engineer

Robotic competitions are actually tests of ____ and design.

engineering

Manipulator (end-effector)

important piece of hardware, functions as the robot's hands, enabling it to interact with its environment

Symbolic and Subsymbolic AI are based on models of the ... that were created by researchers in ... and human intelligence.

mind, psychology

The greatest concern for a robot working under water is ____.

running out of energy

Robot Maintenance Man

s construction in space increases, robots will be extremely useful in the maintenance of the structures that are built. Robots will perform telerobotic servicing on international space stations. One current design is Ranger, a telerobot with four arms, one of which is permanently attached to a space lab pallet. The arms perform dexterous manipulations, body repositioning, and stereo video viewing. Ranger was to be the most advanced space robot in the world. Unfortunately, NASA cancelled the Ranger program in 2001.

Boyle's Law

states that if you decrease the volume of a closed container, the pressure within the container will increase

All of these people ensure that information gets from one place to another.

true

As artificial intelligence evolves, robots will continue to get more intelligent and better able to learn from their mistakes and their environment.

true

At the beginning of the 20th century, factory workers labored long hours in unsafe and unhealthy conditions.

true

By 1982, there were approximately 82,000 in use in the United States.

true

Consequently, any machine that you see flying or moving through the sea or over land could be turned into a robot by adding a computer-controlled system.

true

Each type of robotic arm has a different freedom of movement.

true

Electric and pneumatic motors move the robot's arm to any coordinate it has the freedom to reach.

true

Even when a robot is following all of Asimov's laws, you still can be hurt if you carelessly place yourself in the robot's way.

true

Hole punching, cutting, or other simple machining jobs are perfect for a robotic arm. Welding and painting are also tasks that robots do very well.

true

In 1997, the Pathfinder spacecraft landed on Mars with the Mars Rover robot on board.

true

In contrast, computers and robots can only transmit information. Without human intervention they aren't capable of deciding where the information should go. Humans provide software that tells computers and robots what to do.

true

In robotics, the goal of artificial intelligence is to produce robots capable of changing their behavior as their environment changes.

true

In the early 1980s, several companies tried without success to market personal robots.

true

Knowledge of these physical laws allows a fluid power technician to service and maintain a very forceful power system.

true

Most industrial robotic systems are referred to as computer-integrated manufacturing, or CIM.

true

Most people first encounter robots in the realm of entertainment. Robot stories have fascinated people since ancient times. Usually, the robots in movies are played by actors and aren't really robots. However, the robots in entertainment have provided inspiration to the scientists, engineers, and robot enthusiasts who are striving to create a machine that can act like a human.

true

Pascal's law helped scientists realize that when pressure is applied to one end of a closed container, that pressure will be distributed evenly throughout the container.

true

Robots and computers have replaced some human workers; so more people are working in the field of handling information.

true

Robots are not replacing humanity. Robots cannot yet nurture or care emotionally for a human being. Robots can only do what a human instructs them to do.

true

Robots can be equipped with almost any mechanical sensor, as long as the sensor is small enough to fit on the robot's body frame.

true

Robots can't perform all the complex tasks that a human can.

true

Robots have decreased the cost and time of manufacturing and made goods less expensive for everyone.

true

Since the 1950s, we've become space travelers.

true

Some software programs collect information from visual, electronic, and audio sensors that can then be transmitted to the robot so that it can take actions based on the information.

true

The first practical industrial robot was introduced in the 1960s.

true

The main limitation of robotic kits in the past has been their functionality.

true

The most common industrial robot is the robotic arm.

true

The number of circuits a human hand can place on a chip is limited because humans have difficulty working on a very small chip.

true

The pumps and compressors often decrease volume or increase heat to increase pressure.

true

The speed of a computer is limited by how many circuits can fit on a microchip.

true

To become more human-like, a robot will have to learn to think, instead of merely processing information.

true

_____________ recognition is difficult for robots.

voice

Rene Descartes

1700s philosopher, made a theory that said that humans and animals are like machines

Robots In Egypt

3,000 years ago human figures were used in water clocks

During the past ..., robots have become increasingly common in the military and on police forces.

30 years

Hero of Alexandria

300 b.c, invented the hydraulic statue of Hercules, water made it move, made a theater where water moved statues in and out of scenes

Flow Control Valve

A flow control valve is used to control the rate of fluid flow in a pneumatic or hydraulic machine.

Movement Sensors

A mobile robot is equipped with sensors using radar and sonar to help it travel through physical space. Radar emits a light beam over an area to map it. The beam gives the robot information regarding how far the light waves have traveled before bouncing back. The robot knows exactly how far away and what shape the objects are. Sonar sensors use sound waves instead of light waves to determine the distance between objects.

Pressure Control Valve

A pressure control valve controls the exact pressure in a pneumatic or hydraulic machine.

Chemical Analyzers

A robot can be equipped with chemical analyzers that allow it to sample and measure different chemicals in the atmosphere. These sensors are often used to help protect people from dangerous chemicals or radiation.

All of the following are ways that robots are used in the medical field, EXCEPT:

Advising patients about care

... and ... use different AI systems to create an autonomous robot that can act without human assistance.

Artificial intelligence experts and software engineers

3 Types of Sensors

Binary System Ternary System Structured Light System

Plato

Discussed the idea of algorithms,

Electric Motor Convenience

Electric motors are also very convenient. Robots powered by hydraulics and pneumatics run on specific systems that have to be installed just to power the robot. Yet an electrically powered robot can simply be plugged into the electrical wall outlet of any building. In addition, electrically powered robots don't leak or pollute the environment. Hydraulic robots sometimes leak oil and other pollutants.

Electric Motors

Electric motors are uncommon for commercial robots, but they work well with noncommercial robots. A big advantage of electrically powered robots is portability. A robot with an electric motor powered by batteries can run without a connection to a fixed power source. The robot can go anywhere as long as the battery is charged.

Roger Bacon

English philosopher and mathematician, created the mechanical head that could talk

Most Robots are designed with wheels instead of legs.

False

The first personal robot made was called the terminator.

False

The first robots were made in the 1950s.

False

Tterrapin Turtle

First personal robot made, invented in 1980s by a student at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, can talk, see, and move

2 Types of Robots

Fixed & Mobile

Fluid Power

Fluid power systems use pressurized gas (pneumatics) or liquid (hydraulics) to create mechanical force for the robot. Most of the robots found in industry today use fluid power systems, or a combination of electrical and fluid power systems.

Daedalus

Greek inventor, tried to build the first flying machine, possibly created the mechanical servant

Mobile Robots

Have a base attached to a vehicle Are able to move from place to place Are often teleoperated, or controlled by other remote-control devices

ENIAC

Made in 1942, first digital computer, could do 5,000 computations in a second, used enough power to run 2,000 of today's computers

The Seiko Company

Made the first industrial robot in 1939, it was a hand with an end-effector (gripping device)

The Unimate Company

Made the first widely used robot ( Unimate robotic arm *used for welding and die-casting*) in 1958

Danger Robots

Robots have been successfully used in performing dangerous tasks. During the past 30 years, robots have become increasingly common in the military and on police forces. The military developed robots that seek and destroy enemy targets. Robots on police forces dispose of bombs or perform life-saving measures, such as those found in hostage situations. Using robots in such dangerous encounters prevents injury or loss of life. Robots are often used to clean up or dispose of materials that pose health threats to people. Robots remove radioactive materials in nuclear plants, clean up areas of land contaminated by toxic pollutants, and enter mines that are considered unsafe.

Robot Efficiency

Robots have worked for decades on assembly lines where simple repetitive work is performed. Robots can carry out many tasks more efficiently than humans can. A robot can move heavy loads from one place to another faster and with less error. Robots work tirelessly, never get sick, and don't ever ask for a paycheck.

Medical Robots

Robots serve many roles in the medical field, from simple cleaning duties to actually performing surgical operations. Microscopic robots can even enter the human body and fight diseases internally. Robots have great potential in helping the disabled and elderly. Human limbs can be replaced with robotic parts that have a similar function and appearance to those of the original limbs. Only human creativity and imagination limit what robots can do to help humans.

Rotary Actuator

Rotary actuators move objects in a circular path.

Compressors

Take volumes of air Increase the pressure of the air Inject the air into a closed system at high pressure, thus giving the system energy to move

Pumps

Take volumes of liquid from a storage area Increase the liquid's pressure Inject the liquid into a closed system at high pressure, thus giving the system energy to move

R.U.R.

The actual term "robot" was first used in 1923 in a play called "R.U.R.," written by Karel Capek, a Czech playwright. The robot in the play is a mute, zombie-like device that performs the duties of a servant. The term "robotics" was invented by the Russian-born American science fiction writer Isaac Asimov to name the study and development of robots.

Audio Sensors

The microphone converts audio wave information into the computer's digital language of ones and zeros. Since the robot recognizes different patterns of ones and zeros as specific sounds or words, it can respond in an appropriate manner. Microphones allow the robot to hear a wide range of sounds, including many that are too high or too low for the human ear to detect.

Ternary System

This system works similarly to the binary system. Yet it includes a wide range of values, such as light, dark, and many shades in between. Instead of two values, each coordinate point can be one of hundreds of shades. This system allows the robot to recognize objects that are more complex.

Speech Sensors

To understand speech, a robot must first deconstruct spoken words. Speech recognition programs convert the sound waves of words into digital information. That information is then compared to information stored in the robot's memory. Voice recognition is difficult, since the robot must understand many different human pronunciations and accents. The robot may also have to try to recognize voices over factory noise.

Developments such as the ... led to the creation of the personal computer.

Transistor, integrated circuit, microprocessor

Charles Babbage

Tried to make a steam powered programmable calculator in the 1800s

A modern robot is a fusion of computer and cm machine.

True

Dante II is a robot made to explore volcanoes

True

New robots are being powered by alternative energy sources

True

One of the first robots built was named after Hero.

True

Pascal law states that in a closed container, the pressure a gas or liquid exerts on it will be the same at all points

True

Robots need to be built to move as effectively as humans.

True

The actual term "robot" was used in 1923 as a nickname for r.u.r.

True

The idea of robots date back to ancient Greece

True

Binary System

assigns every object a position on a grid-like system, Each coordinate on the grid is assigned a value of either light (1) or dark (0). Each coordinate is digitally stored in the robot's computer. The robot compares every object it encounters with objects stored in memory. A disadvantage of this system is that many objects must be stored in the robot's memory, and thus recognition is slow.

Command

block of code that tells the robot a specific thing to do

volume / absolute temperature = a constant

charles law

To understand speech, the robot must first construct spoken words.

false

Sensors

give the robot A sense of touch, The ability to hear, The ability to see, Assistance in moving through a physical space

Structured Light System

uses a light grid projected onto the object being viewed. This allows the robot's computer to interpret the edges, surfaces, and location of the object. Since this system ignores shadows and other distracting effects, the computer has less to process, and recognition is faster.

... added to a manipulator give the robot additional abilities.

sensors

Charles Law

states that the volume of a closed container filled with a gas will Decrease as the temperature decreases and Increase as the temperature increases

Many robotics engineers use the ... to give robots three-dimensional sight.

structured light system

Touch Sensors

usually located in the end-effectors of a robot's arms, allow the robot to know the shape of an object by the surface area of contact between the object and the sensor, some have built-in thermistors that determine the temperature of an object, make a robot detect early changes in pressure or temperature in a manufacturing process and help the company avoid costly mistakes and delays