Roman Empire

aedilis (aedile)

Curule or plebian, two of each, responsible for markets, maintain public order, food and water supply, public entertainment.

Pliny in Bithynia-Pontus

Dates: mid-111-113 (dies in office, evidently) Title: legatus Augusti consulari potestate Mission: particularly to address problems with municipal finances and administration

1 July 69 - Vespasian's dies imperii

Day he ascended throne. The exception is Vespasian: his dies imperii was 1 July 69 AD but the recognition by the Senate came on 21 December 69.

La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen à l'Epoque de Philippe II (1949) (The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II)

Fernand Braudel - The Mediterranean legacy in Europe included cultivated crops (particularly olives and grapes) and its associated consumption habits; monotheistic religion; urbanism; the language, laws, and pretensions of the state as mental and cultural tools; the prestige of the written word; and the instruments of chronology. The Mediterranean culture ceased to be dominant in the 15th or 16th century,

lex Pompeia

1) candidates stand in person, could not stand candidate for office when not present (52) 2) provincial governerships (52), provincial governorship to be postponed by five years after the magistracy

cubiculum

A small room, especially a bedroom, typically those small rooms found on the upper floor of a Roman house.

The Mediterranean Triad

Most people in the Roman Empire lived mainly on the usual foods of people living around the Mediterranean Sea - barley, olive oil, and wine, which we call the Mediterranean Triad. In addition to being full of carbohydrates, these foods provided fat (the olive oil) and protein (the barley).

Aeneid (19 BC)

National epic poem.

Quinquennium Neronis - 54-59

Nero, The first five years of his reign, which are known as the "Quinquennium Neronis," were marked by a wise and beneficent administration.

Q. Lutatius Catulus

Quintus Lutatius Catulus (149-87 BC) was consul of the Roman Republic in 102 BC, and the leading public figure of the gens Lutatia of the time. His colleague in the consulship was Gaius Marius, but the two feuded and Catulus sided with Sulla in the civil war of 88-87 BC. When the Marians regained control of Rome in 87, Catulus committed suicide rather than face prosecution.

equestrians

Ranking immediately below senators, many in the equestrian class became wealthy businessmen, landowners, and public officials.

Familia (according to the jurist Ulpian, c. AD 200)

Res vs. personae (thing vs. person) Persons in the patria potestas of a pater familias Relationships: agnatic (Related on or descended from the father's or male side), cognatic (relations are traced through both a father and mother), adfinal

Revolution/crisis - Alfoldy's four types of conflict

Resistance of provincials, slave wars, struggle of Italians (Social War, 91-89), interest groups among Roman citizens

20 December 69 - the death of Vitellius

Roman Emperor for eight months, from 16 April to 22 December 69. Vitellius was acclaimed Emperor following the quick succession of the previous emperors Galba and Otho, in a year of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors

Otho

Roman Emperor for three months, from 15 January to 16 April 69. He was the second emperor of the Year of the Four Emperors.

Domitian

Roman Emperor from 81 to 96. Domitian was the third and last emperor of the Flavian dynasty.

Vespasian

Roman Emperor from AD 69 to AD 79. Vespasian was the founder of the Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Empire for a quarter century. Accredited with several miracles. Days of miracles and wonders - the advent of Vespasian

Lex de imperio Vespasiani

Roman document used to grant emperor's powers to Vespasian.

leges Liciniae Sextiae

Roman law stating that one consul either must be or could be (not sure which) plebian.(367BC, plebian consuls, debt relief, land reform)

senatores

Roman political elite, chosen by kings/consuls/sensors, most were wealthy landowners.

T. Annius Milo

Roman politician, a supporter of the Optimates and bitter rival of Publius Clodius Pulcher and Julius Caesar. Milo supported Pompey.

furor impius

Sacrilegious Fury (Furor impius), which is a negation of those values that Aeneas is supposed to represent.

Forum of Julius Caesar

Started c. 54, land cost 60,000 or as much as 100,000 HS temple vowed at Pharsalus in 48, inaugurated in 46 - Venus Genetrix cult deity (ancestor of gens Iulia) Cult statue by Arcesilaus

Eclogues (35 BC)

book of ten small poems

Pater familias

The head of a Roman family. He held legal privilege over the property of the familia, and varying levels of authority over his dependents.

longue durée

The longue durée (English: the long term), is an expression used by the French Annales School of historical writing to designate their approach to the study of history, which gives priority to long-term historical structures over events— what François Simiand called histoire événementielle, "eventual history"— the short term time-scale that is the domain of the chronicler and the journalist; the longue durée concentrates on all-but-permanent or slowly evolving structures and substitutes for elite biographies the broader syntheses of prosopography

Naulochus (36)

The naval Battle of Naulochus between the fleets of Sextus Pompeius and Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, off Naulochus, Sicily. The victory of Agrippa, admiral of Octavian, marked the end of the Pompeian resistance to the Second Triumvirate.

Pisonian Conspiracy

The plot signified the growing discontent among the upper social strata of the Roman state with regards to Nero's increasingly despotic leadership, and as a result is a significant event in the road towards his eventual suicide, and the chaos that followed. yet another case study in how (or how not) to live decently under an insufferable tyrant Leading Conspirators: Epicharis C. Calpurnius Piso Faenius Rufus Lucan

centuria praerogativa

The presiding magistrate chooses, by lot, the "centuria praerogativa". This century is the first to vote, and is always a century from the first class.

conubium

The right to intermarry.

Socii

The socii ("allies") were the autonomous tribes and city-states of the Italian Peninsula in permanent military alliance with the Roman Republic until the Social War of 91-88 BC. Ends badly for them.

consules suffecti

The suffecti, or such as were elected in the place of those who had died or abdicated, though the privileges and powers of the latter were in no way inferior to those of the former

Cremutius Cordus

The trial of the historian Cremutius Cordus took place under the reign of Tiberius in 25 CE. The charge was, according to Tacitus,'a new charge for the first time heard'( novo ac tunc primum audito crimine). According to Mary R. McHugh, no one had been charged with maiestas for writing a history (editis annalibus)

Dialogus de Oratoribus

There is uncertainty about when Tacitus wrote Dialogus de oratoribus. A short work, in dialogue form, on the art of rhetoric.

lex lulia de adulteriis coercendis (18-17BC)

This law punished adultery with banishment.

Vercingetorix/Alesia

Vercingetorix was the chieftain of the Arverni tribe, who united the Gauls in an ultimately unsuccessful revolt against Roman forces during the last phase of Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars. Vercingetorix surrendered to the Romans after being defeated at the Battle of Alesia in 52 BC.

Arma virumque cano

Vergil begins the Aeneid "I sing of arms and of a man..."

Vae, puto deus fio

Vespasian's last words - "Woe, I think I'm turning into a god."

iudices

What we call the jury, the Romans called judges: iudices

interrex

When king died, the Senate would chose interim king. The interrex's function was to call a meeting which would elect a new king.

epyllia

a "little epic" A brief narrative poem with a romantic or mythological theme.

Fernand Braudel

a French historian and a leader of the Annales School. His scholarship focused on three main projects, each representing several decades of intense study: The Mediterranean (1923-49, then 1949-66), Civilization and Capitalism (1955-79), and the unfinished Identity of France (1970-85).

Polybius

a Greek historian of the Hellenistic Period noted for his work, The Histories. The three simple, and good, forms of constitution (monarchy, aristocracy, democracy) alternate with their degenerate equivalents (tyranny, oligarchy, mob-rule) in a naturally occurring cycle.

Divi filius

a Latin phrase meaning "son of a god", and was a title much used by the adopted son of Julius Caesar, his great-nephew Octavian, the future Emperor Augustus. Helped advance his political position.

Seneca the Younger

a Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, dramatist, and in one work humorist, of the Silver Age of Latin literature. He was tutor and later advisor to emperor Nero. While he was later forced to commit suicide for alleged complicity in the Pisonian conspiracy

M. Licinius Crassus

a Roman general and politician, entered into the political alliance known as the First Triumvirate with Pompey and Julius Caesar

Sulla

a Roman general and statesman, enact a series of reforms to the Roman constitution - Sulla's dictatorship came during a high point in the struggle between optimates and populares, the former seeking to maintain the power of the oligarchy in the form of the Senate while the latter resorted in many cases to naked populism, culminating in Caesar's dictatorship.

Marius

a Roman general and statesman. He was elected consul an unprecedented seven times during his career. He was also noted for his dramatic reforms of Roman armies. Significant in Rome's transformation from Republic to Empire.

Sextus Pompeius

a Roman general from the late Republic (1st century BC). He was the last focus of opposition to the Second Triumvirate. His father was Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great).

Suetonius

a Roman historian belonging to the equestrian order in the early Imperial era. His most important surviving work is a set of biographies of twelve successive Roman rulers, from Julius Caesar to Domitian, entitled De Vita Caesarum.

viri militares

a Roman legate (or general) that governed a consular military province of the Roman Empire. Tacitus mentioned the phrase vir militaris in some of his passages in order to describe ordinary soldiers or junior officers. Overall, the name was given to anyone who was experienced in military life or was given an opportunity to establish a reputation through warfare.

M. Aemilius Lepidus

a Roman patrician who rose to become a member of the Second Triumvirate and Pontifex Maximus. Lepidus was among Julius Caesar's greatest supporters. He made Lepidus effectively deputy in the dictatorship. Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus formed the Second Triumvirate.

D. lunius Brutus Albinus

a Roman politician and general of the 1st century BC and one of the leading instigators of Julius Caesar's assassination. Decimus Brutus is not to be confused with the more famous Brutus among the conspirators, Marcus Brutus.

nomen/gentilicium

clan name, related by blood through males e.g. Iulius, Aemilius, Cornelius, Caecina

L. Vitellius and P. Suillius Rufus

clientes, i.e. henchmen of Messalina

decemviri

commission of ten men to write up a code of law defining the principles of Roman administration. The Law of the Twelve Tables (Lex Duodecim Tabularum), which formed the centerpiece of the Roman constitutions for the next several centuries.

Julia

daughter and only biological child of Augustus, resulted from Augustus' second marriage with Scribonia

Pietas

personification of a respectful and faithful attachment to gods, country, and relatives, especially parents. Pietas had a temple at Rome, dedicated in 181 bc, and was often represented on coins as a female figure carrying a palm branch

Latifundia

pieces of property covering very large land areas. The latifundia (Latin: lātus, "spacious" + fundus, "farm, estate")[1] of Roman history were great landed estates, specializing in agriculture destined for export: grain, olive oil, or wine. The latifundia were the closest approximation to industrialized agriculture in Antiquity, and their economics depended upon slave labour.

lex Fufia Caninia (2BC)/lex Aelia Sentia (AD4)

placed limitations on manumissions. In numerical terms this meant that a master who had three slaves could free only two

seviri augustales

recruited among the more modest citizens and especially among freed, they form a college of six members and assume other responsibilities within the framework for this worship; this membership allows people who cannot reach the ordinary magistratures to play a part in sight within the framework of the city: one awaits they liberalities and the organization of plays, for example.

Donations of Alexandria

religio-political (theopolitical) statement by Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony in which they distributed lands held by Rome and Parthia amongst Cleopatra's children, and granted them many titles, especially for Caesarion, son of Julius Caesar. The Donations caused a fatal breach in Antony's relations with Rome and were amongst the causes of the Final War of the Roman Republic.

Octavia

sister of the first Roman Emperor, Augustus and fourth wife of Mark Antony.

caupo

staff, innkeeper, deversorium

procurator

staff, manager, deversorium

taberna, caupona, meritorium, hospitium, stabulum, deversorium

synonyms

homines novi

term in ancient Rome for a man who was the first in his family to serve in the Roman Senate or, more specifically, to be elected as consul.

prudentes

the 'prudentes' who held discourse at the funeral of Caesar Augustus, judge Augustus in diverging ways, apologists, critics

Ordo equester

the Equestrian Order, an aristocracy of wealth, unlike senators, you can get your money from anywhere

Colonia Agrippinensis

the Roman colony in the Rhineland out of which the German city of Cologne developed.

Libertas

the Roman goddess and embodiment of liberty.

Halosis Troiae (Nero), Bellum Civile (Lucan)

the Troiae halosis is a parody of Senecan tragedy while the Bellum civile is a serious attempt, albeit flawed in its execution, to remodel historical epic in a conservative Virgilian mould

medianum

the central, hall-like room which, placed in the middle, gave access to all other rooms

amicus/amicitia

the designation of a friendly relationship between of equal standing, highranking persons that Aristocracy used, particularly in the late Roman Republic.

Familia Caesaris

the emperor's own slaves and freedmen, this was the most important in status and the most mobile socially of all the groups in slave-born classes

Horologium Augusti

a sundial in ancient Rome, the largest of the ancient era. 10 BC Apollo as sun god and patron of Augustus On September 23, both the autumnal equinox and the birth date of Augustus, the shadow of the obelisk was cast directly to the center of the Ara Pacis. This coincidence served to reinforce that Augustus was intrinsically connected with the Pax Romana and the perception that Augustus was "born to peace, natus ad pacem"

laudatio

a tombstone engraved with a carved epitaph that is a husband's eulogy of his wife. The inscription gives a unique insight into the late 1st century Roman world during the rise of Augustus Caesar, as its extended history of "Turia's" life addresses many aspects of the Roman society.

Ficus Ruminalis

a wild fig tree on the Palatine Hill in ancient Rome. This tree was said to be sacred to the goddess Rumina. It is also the spot where tradition said the trough containing Romulus and Remus landed on the banks of the Tiber and were reared by a she-wolf.

XVvir sacris faciundis

the fifteen (quindecim) members of a college (collegium) with priestly duties. Most notably they guarded the Sibylline Books, scriptures which they consulted and interpreted at the request of the Senate. This collegium also oversaw the worship of any foreign gods which were introduced to Rome. Licinio-Sextian law in 367 BCE, stipulated that half of these priests were to be plebeian.

Battle of Philippi (42)

the final battle in the Wars of the Second Triumvirate between the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (the Second Triumvirate) and the forces of Julius Caesar's assassins Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus in 42 BC, at Philippi in Macedonia. The Second Triumvirate declared this civil war to avenge Julius Caesar's murder. Left the triumvirate in control of the Roman Republic.

vigiles

the firefighters and police of Ancient Rome.

pontifus maximus

the high priest of the College of Pontiffs (Collegium Pontificum) in ancient Rome

Narcissus, Pallas, Anicetus

the imperial freedmen who formed the core of the imperial court under the Roman emperor Claudius.

cursus

the large parallel lengths of banks with external ditches which they thought were early Roman athletic courses, hence the Latin name cursus, meaning "course"

Dictator perpetuus

the office held by Julius Caesar from 26 January or 15 February of the year 44 BCE until his death on 15 March.[2] By abandoning the time restrictions usually applied in the case of the Roman dictatura, it elevated Caesar's dictatorship into the monarchical sphere.

Batavian Revolt - Iulius Civilis

the rebellion of the Batavians against the Romans in 69-70. After initial successes by their commander Julius Civilis, the Batavians were ultimately defeated

Scribonia

the second wife of the Roman Emperor Augustus and the mother of his only natural child, Julia the Elder. The territorial agreement amongst the triumvirs and Sextus Pompeius began to crumble once Octavian divorced Scribonia and married Livia.

cursus honorum

the sequential order of public offices held by aspiring politicians in both the Roman Republic and the early Empire. It was designed for men of senatorial rank. The cursus honorum comprised a mixture of military and political administration posts. Each office had a minimum age for election.

novus homo

the term in ancient Rome for a man who was the first in his family to serve in the Roman Senate or, more specifically, to be elected as consul.

Livia

the third wife of the Emperor Augustus and his advisor. She was the mother of the Emperor Tiberius

princeps

the unofficial title used by the Roman emperors

mos maiorum

the unwritten code from which the ancient Romans derived their social norms. It is the core concept of Roman traditionalism, distinguished from but in dynamic complement to written law. Collectively the "time-honored principles," behavioral models, and social practices that affected private, political, and military life in ancient Rome. History and morality are to them intertwined, idealized their ancestors.

Seneca, Petronius, Thrasea Paetus

three case studies in how (or how not) to die decently under an insufferable tyrant

luno (Juno) saeva

Juno is called "savage"

Forum of Trajan

Last and biggest Built 107-113, with loot from Dacian war Basilica Ulpia, biggest ever built in Rome to date = 170 x 60 meters, contained Atrium Libertatis Two libraries - documents including commentarii Column with statue of Trajan Temple (?) of Trajan Markets principia

gratia

Latin for "by favour", and is most often used in a legal context. When something has been done ex gratia, it has been done voluntarily, out of kindness or grace. In law, an ex gratia payment is a payment made without the giver recognising any liability or legal obligation. Relationship b/w patronus and cliens.

Sumptuary legislation

Laws that attempt to regulate habits of consumption. Traditionally, they were laws that regulated and reinforced social hierarchies and morals through restrictions on clothing, food, and luxury expenditures.

Apollodorus of Damascus

(at minimum) Forum of Trajan, Odeon, Baths of Trajan, Bridge across Danube

Q. Fabius Pictor

(c. 200 BC) One of the earliest Roman historians and considered the first of the annalists.

Forum of Augustus (reprise)

Temple of Mars Ultor vowed in 42 at Philippi, finished in 2 BC Roman Hall of Fame in porticos of Forum

Forum of Vespasian

Temple of Peace (Pax) Built AD 71-75 Forum contained room later equipped with the Forma Urbis, aka the Severan Marble Plan, marble map of Rome in 1:246 scale

Princeps

an official title of a Roman Emperor as the title determining the leader in Ancient Rome at the beginning of the Roman Empire.

lex Valeria

(300BC, right of appeal) The Lex Valeria gave the Roman citizen the right to appeal, provocatio, to the Comitia Centuriata from a sentence by a magistrate.

lex Poetelia

(326 BC, abolished nexum, or debt bondage)

comitia plebis tributa = concilium plebis

(assembly of the plebs) is made up of all plebeian citizens, grouped into their respective tribes. It elects both the plebeian aediles and the tribunes of the plebs.

pater patriae

"Father of the Country"The honor of being called pater patriae was conferred by the Roman Senate. Awarded to Julius Caesar, Caesar Augustus.

Senatus consultum ultimum (SCU)

"Final decree of the Senate" a decree of the Roman Senate during the late Roman Republic passed in times of emergency. effectively replaced the disused dictatorship, by removing limitations on the magistrates' powers to preserve the State.

Domus

"house", but not "family"

dignitas

"social rank, profile"

maiestas = maiestas populi Romani deminuta

'the diminution of the majesty of the Roman people', a crime first introduced by L. Appuleius Saturninus in the lex Appuleia c. 103 B.C. The charge was vague enough that it could cover a variety of actions, including failure in one's duty or revolt.

Philippics

(14 in all: Sep 44 - April 43) Cicero consciously gave series of attacks on Mark Antony in speeches, considered him a threat to his republican ideal.

lex Calpurnia

(149 B.C. standing court on extortion from provincials) a permanent court with a praetor who observed provincial governors has been established. The main reason was the increasing extortion in provinces.

lex Villia annalis

(180 B.C. established minimum ages for the cursus honorum offices)

led Claudia

(218 B.C. senators, sons, and ships) no senator or senator's son could own a sea-going ship with a capacity of more than 300 amphorae. Gaining wealth through mercantile activities was considered a lower-class activity and those of higher status based their wealth on landholdings, government positions, and profits from war.

War with Pyrrhus

(282-270BC) The Pyrrhic War (280-275 BC) was a complex series of battles and shifting political alliances among the Greeks, Romans, the Italian peoples, and the Carthaginians.

lex Hortensia

(287BC, enabled plebiscita to have full validity as statutes for the whole people) - made all resolutions passed by plebeians binding on all citizens.

agnomen

(i.e. second cognomen) e.g. P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica (branch of a branch)e.g. L. Aemilius Paulus becomes on adoption P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus and C. Octavius Caepias becomes C. Iulius Caesar Octavianus e.g. P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus ("honorary" name)

comitia populi tributa

(tribal assembly of the people) or comitia tributa (tribal assembly) is made up of all citizens, grouped into their respective tribes. It is empowered to elect the quaestors and curule aediles, and to enact laws and to try legal cases that do not involve permanent removal of citizenship.

Pontus (Battle of Zela) (47)

(veni, vidi, vici)In 49 BC, civil war broke out between the Roman Triumvirs Gaius Julius Caesar and Pompey. Whilst the Romans were distracted by this, Pharnaces II decided to seize the opportunity and seized land. Caesar himself, in a letter to a friend in Rome, famously said of the short war: "Veni, vidi, vici" ("I came, I saw, I conquered").

pneuma/logos

...

sidus lulianum

...

tribunicia potestas

...

a studiis

The a studiis was a documentalist. When an embassy approached the emperor to ask for something, the a studiis had to find the texts of replies to similar requests.

consules ordinarii

The consuls thus elected at the beginning of a year

14 April 69 - the first battle of Cremona

...

24 October 69 - the second battle of Cremona

...

C. Claudius Marcellus

...

Domitia Lepida

...

Second Exam

...

The Casa del Menandro

...

funis/funus

...

imperium consulare

...

imperium proconsulare

...

lapsus rotarum

...

lex lulia sumptuaria (18 BC)

...

luxuria

...

maius imperium

...

pietas/impietas

...

Georgics (26 BC)

4 books: Book 1: crops Book 2: trees and vines Book 3: animals (equation of furor with amor) Book 4: bees

latus clavus (broad purple stripe on tunic)

Let sons of senators wear this stripe

curia

A curia in early Roman times was a subdivision of the people, i.e. more or less a tribe, and with a metonymy it came to mean also the meeting place where the tribe discussed its affairs.

decurions

A decurion was a member of a city senate in the Roman Empire. Decurions were drawn from the curiales class, which was made up of the wealthy middle class citizens of a town society. Decurions were the most powerful political figures at the local level. Elected to different colonies (Ostia vs. Salona vs. Aquincum)

laudatio funebris

A eulogy

ab epistulis

Ab epistulis drafted the epistulae (one of the two kinds of the imperial rescripta) as written answers of the emperor addressed to officials or public bodies.

Porticus of Gaius and Lucius

After a fire, Augustus in 14 BC heavily restored the Basilica Paulli. In this occasion the tabernae which preceded it towards the Forum square and the portico were totally rebuilt. The latter was dedicated to the emperor's two grandsons (Porticus Gai et Luci)

Peace of Brundisium (Sep. 40)

After the Battle of Philippi, the Triumvirs agreed to divide the provinces of the Republic into spheres of influence. Octavian took control of the West, Antony of the East, and Lepidus of Hispania and Africa.

lex Villia annalis

All offices were unsalaried so they were by nature the elite and rich - this lex tried to put restraints on public offices mainly through age requirements.

humiliores

All other citizens belonged to the second, and unless wealth or ability brought them into public office, they remained there. The humiliores were subject to the most severe and humiliating punishments for infraction of the laws.

Amicitia

Amicitia is the Latin term for friendship, and specifically, a political friendship. There could be a foedus amicitiae 'treaty of friendship' between Rome and another state or between Rome and an individual, generally called a client king. Amicitia could also be the informal bonds of friendship.

Parthian Arch (19BC)

Arches were erected in the Roman Forum to honor the Emperor Augustus. The second was constructed in 19 B.C. after the return of the standards captured by the Parthians (the "Parthian" arch).

Plan for Piazza Augusto Imperatore

As part of his massive restructuring of Rome and in celebration of the 2000th anniversary of Augustus' birth, Mussolini created the Piazza Augusto Imperatore with the Mausoleum of Augustus at its center. He had the densely populated neighborhoods surrounding the Mausoleum destroyed and new buildiings constructed on the 4 sides of the Piazza. 1. Exploitation and valorizzazione of the ancient monuments 2. Isolation of ancient monuments for maximum visibility. 3. Decorous and impressive arrangement of the ancient monuments 4. Ease the flow of traffic.

Gaius and Lucius Caesar

Augustus adopted his two grandsons, giing them the politcally more relevant name of Caesar, both died.

Forum of Nerva, aka Forum Transitorium

Begun and almost completed by Domitian Why not "Forum of Domitian"? Damnatio memoriae Temple of Minerva Colonacce - Minerva and Arachne

Gracchi

Brothers, Roman plebeian nobiles who both served as tribunes in 2nd century BC. For membership in the Populares party they have been considered the founding fathers of both socialism and populism.

Ti. Claudius Nero

Brought back from exile and adopted by Augustus.

Via dei Fori Imperiali = (once) Via dell'Impero

Built in 1936 by Benito Mussolini. Runs from Piazza Venezia to Colosseum. Still a political football.

clementia

Clementia was the goddess of forgiveness and mercy. She was deified as a celebrated virtue of Julius Caesar, who was famed for his forbearance, especially following Caesar's civil war with Pompey from 49 BC

consul

Consul (abbrev. cos.; Latin plural consules) was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Empire. 2 elected every year, chief financial officer, full imperium as military commander, term lasted only one year.

Res Gestae Divi Augusti

Contains political, military, financial details Written by Augustus himself in the first person. Exercise in political spin. Installed in A.D. 14 at Augustus' request on bronze tablets at the entrance to his Mausoleum. Joined, and was later joined by, similar documents devoted to members of his family

Battle of Mons Graupius

Gnaeus Julius Agricola, the Roman governor and Tacitus' father-in-law, had sent his fleet ahead to panic the Caledonians, and, with light infantry reinforced with British auxiliaries, reached the site, which he found occupied by the enemy. Famed defeat of Britain tribes.

M. lunius Brutus, C. Cassius Longinus

He is best known in modern times for taking a leading role in the assassination of Julius Caesar. Originally received amnesty from the Senate, but was removed by Octavian. Brutus/Cassius defeated by Octavian/Antony in Battle of Philippi.

thumos

He portrays Medea as a character with spiritedness. Euripides portrayal of spiritedness is something very similar to thumos. Thumos is the Greek term which represents the "irrational passion for revenge" (Medea's Divided Self).

nexum (abolished by lex Poetelia)

If you could not pay off debts, you were seized by loaner and reduced to level of serf

imperium

Imperium was originally a military concept, the power of the imperator (general in the army) to command

Fides

In Roman religion, Fides was the goddess of trust. Her temple on the Capitol was where the Roman Senate signed and kept state treaties with foreign countries, and where Fides protected them.

cenaculum

In ancient Rome, a small informal dining room, often on an upper story.

Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus

Livy - a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people through the reign of Augustus. Dionysius - a Greek historian and teacher of rhetoric, who flourished during the reign of Caesar Augustus

quaestor

Lowest rank of major office senator could hold, financial assistant to consul, most sent to provinces as administrators.

Nerva

M. Cocceius Nerva - sexagenarian and civilian Verginius Rufus as co-consul Damnatio memoriae of Domitian Returns property unlawfully seized by Domitian Gave land away (HS 60,000,000 worth) to the very poor Reduced tribute (tax) and granted exemptions to the inheritance tax Launched alimenta Appointed five-man commission to reduce spending Gave donative (i.e. bonus) to troops

Trajan

M. Ulpius Traianus - adopted by Nerva October 97 Nerva dies 25 January 98 Relations with Senate Imitatio Augusti First Dacian War (101-102) Decebalus Conquest of Arabia (Nabataean Kingdom: 106) Second Dacian War (106-107) Parthian War (113-117) Trajan dies 9 August 117

insula

Many poor and lower middle class Romans lived in crowded, dirty and mostly rundown rental apartments, known as insulae. These multi-level apartment blocks were built as high and tightly together as possible and held far less status and convenience than the private homes of the prosperous.

a bibliothecis

Master of the imperial libraries

Oenothia

Oenothea = Hecale, Philemon and Baucis

clientela

Patronage (clientela) was the distinctive relationship in ancient Roman society between the patronus (plural patroni, "patron") and his client (cliens, plural clientes). The relationship was hierarchical, but obligations were mutual. The patronus was the protector, sponsor, and benefactor of the client.

patronus/cliens

Patronage (clientela) was the distinctive relationship in ancient Roman society between the patronus (plural patroni, "patron") and his client (cliens, plural clientes). The relationship was hierarchical, but obligations were mutual. The patronus was the protector, sponsor, and benefactor of the client.

plebs urbana

Plebeians-the commoners of Roman society; those below the patrician class. Those who resided in the city.

plebs rustica

Plebeians-the commoners of Roman society; those below the patrician class. Those who resided in the country.

tribunus (tribune)

Plebian tribunes, 10 new tribunes every year, main role was protection of plebians, could veto any act from someone aside from dictator.

lex lulia et Papia (18BC and AD 9)

Set limits on who you could marry, rewarded having children, penalty for not having children

Treaty of Misenum (39)

Sextus Pompeius threatened Octavian in Italy by denying to the peninsula shipments of grain through the Mediterranean. the blockade on Italy was lifted once Octavian granted Pompeius Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily, and the Peloponnese, and ensured him a future position as consul for 35 BC.

Servi

Slaves, increasingly being used in these large agricultural enterprises.

equites

Socially prominent, but not politically active. Eventually gained beaurocratic responsibilities. Standing between the senatorial class and the people.

nobilis

Someone with consular ancestor, senator ancestor.

latus clavus

THE "wide stripe" of purple cloth sewn on the tunic worn by senators and their children.

arcana imperii

Tacitus (Annales II.xxxvi) wrote that there are such things as arcana imperii, secret imperial motives and intentions impenetrable to the historian

Tacitus

Tacitus is considered to be one of the greatest Roman historians. As well as the brevity and compactness of his Latin prose, he is known for his penetrating insights into the psychology of power politics.

Principatus et libertas, res olim dissociabiles

Tacitus remarked that prior to Nerva the Principate and freedom were incompatible. It seems therefore that in some form or other freedom and the Principate clashed, and, in a way, Tacitus's historical writings, particularly the Annals, were perhaps conceived and executed as the story of that struggle.

Agricola

The Agricola (written ca. 98) recounts the life of Gnaeus Julius Agricola, an eminent Roman general and Tacitus' father-in-law; it also covers, briefly, the geography and ethnography of ancient Britain. By Tacitus.

Cena Trimalchionis

The Banquet of Trimalchio (story in the Satyricon)

Hirtius and Pansa - Battle of Mutina

The Battle of Mutina was fought on April 21, 43 BC between the forces of Mark Antony and the forces of Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus and Aulus Hirtius, who were providing aid to Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus.

Fulvia and L. Antonius - Battle of Perusia

The Battle of Perusia concludes in Italy. Lucius Antonius, the brother of Mark Antony, and Fulvia, the wife of Mark Antony, are defeated. Fulvia flees to Athens. Octavian comes to terms with Lucius Antonius and appoints him magistrate of Spain.

Battle of Pharsalus (48)

The Battle of Pharsalus was a decisive battle of Caesar's Civil War. On 9 August 48 BC at Pharsalus in central Greece, Gaius Julius Caesar and his allies formed up opposite the army of the republic under the command of Pompey. Pompey had the backing of a majority of senators, of whom many were optimates, and his army significantly outnumbered the veteran Caesarian legions. Caesar won.

comitia centuriata

The Century Assembly (comitia centuriata or "Army Assembly") of the Roman Republic was the democratic assembly of Roman soldiers. Assembly based on military capacity, if you could bring a horse you were near top.

comitia curiata

The Curiate Assembly (comitia curiata) was the principal assembly during the first two decades of the Roman Republic. During these first decades, the People of Rome were organized into thirty units called "Curia".

Forum of Augustus

The Forum of Augustus is one of the Imperial forums of Rome, Italy, built by Augustus. It includes the Temple of Mars Ultor. Beneath each statue a brief titulus proclaimed the name of the individual and a longer elogium recounted the services of each individual to the state. Both the tituli and elogia were inscribed on marble.

Ordo senatorius

The Ordo Senatorius was strictly speaking only another name for the Senate, the members of which, by virtue of their life tenure of office, their privileges and insignia, and their esprit de corps, formed a kind of Peerage.the nobles, or Senatorial Order, a governing aristocracy of rank

Plebs urbana

The Plebeian order was composed of the lowest class of freemen. Those who resided in the city, were called "Plebs urbana"

Battle of Thapsus (46)

The Republican forces of the Optimates, led by Quintus Caecillius Metellus Scipio, clashed with the veteran forces loyal to Julius Caesar. Caesar won.

Ronald Syme, The Roman Revolution (Oxford 1939)

The Roman Revolution (1939) is an enormously influential scholarly study of the final years of the ancient Roman Republic and the creation of the Roman Empire by Caesar Augustus. It was immediately controversial. Its main conclusion was that the structure of the Republic and its Senate were inadequate to the needs of Roman rule, and that Augustus was merely doing what was necessary to restore order in public life.

tria nomina

The Roman name is taken to be typically a tria nomina or 3-names name, consisting of a praenomen or given name, a nomen gentile or gentilicium (the clan name), and a cognomen specifying the family within the clan. After these might come an added cognomen or agnomen or more than one.

M. Antonius, Mark Antony

a Roman politician and general. As a military commander and administrator, he was an important supporter and loyal friend of his mother's cousin Julius Caesar. After Caesar's assassination, Antony formed an official political alliance with Octavian (the future Augustus) and Lepidus, known to historians today as the Second Triumvirate. The triumvirate broke up in 33 BC. Disagreement between Octavian and Antony erupted into civil war, the final war of the Roman Republic, in 31 BC. Antony was defeated by Octavian at the naval Battle of Actium, and in a brief land battle at Alexandria. He and his lover Cleopatra committed suicide shortly thereafter. His career and defeat are significant in Rome's transformation from Republic to Empire.

plebiscita (enabled by lex Hortensia)

a Roman resolution, decree or legislative measure that was passed in a plebeian assembly.

M. Vipsanius Agrippa

a Roman statesman and general.[2] He was a close friend, son-in-law, lieutenant and defence minister to Octavian. Responsible for most of Octavian's military victories, most notably winning the naval Battle of Actium against the forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII of Egypt.

Cato

a Roman statesman, an ancient Plebeian family, successively held the offices of Cursus Honorum: Military tribune (214 BC), Quaestor (204 BC), Aedile (199 BC), Praetor (198 BC), Consul (195 BC) together with his old patron, and finally Censor (184 BC).

Historiae

a book by Tacitus, written c. 100-110, which covers the Year of Four Emperors following the downfall of Nero, the rise of Vespasian, and the rule of the Flavian Dynasty (69-96) up to the death of Domitian.

nobiles

a descriptive term of social rank, usually indicating that a member of the family had achieved the consulship.

Bona Dea

a divinity in ancient Roman religion. She was associated with chastity and fertility in women, healing, and the protection of the Roman state and people.

Annales School

a group of historians associated with a style of historiography developed by French historians in the 20th century. The school has been highly influential in the use of social scientific methods by historians, emphasizing social rather than political or diplomatic themes, and for being generally hostile to the class analysis of Marxist historiography.

Annales

a history of the reigns of the four Roman Emperors succeeding Caesar Augustus. The surviving parts of the Annals extensively cover most of the reigns of Tiberius and Nero.

Historia Augusta

a late Roman collection of biographies, in Latin, of the Roman Emperors, their junior colleagues and usurpers of the period 117 to 284. It presents itself as a compilation of works by six different authors (collectively known as the Scriptores Historiae Augustae), written in the reigns of Diocletian and Constantine I, but the true authorship of the work, its actual date, and its purpose, have long been matters for controversy

Pliny the Younger

a lawyer, author, and magistrate of Ancient Rome. Pliny is known for his hundreds of surviving letters, which are an invaluable historical source for the time period. Many are addressed to reigning emperors or to notables such as the historian, Tacitus. Pliny himself was a notable figure, serving as an imperial magistrate under Trajan

Fasti Triumphales

a list of triumphs from the foundation of Rome down to the reign of Augustus.

Cn. Pompeius Magnus

a military and political leader of the late Roman Republic. Pompey joined his rival Marcus Licinius Crassus and his ally Julius Caesar in the unofficial military-political alliance known as the First Triumvirate. Pompey sided with the optimates, the conservative and aristocratic faction of the Roman Senate. Pompey and Caesar contended for the leadership of the Roman state, leading to a civil war.

senators

a political institution in the ancient Roman Empire. the actual authority of the imperial Senate was negligible, as the Emperor held the true power of the state. As such, membership in the Senate became sought after by individuals seeking prestige and social standing, rather than actual authority.

Seneca's Apocolocyntosis

a political satire on the Roman emperor Claudius, probably written by Seneca the Younger. It is the only example of Menippean satire from the classical era that has survived. The title plays upon "apotheosis", the process by which dead Roman emperors were recognized as gods.

M. Calpurnius Bibulus

a politician of the late Roman Republic.In 59 BC he was elected consul, supported by the optimates, conservative republicans in the Senate and opponents of Julius Caesar's triumvirate. Consul with Caesar. the populares joked that the two consuls were really "Julius and Caesar"

Cartimandua

a queen of the Brigantes, a Celtic people in what is now Northern England, in the 1st century.She is known exclusively from the work of a single Roman historian, Tacitus

exedra

a semicircular recess or plinth, often crowned by a semi-dome, which is sometimes set into a building's facade

Imperial Fora

a series of monumental fora (public squares), constructed in Rome over a period of one and half centuries, between 46 BC and 113 AD. The forums were the center of the Roman Republic and of the Roman Empire.

De vita Caesarum (Lives of the Caesars)

a set of twelve biographies of Julius Caesar and the first 11 emperors of the Roman Empire written by Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus.

virtus

a specific virtue in Ancient Rome. It carries connotations of valor, manliness, excellence, courage, character, and worth, perceived as masculine strengths (from Latin vir, "man"). It was thus a frequently stated virtue of Roman emperors, and was personified as a deity.

Seviri Augustales (cult of Lares Augusti)

an order (sodalitas) of Roman priests instituted by Tiberius to attend to the maintenance of the cult of Augustus and the Iulii in 14 AD.

Hierarchy of spaces / rooms

atrium - triclinium - cubiculum

Germania

an ethnographic work on the Germanic tribes outside the Roman Empire. By Tacitus

censor

an officer in ancient Rome who was responsible for maintaining the census, did not have imperium, elected by ex-consuls, adopted role of supervision of behavior/morals.

C. Cilnius Maecenas

ally, friend and political advisor to Octavian as well as an important patron for the new generation of Augustan poets.

Ara Pacis Augustae

an altar to Peace, envisioned as a Roman goddess. It was commissioned by the Roman Senate on 4 July 13 BC to honor the triumphal return from Hispania and Gaul of the Roman emperor Augustus,[1] and was consecrated on 30 January 9 BC by the Senate to celebrate the peace established in the Empire after Augustus's victories. Artistic and political significance Sculptural program of enclosure North and South sides - procession of notable Romans East and West - Romulus, Remus, and wolf, Aeneas sacrificing a sow, Goddess Roma, Tellus, Italia, or Pax

nobiles

descriptive term of social rank, usually indicating that a member of the family had achieved the consulship. Those who belonged to the hereditary patrician families were noble, but plebeians whose ancestors were consuls were also considered nobiles.

dignitas

dignitas was regarded as the sum of the personal clout and influence that a male citizen acquired throughout his life. When weighing the dignitas of a particular individual, factors such as personal reputation, moral standing, and ethical worth had to be considered, along with the man's entitlement to respect and proper treatment.

cognomen

e.g. Dolabella, Lentulus, Cinna, Scipio, Rufinus (all from the gens Cornelia) - e.g. Barbatus, Naso, Caesar, Cicero, Scaevola

munificentia

entertainments (meals, gladiatorial shows) buildings (theaters, amphitheaters, baths, libraries) infrastructure (alimenta)

cena

evening

C. lulius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian)

first emperor of the Roman Empire, which he ruled alone from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD.

lex Vatinia

gave Julius Caesar governorship of Cisalpine Gaul and of Illyricum for five years

Law of the Ten Tribunes (52)

granted Caesar an exemption from the canvassing in person for his second consulship, represented for Caesar as asset of considerable value.

hospites

guests of deversorium, two types: privatum or publicum

Revolt of Vindex

he rebelled against the tax policy of the Emperor Nero. In order to gain support, he declared his allegiance to the then governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, Servius Sulpicius Galba, as the new emperor. Vindex was defeated and killed

C. Silius

husband (?) of Messalina

honestiores

in the empire of the second and third centuries a legal distinction arose which divided the citizen body into two classes.To the first class belonged Roman senators and knights with their families, soldiers, and veterans with their children, and men who held or had held municipal offices in towns and cities outside of Rome with their descendants.The honestiores, on the other hand, enjoyed certain privileges. In case of grave misconduct, they were spared punishment which would tend to degrade their position in the eyes of the people and generally got off with banishment, relegation, or losing their property.

ars vs. ingenium

ingenium, or "native talent," to ars, or "technical proficiency

deversorium

inn, lodging house, stopping place

Senatus consultum (SC)

it was simply an opinion expressed by the senate, optional consulting body of aristocrats giving their advice to the king

Battle of Munda (17 March, 45)

last battle of Julius Caesar's civil war against the republican armies of the Optimate leaders. After this victory, and the deaths of Titus Labienus and Gnaeus Pompeius (Pompey's oldest son), Caesar was free to return to Rome and govern as dictator.

Samnite war

last samnite war concludes in 290. the early Roman Republic, fighting for control of Italy, and the tribes of Samnium, extended over half a century, involving almost all the states of Italy, and ended in Roman domination of the Samnites.

praenomen

least important e.g. Publius, Lucius, Marcus, Gaius

lex Titia (27 Nov. 43)

legalized the Second Triumvirate of Octavian, Marc Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Gave power to make or annul laws without approval from either the Senate or the people.

insularii

managers for insulae

freedpersons

men and women who had been slaves but had bought their freedom or been manumitted. They were not fully free because they had various restrictions on their rights and owed certain duties to their former masters, who now became their patrons

C. Trebonius

military commander and politician of the late Roman Republic, a trusted associate of Julius Caesar who was later among those instigating the plot to assassinate the Dictator.

salutation

morning

Actium (2 Sep.31)

naval engagement fought between the forces of Octavian and the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII. Octavian's fleet was commanded by Agrippa.

Satyricon

novel by Petronius depicting social excesses in imperial Rome. Genre - novel, but (incidentally) parodies other genres Epic echoes: Pursuit by an offended /offending deity Descent to Underworld Detention by love interest Monster in cave attacks hero

Fasti Consulares

official chronicles in which years were denoted by the respective consuls and other magistrates, often with the principal events that happened during their consulates

ordo

ordo senatorius, ordo equester, ordo decurionum

Lupercalia (Feb. 15)

pastoral festival, observed on February 13 through 15 to avert evil spirits and purify the city, releasing health and fertility. Augustus apparently 'restored' the Lupercalia.

Reign of Galba

people realized that wherever there was an army, there could be an emperor. The discovery of this arcana imperii, or secret of power, led to armies in other regions creating their own emperors. Galba, general of the armies in Spain, was proclaimed emperor by his armies

Optimates vs. Populares

two principal patrician political groups during the later Roman Republic from about 133 to 27 bc. The members of both groups belonged to the wealthier classes. The Optimates were the dominant group in the Senate. They blocked the wishes of the others, who were thus forced to seek tribunician support for their measures in the tribal assembly and hence were labeled Populares. The two groups differed, therefore, chiefly in their methods: the Optimates tried to uphold the oligarchy; the Populares sought popular support against the dominant oligarchy, either in the interests of the people themselves or in furtherance of their own personal ambitions.

domus

type of house occupied by the upper classes and some wealthy freedmen during the Republican and Imperial eras.

praetor

under consuls, administrate justice in Rome, handle court of civil cases

mos maiorum

unwritten code from which the ancient Romans derived their social norms. It is the core concept of Roman traditionalism,[2] distinguished from but in dynamic complement to written law.

Correctio morum

various measures aimed at a "reform of morals."

Virtus ipsa

virtue itself