Roman History 122 Test 3

Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar were all frustrated by *blank* and the *blank* who obstructed their respective agendas. In response they form a secret alliance that came to be known as *blank* These each stood to gain from the alliance. Caesar wanted to be elected consul and would be supported by Crassu and Pompey. Pompey wanted his settlement in East and land for his veterans which Caesar, as consul would support

Cato optimates the first triumvirate.

Although *blank* offered evidence that Clodius had lied about his alibi, Clodius was released from the charge of sacrilege through bribery.

Cicero

While Clodius was tribune he also forced *blank* into exile on the grounds that this person had:

Cicero c) executed Roman citizens without a trial.

In Dec. 63 *blank* exposed the conspiracy of Catline and called for and carried out the following punishment of the five Romans in the city who supported Catiline:

Cicero c) execution

Spartacus tried to negotiate with the Roman forces but was captured and killed by *blank* This general lined the Via Appia with the bodies of *blank* crucified slaves. The senate, concerned that war was not effectively being brought to an end, summoned *blank* from Spain

Crassus 6000 Pompey

The consul in charge of Roman forces in the Slave War was *blank* The senate may have awarded him this command because:

Crassus b) he was rich and could raise his own legions.

In 63 one of the candidates for the consulship was *blank* He supported debt cancellation and redistribution of land. He had many supporters, but because his supporters were poor, they would not help him win the necessary votes in the *blank* He led a conspiracy of Romans and other allies, including Sulla's veterans.

Catiline Centuriate Assembly

Clodius removed *blank* from Rome by awarding him the task of annexing Cyprus from Egypt.

Cato

The consuls of 63 were *blank* and *blank* Sulla's policies in 82-81 while he was dictator were devastating and led to debt and deprivation in Rome. This led to further agitations for

Gaius Antonius Hybrida Marcus Tullius Cicero land reform

In 64, seven men ran for the consulship of 63. The three frontrunners were and

Gaius Antonius Hybrida, Lucius Sergius Catalina Marcus Tullius Cicero.

In 63 *blank* was elected pontifex maximus.

Gaius Julius Caesar

In 107 *blank* took command of the forces in North Africa. In 105 the war was brought to an end when Marius' quaestor, whose name was *blank* , persuaded Jugurtha's ally, King Bocchus of Mauretania, to betray Jugurtha to the Romans.

Gaius Marius Lucius Cornelius Sulla

In 91, the tribune *blank* proposed the following, but he was killed with a cobbler's knife after a consul declared his policies invalid:

Livius Drusus a) juries should be comprised of senators, but 300 equestrians should also be added to the senate. c) citizenship should be granted to all Latins and Italians. d) colonies should be founded and public land should be given to the poor.

One of the consuls of 78 was *blank* He profited from Sulla's *blank* Included among his reforms were the following:

Marcus Aemilius Lepidus proscriptions. a) reinstating the grain subsidies c) returning confiscated land d) restoring the tribune's powers

Sertorius persuaded *blank* to send money and ships in 73. Pompey persuaded the senate that Sertorius might invade Rome, and after being granted more support by the senate, he defeated Sertorius in 73.

Mithridates

In the mid-90s, the Romans sent Sulla to install a new ruler of Cappadocia after *blank* invaded and installed his eight-year old son as king.

Mithridates VI

The events that led to Rome's war with Jugurtha (112-105 BCE) started when Micipsa, the king of *blank* died. Micipsa had two legitimate children, and Jugurtha killed one and drove the other, Adherbal, from his kingdom. The Romans reinstated Adherbal, but Jugurtha invaded his territory.

Numidia

He captured *blank* slaves fleeing north, and then claimed credit for bringing the war to a close. This led to jealousy between *Pompey* and who was awarded a triumph and *blank* who was awarded an ovation, a lesser triumph

Pompey Crassus

After the death of Lepidus in 77, *blank* refused to give up him command. He was sent to *blank* to quell the uprising of Sertorius.

Pompey Spain

) From 74 when Nicomedes bequeathed his kingdom to Rome until 67, Lucullus unsuccessfully waged war against Mithridates. In 66 was replaced by *blank* who was referred to as a "parasitical bird" because:

Pompey c) because he fed on the scraps of others' victories.

In December of the year 50, Curio orders that both *blank* give up their commands. 370 senators vote in favor of this and 22 vote against it. The consuls ignore the vote and give *blank* command of two legions to face Caesar. On January 1, 49 Mark Antony, a tribune of the plebs, read a letter from Caesar to the senate in which Caesar proposed that he and Pompey lay down their commands and submit to the judgment of the Roman people. Caesar's request is accepted (true/false).

Pompey and Caesar Pompey true

In 100 *blank* was tribune for a second time. In addition to settling Marius' solders in North Africa, he proposed the following:

Saturninus b) forcing senators to swear an oath to abide by his policies within five days of their passage. c) allowing some of Marius veterans settled in North Africa to retain citizenship. e) settling veterans of wars in Greece and Sicily.

In 86 Cinna passed a law:

b) allowing debtors to only pay back a quarter of their debt.

Pompey cleared the Mediterranean of pirates by

b) creating a simultaneous offensive by dividing the sea into zones which he allocated to each one of his propraetors.

) In Dec. 62, Publius Clodius Pulcher was tried for sacrilege because:

b) he attended the nocturnal rites of the Bona Dea dressed as woman in order seduce Caesar's wife.

In 90 Mithridates IV forced the king of Cappadocia to flee and expelled Nicomedes, the king of Bithynia. When five legions from the Romans arrived, Mithridates withdrew. The Romans respond by:

b) persuading the restored king of Cappadocia and Bithynia to get revenge by invading Pontus

In 109-109 both Marius and Sulla served under Quintus Caecilius Metellus in the war with Jugurtha. Marius quarrelled with his mentor, Caecilius Metellus, who wanted Marius to wait until his own son was eligible before running for consul. Marius responded by:

b) returning to Rome to run for consul, appealing to many of the same platforms as Scipio Aemilianus who pointed out the corrupt and ineffectual leadership of nobles.

The Romans were concerned about these events because:

b) the territories Jugurtha invaded border a Roman province. c) Jugurtha had served under Scipio Aemilianus in Spain, and therefore might be bribing upper-class Romans.

From 58 Pompey had encouraged *blank* to recruit gangs to combat those of Clodius. In a clash between the gangs on the Via Appia, *blank* was captured and killed. The Romans were so upset over his death that they:

Titus Annius Milo Clodius a) used the senate house as a funeral pyre and burned it down.

He was assigned the command of Gaul, and then he was elected to the consulship every year until 100. This was controversial because:

c) a law passed in 152 prohibited the same person from holding the same office more than once.

In 90 the Romans offered:

c) citizenship to those who remained loyal and to those who had joined the rebels but had abandoned hostilities or agreed to do so by a certain date.

after Cinna died in 84, his co-consul, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, decided to face Sulla in Italy. He supported the senate's decree calling for the disbandment of all armies. He also passed a law:

c) distributing the new citizens in the thirty-five tribes.

This created a problem for Caesar because:

c) if he crossed the boundaries of Rome to run for consul he would cede his triumph.

Cicero was called a novus homo (new man) because:

c) no one in his family had served in the senate or held the office of consulship.

Sulla's main goal while in office was:

c) to restore order in Rome.

Despite Bibulus' attempts to prevent an assembly meeting by watching the sky, Caesar held the meeting and his proposal for land distribution passed, to the delight of Pompey's veterans. Caesar forced every senator:

c) to swear an oath to respect the land distribution policy.

When a governor's time in office had ended, he could be tried in court for mismanagement of funds. This court was controversial because the Romans could not agree on the following:

c) whether senators of equestrians should serve on the courts.

Sulla's dictatorship ended in 81. He was elected *blank* for 80. He *blank* in 78

consul died

Sulla revived old regulations regarding the *blank* so that only former quaestors could run for *blank* and only former praetors could run for *blank*

cursus honorum praetor consul

The Tribal Assembly elected *blank* and *blank*. These offices were important because according to the *blank* only men who had served in the lower offices could run for *blank* praetor and *blank* consul, both of which were elected by the *blank*

curule aediles quaestors cursus honorum Centuriate Assembly.

Sertorius was *blank* by Sulla and had been a supporter of *blank* and *blank* After fleeing Rome, he was invited by other anti-Sullan Roman exiles to Spain. He defeated the proconsul of Further Spain and was supported by an ally of *blank*

proscribed Marius and Cinna Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.

The men who collected taxes in the provinces were called *blank* These men would form groups and submit bids when contracts for the collection of taxes in provinces were up for auction. The syndicate would submit a bid, and, if they had the highest bid, they would win.

publicani

Sulla regularized the ages at which one could run for office. At thirty, a Roman could run for *blank* at thirty-nine one could run for *blank* ; at forty-two one could run for *blank*

quaestor praetor consul

Sulla believed that restoring the republic meant strengthening the *blank* and weakening the *blank*

senate tribune of the plebs

The target of Sulla's proscriptions were the *blank* and *blank* Between 500-1500 Romans were *blank* as a result of the proscriptions

senators equestrians killed

In 100 the *blank* was exercised for a second time. Marius gathered Saturninus and his followers in the senate house. Some Romans respond by:

senatus consultum ultimum a) killing everyone in the senate house by pelting them with roof tiles torn from the senate house.

On January 7, 49 the senate passed the *blank* The tribunes were:

senatus consultum ultimum c) instructed to flee Rome.

From 91 to 87 many Italian allies waged war against the Romans. This was called *blank*. The goals of those who waged war against Rome were:

the Social War d) diverse. Some wanted to withdraw from Rome completely; others wanted Roman citizenship.

In April 56 the triumvirs met at Luca to renew their pact. Several senators joined them. At this meeting they made plans to ensure that Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, Caesar's opponent, not be elected consul. The machinations of the triumvirs led to:

a) Pompey being awarded the province of Spain. d) Crassus being awarded the province of Syria (which would lead to his death and loss of the legion's standards to the Parthians). e) the extension of Caesar's command in Gaul for another five years (until either 50 or 49)

In 67 BCE, the tribune Aulus Gabinius suggested awarding Pompey an extraordinary command against the pirates who had disrupted grain supplies, taken Roman officials prisoner, and were interfering with trade routes. Gabinius argued that Pompey should be awarded:

a) a proconsulship b) power throughout the Mediterranean and fifty miles beyond d) twenty propraetors as legates who could act independently but were subordinate to him

Caesar then brought three more proposals to the Tribal Assembly without consulting the senate. These included:

a) a refund to the tax collecting syndicate who were supported by Crassus. d) the ratification of Pompey's settlement in the East. e) laws concerning the conduct of governors in the provinces.

The consulship of Pompey, whose co-consul was Crassus, in the year 70 was remarkable because:

a) he was not old enough to be consul. b) he was not a senator.

Caesar responded by

a) ignoring the senate and bringing his proposal directly to the Tribal Assembly.

In 58 Clodius issued several proposals including:

a) instituting free grain for everyone paid for by the treasury. c) narrowing the conditions in which watching the sky for omens could halt law-making activities. d) ending the ban of collegia passed by the senate in 64 due to concerns about organized violence.

Marius' innovations include the following:

a) making the eagle the principal standard. b) requiring soldiers to carry their own equipment, which led to his soldiers being called "Marius' mules." d) the use of a type of javelin that would break upon impact. e) enlisting volunteers who did not meet the property requirements for military service.

They planned to:

a) set fire to Rome.

When Pompey returned from the East in 62, he disbanded his army when he reached Italy. His main concerns when he arrived at Rome were:

a) the formal ratification of his settlement in the East by the senate. c) land for his veterans.

Under Sulla, those who served as *blank* were barred from standing for other offices. In addition, the only legislative proposals the *blank* could raise were ones already approved by the senate.

tribunes of the plebs Plebian Assembly

Caesar was elected consul for the year 59 (true/false).

true

Sulla agreed that new citizens should be distributed among the thirty-five tribes (true/false). 40) From November 82 until June 1, 81 Sulla instituted proscriptions. If a person's name appeared on a list of proscribed persons:

true a) that person was condemned to death. c) that person's property was confiscated and auctioned by the state. e) that person's sons and grandsons were excluded from public service.

Sulla raised the number of quaestors to *blank* and immediately enrolled them in the *blank* once their time in office ended rather than waiting until the next census. By increasing the number of quaestors, Sulla:

twenty senate a) increased competition for the higher offices in the cursus honorum. d) was able to fill the senate, the size of which he increased

According to Plutarch *blank* gave the following advice to Mithridates when they met in 98: "either be greater than the Romans or obey them" (Plutarch, Marius 31). The Romans would fight three wars against Mithridates.

, Gaius Marius

By 88 Mithridates was welcomed as a "liberator" by many cities in western Asia Minor. He encouraged hatred of Roman rule and on one day planned the massacre of *blank* Romans and Italians, including children.

80,000

Marius settled the veterans of his war against Jugurtha in *blank* as a reward for their service. Marius' plan was supported by *blank* a plebeian tribune.

Africa Lucius Appuleius Saturninus

*blank* supported the execution of the five conspirators of Catiline; *blank* opposed their execution.

Caesar

In 60 *blank* was awarded a triumph for his exploits in Spain. But he also wanted to run for the consulship of 59 and, to do so, must be present in Rome. When he asked to run in absentia *blank* persuaded the senate to deny him.

Caesar Marcus Porcius Cato (the younger)

Pompey married Julia, who was *blank* Vatinius, a tribune of the plebs, proposed awarding Caesar a five-year command in Gaul. This was appealing to Caesar because:

Caesar's daughter. b) he couldn't be prosecuted for crimes during his time as consul while he is in Gaul.

By 113 two Germanic groups from the North reached the eastern Alps. These groups were the *blank* and the *blank* . In 105 the Romans suffered catastrophic losses at Arausio. This led to the election of *blank*as consul in absentia (he was still in North Africa).

Cimbri Teutoni Gaius Marius

In 86 *blank* and *blank* were consuls. Shortly after entering office *blank* died of pneumonia, and Lucius Valerius Flaccus replaced him.

Cinna Marius Marius

*blank* left Rome and travelled throughout Italy to gain support for his plan. The *blank* declared him an enemy of the state.

Cinna senate

On January 10, 49 Caesar crossed the Rubicon which formed the boundary between *blank* At the battle of *blank* in Thessaly in the year 48, Caesar defeated the forces of Pompey. Pompey fled to *blank* where he was killed by the advisors to King Ptolemy XIII. Caesar arrived in Alexandria a few days later. He became embroiled in an ongoing dispute between family members.It was at this time that *blank* became his mistress. The two had a child together names Caesarion

Cisapline Gaul and Italy. Pharsalus Egypt Cleopatra

When Cicero complained about the current states of politics in a speech, Caesar allowed *blank* to switch from patrician to plebeian status. This would make him eligible to run for *blank*

Clodius tribune of the plebs.

Although Cinna and his colleague wanted to face Sulla in *blank*

Greece

) In 87, two men who were not supporters of Sulla were consuls. One of these men, *blank* supported distributing new citizens in the thirty-five tribes. His co-consul did not support this, and the tribunes were divided. Rioting ensued

Lucius Cornelius Cinna

All of Sulla's officers except *blank* deserted him when he marched on Rome in 88. After gaining control of the city, Sulla declared twelve men enemies of the state including *blank*, *blank*, and *blank*

Lucius Licinius Lucullus Sulpicius Rufus, Marius, and Marius' son.

In 86 Sulla was still in command of the legions in the East despite being declared an outlaw by Cinna. *blank* went to the East to see if *blank* would be willing to negotiate with Cinna

Lucius Valerius Flaccus Sulla

In 77 the senate was concerned that *blank* would march on Rome. The senate conferred the command on *blank* to prevent this from happening.

Marcus Aemilius Lepidus on Gnaeus Pompeius

) In 83 Sulla arrived at Brundisium. He was met by *blank* and *blank* who has a private army comprised of his father's supports and veterans.

Marcus Licinius Crassus Gnaeus Pompeius

The Roman orator *blank* supported *blank* being awarded the command against Mithridates. The speech he delivered in support of this person's command was the orator's first public speech to the Romans.

Marcus Tullius Cicero Pompey

After Sulpicius Rufus formed a bodyguard, the consuls declared a cessation of public business. Street fighting broke out, and Sulla hid at Marius' house. Sulpicius Rufus' policies, however, passed. In addition, one of the consuls was removed from office, and the command against Mithradates was awarded to *blank*

Marius

In 87 *blank* returned from North Africa to support Cinna. The two men offer slaves freedom in exchange for their support and acquire an unlikely ally, the *blank* After besieging Rome, the city fell to them. A bloody purge of their political enemies followed. The slaves who supported them were massacred.

Marius Samnites

In 82 Carbo and Gaius Marius' son were elected to the consulship. After Sulla gained control of Rome, *blank* son fled to Praeneste where he is besieged by Sulla's forces. These forces were drawn back to Rome when Marius' supporters and the Samnites clashed with Romans just outside of *blank*

Marius' son Rome.

Saturninus' agenda passed, but only because he used *blank* to keep hostile voters away. 12) Saturninus wanted his ally, Glaucia, to run for consul of 99. When Marius rejected Glaucia's candidacy, Saturninus responded by:

Marius' veterans b) ordering his followers to beat the rival candidate to death.

*blank* Caesar's co-consul, *blank* and their supporters say they will oppose any land distribution Caesar proposes on principle.

Marucs Calpurnius Bibulus Cato

In 75 Nicomedes of Bithynia died and left his kingdom to Rome. The Romans accept the gift of Bithynia and Lucullus, the consul of 74, was made the governor of Asia and Cilicia. He waged war against *blank* presumably to protect the interests of Rome's new interests in Bithynia.

Mithridates

In 129 the Romans annexed the kingdom of *blank* which Attalus III had left the Romans in his will. This kingdom became the province of *blank* Mithradates VI was the king of *blank* which neighboured this province.

Pergamum Asia Pontus

In 73, two slaves— *blank* from Thrace and *blank* from Gaul—escaped from a gladiatorial training school in *blank* Roughly 70,000 *blank* and *blank* joined them at Mount Vesuvius

Spartacus Crixus Capua slaves and freedom

Pompey was sent by Sulla to *blank* and *blank* to deal with Marius' supporters. Although he wanted a triumph, Sulla tried to refuse him on the following technicality:

Sicily Africa b) Pompey was not a senator.

As a result of the *blank* controversies rose regarding how new citizens should be distributed into tribes for the purposes of voting in the Tribal Assembly. In 88 the tribune *blank* proposed that new citizens be *blank* rather than distributing them *blank* which would only be called on to vote after the already existing tribes had voted.

Social War Sulpicius Rufus distributed in the already existing thirty-five tribes in eight new tribes

In 88 *blank* expected to be awarded the command against Mithradates VI due to his success in the Social War. Sulpicius Rufus, however, promised the command to *blank* in exchange for his help acquiring support from the equestrians.

Sulla Marius

As a result of Sulpicius Rufus' policies *blank* left Rome for Nola where his army was based. When Marius' officers arrived to take command of the legions, the soldiers at Nola:

Sulla b) beat the officers to death because were afraid they would be replaced by Marius' soldiers and miss out on the spoils of war in the East.

In 85 *blank* ended hostilities with Mithridates and spent the next eighteen months establishing order in the province of Asia: Sulla imposed a harsh indemnity and collected back taxes from the region in order to appease his soldiers who wanted the spoils that would come from pursuing Mithridates. Then Sulla returned to Rome. The Roman governor of Asia continued to raid Mithridates' territory from 83 to 81. These raids were referred to as *blank*

Sulla the Second Mithridatic War

Despite being Roman citizens, these men could be hunted down and killed. Sulla cancelled all policies proposed by *blank* and awarded himself the command against *blank* Rufus was killed, and Marius and his son fled to *blank*

Sulpicius Rufus Mithridates VI. Sulpicius Rufus North Africa

The policies of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus encouraged farmers in Etruria to *blank* the veterans Sulla settled in the area. *blank* joined the farmers in attacking the veterans.

attack Marcus Aemilius Lepidus

In November of 82 the senate recognized all of Sulla's past actions as legal. Sulla's appointment to *blank* dictator validated in advance all future actions. There was no time limit to his time in office (true/false).

dictator true

He also increased the number of praetors to *blank*.

eight

Under Sulla *blank* were barred from serving on juries.

equestrians

After a magistrate's time in office had ended, he would often serve as a *blank* in a province. This was appealing to magistrates because:

governor a) they could pay off debt incurred while running for office by mismanaging funds in the provinces.

Sulla hoped that as many praetors and consuls as possible would become *blank* governors of provinces for a fixed term of one year. These individuals could not make war or leave their provinces without permission of the senate. He must leave the province within thirty days of his successor's arrival.

governors

Sulla ended *blank* instituted by Gaius Gracchus. He settled as many as 80,000 *blank* on land confiscated from Etruria, Umbria, Latium, and Campania.

grain subsides veterans

Sulla *blank* the number of senators to *600* He added *blank* to the senate in order to diminish their solidarity as a group.

increased equestrians

In 215, the *blank* was passed after the battle of Cannae. According to the provisions of this law:

lex oppia a) women were not allowed to wear multi-colored garments c) women were prohibited from riding in chariots

Those who followed traditional methods of competition within the senatorial order and who made alliances with senators to gain support for their plans were called *blank* Those who advanced their careers and agendas by gaining support among the citizen body were called:

optimates populares.

In 44 Caesar acquired the title *blank* which confirmed for many that the republic was dead.

perpetual dictator