roman history final 2

Sejanus

(20 BC - October 18, AD 31), commonly known as Sejanus, was an ambitious soldier, friend and confidant of the Roman Emperor Tiberius. An equestrian by birth, Sejanus rose to power as prefect of the Roman imperial bodyguard, known as the Praetorian Guard, of which he was commander from AD 14 until his death in AD 31. While the Praetorian Guard was formally established under Emperor Augustus Sejanus introduced a number of reforms which saw the unit evolve beyond a mere bodyguard into a powerful and influential branch of the government. involved in public security, civil administration, and ultimately political intercession. changes which would have a lasting impact on the course of the Principate. During the 20s, Sejanus gradually accumulated power by consolidating his influence over Tiberius and eliminating potential political opponents, including the emperor's son, Drusus Julius Caesar. When Tiberius withdrew to Capri in 26, Sejanus was left in control of the administration of the empire. For a time the most influential and feared citizen of Rome, Sejanus suddenly fell from power in 31, the year his career culminated with the consulship. For a time the most influential and feared citizen of Rome, Sejanus suddenly fell from power in 31, the year his career culminated with the consulship. Amidst suspicions of conspiracy against Tiberius, Sejanus was arrested and executed, along with his followers.

Augustus' First Constitutional Settlement

1. Octavian received the name Augustus from the senate 2. The republic was supposedly restored 3. Octavian retained the governorship of several important provinces, including Egypt 4. Octavian formally returned power (imperium) to the senate

Second Constitutional Settlement

1. received tribunicia potestas (trbunician power) 2. resigned the consulship 3. received maius imperium (greater power/command)

Fundanus' Daughter

13 years old. brave in the face of death. idealised dutiful, beutiful daughter. father was heart broken over her death

Goths

300s, Invaders of the Roman Empire made up of the Visigoths and Ostrogoths. In 410 they marched into Rome and sacked or destroyed the city. An array of Germanic peoples, pushed further westward by nomads from central Asia. They in turn migrated west into Rome, upsetting the rough balance of power that existed between Rome and these people.

Edict on Maximum Prices

301 CE "An edict issued by Diocletian which survives, incomplete, in various fragments mostly from the eastern part of the empire. It doubled the value of copper and bronze coins, and imposed the death penalty upon profiteers and speculators. After it layed out its economic legislation, the edict concluded with a list of maximum prices for over 1,000 products: foodstuffs, clothing, and wages. Diocletian's edict was nominally successful but was abandoned over time due to market pressures.

Vandals

A Germanic Tribe that was always against the Romans (hostile to them) who ravaged/wrecked Gaul and conquered the province of Africa. Then, sacked Rome in (455) and tore down aqueducts with even more force than the Visigoths did. (derived from the word Vandalism)

Theater

A Roman building type adopted from the Greeks and restricted to a semi-circle; built up by means of concrete vaulting

Arianism

A fourth-century heresy claiming that Jesus Christ was neither God nor equal to the Father, only that he was sent by the Father and only did the will of the Father; it also taught that Christ was an exceptional creature and was raised to the level of "Son of God" because of his heroic fidelity to the Father's will and his sublime holiness.

Constantinople

A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul

Nicene Creed

A milestone in the development of a fully explicit trinitarian understanding of God adopted by the first ecumencial council of the church meeting affirmed the full divinity of Jesus Christ, the Son of God. Against Arius who claimed that the Son, Logos of God, was not equal to the Father, that he was only the highest of the creatures, and that there was a time when he did not exist.

Macedo

A small empire north of Greece. It grows in power and takes Greece over right after the Peloponnesian wars. Eventually after Alexander, it becomes an important kingdom promoting the ideas of Hellenism. In the end, it is conquered by the Romans.

Valerian

As the emperor Valerian, he vigorously renewed Decius's persecution of the Christians, executing, among others, Bishop Cyprian of Carthage and Bishop Xystus (Sixtus II) of Rome. Recognizing that it was no longer possible for one emperor to control the whole empire, Valerian appointed his son Gallienus to rule the West while he marched east to repel the Persian invasion. His attempts to negotiate personally with the Persian king Shāpūr I (Latin: Sapor) ended in failure. He was captured in June 260 and died in captivity. Like his predecessor, Decius, Valerian tried valiantly to preserve the ideals of the High Empire but ultimately failed to save himself or the regime he served.

Martyrdom

Being killed for one's faith. Christians understand martyrdom as an honor and a privilege since it is a direct participation in the sufferings of Christ

Res Gestae Divi Augusti (Accomplishments of the Divine Augustus)

Caesar Augustus' autobiography of his virtuous deeds. It would seem, according to this document, that Caesar Augustus had a pride issue.

Curiales

City councilor the equivalent at a local level to a senator at rome. to serve thus as at rome was a lifelong responsibility only open to wealthy respectable citizens of the communityl decurions legislated on local regulations, oversaw public funds, offered benefactions (games, feasts, building projects, etc.) and aided in the collection of local and imperial taxes.. during the late empire, decurions were termed curiales.

Bishop, presbatory, Decons

Deacons- Officials within the Early Church who were like the presbyters in that they assisted the bishops, but they were on closer terms with the congregation at large. assistants who helped apostles in their work by taking up collections for the poor, visiting the sick, and distributing communion; assist bishops Presbatory- another name for elders or priests; in the early church, presbyters were closely associated with the bishop in the exercising of leadership in some faith communities Bishop- A consecrated successor to the Apostles, usually given charge of the pastoral and catechetical care of a particular jurisdiction, or diocese; he is called to teach, sanctify, and govern the faithful of his own diocese, and also to work together in caring for the worldwide Church.

Dominus/Dominate

Dominate- Period of more openly authoritarian rule instituted by diocleation after the principate.

Transformation

East- higher population 2/3s of the wealth west- has 2/3s of the hostile fronteir

Hadrian's Wall

Emperor Hadrian (born Publius Aelius Hadrianus in 76 CE) ruled the Roman Empire from 117-138 CE. His building projects, especially in Greece, are legendary and his penchant for ambitious monuments is exemplified in his eponymous wall. The work was begun in stone (unlike other fortifications which began with timber) in the east and proceeded westward across uneven terrain to create an impressive reflection of the power of Rome.

Five Good Emperors

Five emperors that brought peace and prosperity to Rome;made up of Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, 2nd century BCE, built roads, interconnected city, aqueducts, bridges, harbors. Time where emperors adopted heir to empire. Pax Romana

Agricola

Gnaeus Julius Agricola was born on 13 July 40 AD in southern France, then part of the Roman Empire, into a high-ranking family. He began his career as a military tribune in Britain and may have participated in the crushing of Boudicca's uprising in 61 AD. During the civil war of 69 AD, Agricola supported Vespasian in his successful attempt to become emperor. Agricola was appointed to command a Roman legion in Britain. He then served as governor of Aquitania (south-east France) for three years, and after a period in Rome, in 78 AD he was made governor of Britain. As soon as he arrived, Agricola began campaigning to assert Roman authority in north Wales. According to Tacitus he crossed the Menai Straits and took Anglesey. From 79 - 80 AD, Agricola moved north to Scotland where he consolidated Roman military control and masterminded the building of a string of forts across the country from west to east. From 81 - 83 AD, Agricola campaigned north of the Forth-Clyde line and confronted the Caledonian tribes under Calgacus at the battle of Mons Graupius in 84 AD. The Caledonians were routed, but despite Agricola's claim that the island had now been conquered, the threat to Roman security from the north was not completely removed.

St. Paul

Good portion of Acts of Apostles tells of Paul's missionary work. Roman citizen, greek education, tentmaker. Jewish name Saul. Studied to be a rabbi. Strict Pharisee. Hostile to Christians. Paul's converson at Damascus. Lord appeared. By persecuting the Church Saul was persecuted the Lord. Blinded 3 days. baptized in Damascus. Missionary.

Foederati

Independent foreign peoples bound by treaty to serve alongside roman armies sometimes especially during the late empire in exchange for payment

Circus

Long stadium rounded at one end, used mostly fo r chariot racing in public games and religous festivles. unlike the oval amphitheater the ciruus was long and narrow with a racetrack running at the sides and a barrier or spine down the center, spectators sat on benches at the curved end or along the sloped sides of the track. the circus Maximus located between the palatine and aventine hills, was the oldest and largest circus in rome, said to have been established under the kings in the sixth century.. the circus flaminius located int he campus martius was built in 220

Christians and Great Fire

Massive disaster in 64 CE that started at a flammable goods shop in Circus Maximus (some claim it was arson by Nero) that destroyed three and damaged seven Roman districts out of 14. Nero is said to have played his fiddle during this (but he actually would have played the lyre, and probably didn't play either). Rome set on fire Instead of helping, Nero just watched his city burn Causes a revolt against Nero and the senate declares him a public enemy

Second Trimvirate

Octavian-Part of the second triumvirate whom the power eventually shifted to. Assumed the name Augustus Caesar, and became emperor. Was the end of the Roman Republic and the start of the Pax Romana. Julius Caesar's grandnephew, later known as Augustus. By defeating Mark Antony, he gained rule of all roman lands. He was Rome's first true emperor. Lepidus-A triumvirate who is weak so Antony uses him essentially to run errands Mark Antony-Caesar's right-hand man, teamed with Octavian to punish Caesar's murders, fell in love with Cleopatra, went into civil war, at Battle of Actium, he and Cleopatra fled and committed suicide 43 BC

Sassanians

Persian dynasty which seixed power from the parthians in AD224. Reforms to taxation, law, and military organization allowed it to maintain very tight control of Mesopotamia and Iran. Its king of kings shapur I invaded deep into roman territoy and took many cities there including syrian Antioch later shapur II did likewise . IN 260 shapur I even captured the roman emperor valerian. united under a powerful religious ideology, zoroastrianism , the sasanian empire reached its apex in the sixith century but internal strife and attacks by the byzantines weakened it and it eventually fell to arab muslims by 651.

Gladiators

Prisoners who were forced to fight for public spectacles

Pompeii

Roman city near Naples, Italy, which was buried during an eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79.

Constantine

Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a tolerated/favored religion.

Domitian

Roman emperor from 81 AD to 96 AD. He was the last emperor of the Flavian dynasty. He was the brother of Titus and is well known for revamping the currency in Rome and fixing up the damages in Roman cities. Domitian was assassinated by court officials. I persecuted Christians and Jews, terrorized Rome for 15 years, governed the provinces well, appointed able administrators, and was murdered by my household.

Diocletian

Roman emperor of 284 C.E. Attempted to deal with fall of Roman Empire by splitting the empire into two regions run by co-emperors. Also brought armies back under imperial control, and attempted to deal with the economic problems by strengthening the imperial currency, forcing a budget on the government, and capping prices to deal with inflation. tries to freeze empire in place by doing things like freezing occupations by forcing peaple to have the same job as there ancestors.Civil war erupted upon his retirement.

Tetrarchy

Rule by four; the system of government established by Diocletian in which the Roman Empire was divided into two parts, each ruled by an "Augustus" assisted by a "Caesar."

410

Sack of Rome The Visigoths sack Rome

Tiberius

Son-in-law of Augustus who became a suspicious tyrannical Emperor of Rome after a brilliant military career, Adopted son of Augustus; Continues many of Octavian's policies; Married Octavian's daughter; Suspicious of aristocrats in the Senate; Many people were executed on rumors 1. emperor after augustus ruled from 14 AD to 37 AD 2. scared of plots passed law of treason maiestas 3. good at imperial administration kept empire peaceful and well-organized 4. tried to make senate equals, failed in doing so princeps clearly had all power even after giving lesser powers to senate 5. reduced spending on public works and games made him unpopular with people 6. made caligula and gemellus heirs in his will before dying

Maius Imperium Proconsulare

Supreme authority in Rome's affairs vested in certain officeholders, who alone (among other prerogatives) could command troops and impose the death penalty. the imperim of emperors was specifically made maius (greater) so that it outranked that of all other holders

Ara Pacis

The Ara Pacis Augustae (Latin, "Altar of Augustan Peace"; commonly shortened to Ara Pacis) is an altar in Rome dedicated to Pax, the Roman goddess of Peace. The monument was commissioned by the Roman Senate on July 4, 13 BC to honor the return of Augustus to Rome after three years in Hispania and Gaul,[1][2] and consecrated on January 30, 9 BC.[3] The altar reflects the Augustan vision of Roman civil religion. It consists of a traditional open-air altar at its center surrounded by precinct walls which are pierced on the eastern and western ends by openings. The Ara Pacis is perhaps best known for the decoration on the exterior of the precinct walls composed of two tiers of friezes. On the north and south, the upper register depicts the procession of members of the Imperial household and the larger regime, while on the east and west, panels depict allegorical themes of peace and Roman civic ritual. The lower register of the frieze depicts vegetal work meant to communicate the abundance and prosperity of the Roman Peace (Latin: Pax Augusta). The monument as a whole serves a civic ritual function whilst simultaneous operating as propaganda for Augustus and his regime, easing notions of autocracy and dynastic succession that might otherwise be unpalatable to traditional Roman culture.

Tribunicia Potestas

The power of a tribune, giving him the authority to initiate and veto legislation and convene the senate. was limited by the fact that it was derived from the oath of the people to defend the tribunes. This limited most of the tribunes' actions to the boundaries of the city itself, as well as a radius of one mile around. They had no power to affect the actions of provincial governors. He retained control of the military by a grant of the maius imperium.

Vigiles

The watchmen of the city: firefighters and police. Started by Augustus.

Treason Trials

These were trials under Tiberius that allowed anyone who "diminished the majesty of the roman empire" to be tried and possibly put to death. Although this strengthened the power of the senate, it also caused them to distrust Tiberius as he put them in a position to try their friends.

Donatism

This 4th century heresy rejected sacraments administered by clergy (the lapsi) who had formerly betrayed and then returned to the faith. These heretics believed that the validity of sacraments depended on the holiness of the minister.

Crisis of the Third Century

This Roman Empire catastrophe lasted from 235 to 284 CE. It featured a rapid cycling of emperors (20-25 in the period), fueled by infighting and the control the soldiers' had over who was in the throne. There was economic stagnation and hyperinflation, with internal dissension weakening the empire's frontiers. The empire split at one point in three, but was reunited in 279. The period was ended finally by Diocletian. A period of turmoil and instability during the Roman Empire. With massive external pressures on Roman borders, the empire could not keep up and the military expenses put great economic pressure. This caused people to provide supplies, and upper classes were forced to administrate without pay.

Year of the Four Emperors

This year saw four different emperors come to power and was prompted by the death of Nero. Seeing as their were no other eligible family members to continue the dynasty the throne was up for grabs. Galba claim the throne first and was shortly lynched by a praetorian guard who was bribed by Otho because he was extremely disliked. Otho assumed the throne after Galba and committed suicide shortly after being defeated by Vitellus's Army. Vitellus claimed the throne next and was killed while trying to halt the Jewish revolt . Vespasian would be summed to end the riot and successfully did so and would start the Flavian dynasty.

Arena

Type of performance space with audience surrounding all sides of the stage.

Pedanius Secundus

What: Urban Prefect (very high ranking official in charge of keeping order in Rome) and master of over 400 slaves, who was murdered by one of his slaves. He was murdered by one of his slaves because of refusing them freedom or in jealousy of love. Due to law, all 400 of his slaves were executed for his murder.

Germanicus

Who: A Roman general and great-nephew of Augustus. Augustus considered him to become his heir, but ultimately chose Tiberius. Augustus requested that Tiberius name Germanicus his heir. Tiberius, afraid of Germanicus' popularity, sent him abroad, where he mysteriously died. It is rumored that he Tiberius had him assassinated by Piso. 16/15 BC - AD 19 16 or 15 BC - AD 19. Elder son of Drusus and Antonia, adopted by uncle Tiberius in AD 4. Popular with Romans, served under Tiberius in Pannonia and Germany. Commander of Germania in 14 when Augustus died. Legions mutinied, offered support to Germanicus, which he refused—but handled uprising poorly. Recalled to Rome for triumph in 17. Made consul again, given Asia Minor. Went to Egypt in 19, which was forbidden for senatorial class. Fell ill on return, died Oct. 19. Piso suspected of poisoning him, stood trial, committed suicide (see the SC de Cn. Pisone patre).

Trimalchio

a freedman who became rich off of the wealth his master left him, throws lavish dinner parties to show is wealth and does outrageous things to show his money. wants to be remembered for his lack of education and that he did this all on his own

Octavia

born Gaius Octavius into an old and wealthy equestrian branch of the plebeian Octavii family. Formed Second Triumvirate in 43BC with Antony and Lepidus after Caesar's death,reduced power of the Senate, began a period known as Pax Romana or Roman Peace. Assumed the name Augustus Caesar, and became emperor. Was the end of the Roman Republic and the start of the Pax Romana. Augustus was the founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor, ruling from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD.

Ummidia Quadratilla

died in the reign of Emperor Trajan (98-117) within a little of eighty years of age, leaving two-thirds (ex besse) of her fortune to her grandson and the other third to her granddaughter. Her grandson Ummidius Quadratus was an intimate friend of Roman Senator and historian Pliny the Younger, who praises her for fostering Quadratus' studies while keeping him untouched by her own luxurious lifestyle. Pliny also mentioned she kept Quadratus untouched by her extravagant lifestyle "Not only out of love, but also out of respect". She did this as in her youth this luxurious lifestyle was common for her and similar families. However, under the new Roman empire, society had become stricter and it was best for Quadratus to not indulge in these luxuries if he is to pursue his career.

Justin

elder "apoppologist" tells emperor that he values tradition too much over the practicality of christianity. calls the roman pantheon a group fo demons that tricked humanity into worshiping them. tries to portray christianity as a faith of philosophers. portrays the pagans as weak and imoral.

"Fall" of the Roman Empire (in the West)

external- massive visigoth invasion. this was possible triggered by hun invasion. the romans loathed the Huns more than any outside force. battle of Hadrianople, first battle between romans and visagothes romans loose. gives visagoths a foederati that will provide romans with troops. One of the main reasons roman fell. romans parsal out chungs of the empire to appease victorious tribes, these chuncks never paid there dues and rebelled. in 406 the rhine freezes allowing the vandals, frank etc. to poor into the empire. empire gives them foedarati. 410 sack of rome. Internal- Allienantion of the roman peoaple from the state preventing them from wanting to fight for the state. part fo the problem is the rise fo the dominent who forces you to do things agaisnt there wil. removes rome as capital, weakening the national identity,. Curealies-locals who protect local infastructure, begin to flee to fortified villas.

Pater Patriae

father of the fatherland- in origin a special title awarded to an individual for extraordinary service to the state. It was bestowed on Augustus in 2 bc and almost all subsequent emperors took it with the notable exception of tiberius. it suggests the holders role as paterfamilias (father) of the state, and his pateria potestas (fatherly power) over roman citizens.

Apion the Egyptian Auxiliary

gained a new name after joining the legion along with citizenship

St. Anthony

he lived alone in the Western desert, was seeking for quiet anf prayer. St Athanasius wrote a biography about him

Temple of Mars Ultor

in the Forum of Augustus in Rome, was built to commemorate Augustu's victory in 42 BCE at the Battle of Philippi over the assasins of Juliius Caesar. The building became the place where important military decisions were taken and a site of several state ceremonies with a military connotation.

Res Publica Restituta

inscription on coins stating "the Republic restored". part of the image that Augustis attempted to project of being just a normal magistrate.

Alamanni

invaded through the western boundary of the empire gradually, first invader went in through the Rhine. 1st invaders of Rome Were on the Eastern boundaries. One of the first invaders. They came in as farmers

Laudatio Turiae

is a tombstone engraved with a carved epitaph that is a husband's eulogy of his wife. It was made in the late 1st century BC. It portrays the love of a husband for his loyal wife. "Turia's" selfless deeds in defense of her persecuted husband range from sending him jewelry and money when he was in exile to offering him a divorce so he could have an heir—she was unable to bear children. Her husband also lovingly describes her virtues, among which he includes weaving, obedience, faithfulness to family, and religious purity. According to the inscription, her first accomplishment worthy of praise was avenging her parents' murder, which gives a rather surprising look into the roles of women within the family and society. The husband also says the marriage was unusual, because it lasted forty years with her dying first while he was much older.

Forum of Augustus

is one of the Imperial forums of Rome, Italy, built by Augustus. It includes the Temple of Mars Ultor. honoring Mars, the Roman God of War, during the battle of Philippi in 42 BC. After winning the battle avenged the assassination of his adoptive father Julius Caesar

Huns

large nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. They virtually lived on their horses, herding cattle, sheep, and horses as well as hunting.

Princeps

leading figue- during the republic an informal general term for those senators who carried the greatest weight in matters of state. Princeps therefore appealed to Augustus as the unassuming term that best fitted the position which he developed for himself. from this usage by augustus stems (principate) the descriptive term for the two and a half centuries during which the ideal of his non authoritarian style of rule was maintained (superseded by the "dominate")

Sol Invictus

literally means "The Unconquered Sun" the name of a solar god who was featured on the back of Constantine's coins

Perpetua

nursing mother who refueased to recant her christian faith in the face of execution. she defied her father and family who begged her to refuse her christian faith. she had three visions. her conflict shows that christianity indangeres the family structure. It offers a new life for people who gives up their old life.

Postumus

part of the crisis of the 3rd century. formor military commander who controlled gaul, spain, raetia, and britian as a usurper. He collected taxes in these regions, coined money, levied soldiers, and protected the populace from incursions over the rhine. he functioned as a sort of territorial emperor but in rivarlry rather than cooperation with the authority of the emperor in rome. gallic general who was proclaimed emperor of the Gauls

Tacitus' Germania

portrays the barbarians to the empire's north in a positive light

Claudius

the grandson of Augustus and Livia; the son of Antonia and Drusus. Also referred to as "Claudius the Idiot," "Claudius the Stammerer," and "Clau-Clau-Claudius," Claudius is the clear protagonist of the text. He is also presented as the historical author of the text, which he claims to have written nineteen hundred years ago in an effort to benefit posterity. Plagued with illness as a young child, Claudius has a heavy stammer, a limp, several nervous tics, and other physical defects. As such, he has a reputation in his family as a harmless idiot and is able to secretly discover the truth behind the political plots and intrigues of the time. By playing up his stammer and limp, Claudius is able to survive the reigns of three emperors and unwillingly becomes emperor himself after Caligula's assassination. Attempted to conquer the island of Britian in A.D. 43, and succeeded, sparking the Romanization of the Island. Allowed for the Latin language to influence English. Latin did not replace the Celtic language in Britain as it did in Gaul, built the political position the Romans held meant the language was influential on the people

Coloni

the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

Augustus of Prima porta

the statue of Augustus from Livia's villa at Prima Porta is a marble copy of a bronze statue that celebrates the return in 20 BCE of the military standards captured by the Parthians in 53 after the defeat of Crassus at Carrhae. It was probably set up in 15CE, the year after Augustus' death and shows him as a young man (perhaps on the model of Alexander the Great, who died when he was 33), in military uniform. He is barefoot (a sign of divine status) and Cupid (riding on a dolphin besides his right foot) reminds the viewer of Venus, the divine ancestress of the family of Augustus, the gens Iulia. His stance is that of the Doryphoros (spear-bearer) by the fifth century Greek sculptor, Polyclitus.

Roman Dining

used as a tool to reafurm social order. Triclinium-diining room. such things as invitations and proximaty to the host determines social order

Nero

● Born in 37 A.D. as Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, the nephew to the emperor. ● In 48 A.D., his father died and his mother, Agrippina, married Nero's uncle. Nero's mother pressured Claudius to name Nero his successor. ● In 54 A.D. Claudius died and Nero took the throne at age 17. ● His mother constantly tried to control him in his public and private life. Getting tired of the constant controlling, Nero had his mother executed in 59 A.D., and this began his brutal reign. o Matricide - the murder of one's own mother - was considered to be one of the worst possible crimes in this time period. ● As Emperor of the Roman Empire, Nero spent lavishly and behaved tyrannical and inappropriately. ● He executed his opponents and Christians. ● In 68 A.D., Nero committed suicide when the empire revolted.