Russel Brandon Psychology Test 2:1

_______ was asked by the French government to develop an intelligence test to use on children to determine which ones might

Alfred Binet

________ provide step-by-step instructions for solving a problem or performing a task.

Algorithms

Which of the following is a description of the Remote Associates Test (RAT)?

Participants are asked to come up with a word that is related to three seemingly unrelated words.

________ revised the Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale to include more subfields. There are now many offshoots of his original test, including the popular WAIS.

David Wechsler.

Researchers ________ concluded that language determines thoughts.

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

The ________ shows that each generation tends to have a higher IQ than the last generation.

Flynn Effect

Caroline met a new friend named Wendy. Wendy was wearing a green shirt, which reminded Caroline of Peter Pan, so Caroline plans to remember Peter Pan when she thinks about her new friend's name. This is

a mnemonic device

Which is an example of negative reinforcement?

buckling your seatbelt to remove the "beep, beep, beep" sound in your car

Subliminal messaging

can mildly influence behavior.

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day

Fluid found in the part of the ear pictured here stimulate hair cells in the organ of Corti.

cochlea

Pronoun drop is more likely to occur in ________ cultures.

collectivist

Looking for evidence to back up the way you already feel about something is an example of

confirmation bias

Grant and Reid are six-year old twins. They want to find a way to get the frisbee off of the room without asking for help, so Grant climbs a tree in order to push down a branch so that Reid can reach it. They wiggle the branch until it snaps, then use the branch with fan of leaves to sweep down the frisbee. Their solution relies on ________ intelligence.

creative

Punishment ________ the likelihood that a behavior will occur while reinforcement ________ the likelihood of a behavior.

decreases; increases

How could you design an experiment around the social learning theory?

determine how long it takes someone to master a complex yoga move by looking at someone else.

Someone who understands their own emotions, shows empathy, and understands social relationships and cues would have high ________ intelligence.

emotional

The brain's descending pain modulatory system

enabled Aron Ralston to be happy about cutting off his arm.

When a previously learned behavior disappears because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, we call it ________.

extinction

The recall of false autobiographical memories is known as

false memory syndrome

Monthly paychecks are an example of which type of reinforcement schedule?

fixed interval

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event, such as 9/11, is a ________.

flashbulb memory

As people age, they hold on to their accumulated knowledge and memories and tend to increase in emotional intelligence. There is typically a decline, however, in their ability to see complex relationships and solve problems. This is a decline in ________ intelligence.

fluid

What is the function of this part of the ear?

aids in balance and movement

The first intelligence test, aimed to test for children who might struggle in school, was designed by

alfred binet

The loudness of a sound is determined by the ________ of sound waves.

amplitude

In the movie "50 First Dates," the main character wakes up each day not remembering the day before or having met her new boyfriend. She suffers from ________ amnesia.

anterograde

Shaquallah suffered a head injury in a soccer game and can remember everything from her past, but can no longer make new memories. What type of amnesia does she have?

anterograde

Officially, insects are a class of invertebrates a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. This description is a

artificial concept

Matthias watched his older brother get arrested for selling drugs. He followed the steps of the modeling process to know that he doesn't want to get involved with selling drugs himself. These steps are:

attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.

Cedric tells a new acquaintance that is "from Chicago" but when he learns that this man is also a Chicago native he corrects by listing he specific neighborhood in which he lives. This is called

audience design

The vibration of the ________ causes the ossicles to move.

auditory canal

This arrow is pointing to which part of the ear?

auditory canal

Hwan is extremely afraid of flying but is looking forward to a Spring Break trip to the coast with his friends. He decides that driving would be safer, so he convinces his roommate to cancel his flight to join him in the car. He is making this decision based on a/an

availability heuristic

When questioning a victim about the perpetrator of a crime, the police should

be intentionally vague and provide opportunities for the victim to offer information.

If your memory of the home run you hit in the softball game becomes exaggerated to enhance your own performance, then you have fallen prey to a common memory tendency to distort your memories to fit your feelings about the world. This is called

bias

Learning that does not reveal itself until it is needed is called

latent learning

Merkel's disks and Ruffini corpuscles are examples of

mechanoreceptors.

Confusing the source of information is called

misattribution.

Janet was involved in a car accident when traveling with her mom at age 7. She remembers asking her mom a question, causing her mom to look backwards and hit the car in front of them. While talking about it with her mom, she says that it was, in fact, her brother who asked the question, but he had always blamed it on Janet. This is an example of the ________.

misinformation effect paradigm

Wendy's belief that rabbits are cute, fun, and intelligent animals is an example of a

natural concept

Susan is undergoing chemotherapy, which makes her feel nauseous. Now she feels nauseous the moment she walks into the doctor's office. What is the unconditioned response in this situation?

nausea

A rat is placed in an environment where the floor gives the rat small electric shocks. The only way to get rid of the shocks is to press a lever in the corner of the box. The rat quickly learns to press the lever. This is an example of

negative reinforcement

When Rosalie falls asleep at a park next to an elementary school, the ringing bell wakes her up. She immediately jumps to her feet and starts to pack up her bag because she has been conditioned to think the ringing bell signifies the end of class and the need to go somewhere else. When Rosalie was little, before ever attending school, the sound of a bell was a

neutral stimulus

The ________ carries visual information from the retina to the brain.

optic nerve

When trying to remember a list of words, a person may choose a word to which they "hang" their memories on. This type of mnemonic device is called the ________ technique.

peg word

What is the basic sound unit of a language?

phoneme

Which of the following sequences demonstrates the correct order of the components of language from the smallest component to the broadest?

phoneme, morpheme, syntax

The units of language from the smallest unit to the largest are

phoneme, morpheme, syntax.

This arrow is pointing to which part of the ear?

pinna

Which is the correct sequence that describes how sound reaches the brain?

pinna - auditory canal - tympanic membrane - ossicles - cochlea - auditory nerve

Janelle gets a dollar from her mom every time she learns a song on the piano. This increases her desire to practice the piano and is an example of

positive reinforcement.

Which type of reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities that are not learned?

primary

Water, food, and sleep are examples of

primary reinforcers.

Which sense pertains to body movement and awareness?

proprioception

According to research by Rosenblum, Miller, and Sanchez, watching (but not hearing) a person speak enables you to

recognize their voice.

Gabe was essentially fluent in French in elementary school when he lived in Canada, but then moved away until he got a job offer to work in Paris during his 20s. He picks it up again surprisingly fast. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.

relearning

According to the principles of social learning theory, Claire is likely to demonstrate aggressive behavior if she

sees a character on t.v. get rewarded for being violent towards another character.

What are the three types of encoding?

semantic, acoustic, and visual

Samantha needs to remember a string of numbers, and does so by associating each set of numbers with the jersey numbers worn by her favorite football players. This is an example of ________ encoding.

sematic

When Janet feels the wind blowing on her face this is an example of ________.

sensation

Before a memory makes it to long-term memory, it must first pass through ________ and short-term memory.

sensory

Rewarding successive approximations towards a target behavior is known as

shaping.

Rylee has moved to a new city and is visiting the doctor for the first time. Even though she's never been before, she goes to the check-in counter first and then waits patiently in the waiting room chairs. She does this because

she already has a concept for doctors offices and automatically applies that to the new office.

Sierra and her family are on vacation at the beach. They eat lasagna for dinner and then head out to the waves. Sierra tries boogie boarding and ends up swallowing a mouthful of salt water, which makes her sick to her stomach. The next time someone offers her lasagna, the thought of it makes Sierra feel sick. This is an example of a/an ________.

taste aversion

Perception is

the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and experienced.

When the brain receives nociceptive signals from the body,

they can be blocked by the brain's descending pain modulatory system.

What happened when the participants were asked to draw the size of the hole?

they drew the hole smaller than the actual hole size if surrounded by larger circles.

According to the law of effect, behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely

to be repeated.

Ronaldo was on the state champion soccer team in high school and has fond memories of his experiences with the team. When his son asks Ronaldo about his old coach and what it was like to play on such a great team, Ronaldo remembers only a couple of things about the season, even though he spent hours everyday with the team. This is an example of

transience

An IQ score of 70 would be described as

two standard deviations below the mean

This arrow is pointing to which part of the ear?

tympanic membrane

When H.M. had his hippocampus removed, he was

unable to form new semantic memories.

In order for something to be classified as creative, it should be original

useful, and surprising.

Henry is observing beetles for his biology project. They return to their nest at unpredictable intervals all day long, so Henry keeps a close watch all day. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

You are trying to enter a prize drawing at the radio station but the lines are busy. You continue to call every 1-5 minutes hoping to get on the air. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Leini is working on building a bookshelf in her backyard when she gets a terrible itch on her back. She gripes about not being able to reach it, and goes inside to look for a back-scratcher or a kitchen spoon. She could have just used the hammer she was holding in her hand, but she didn't think of that. This is an example of

functional fixedness.

Which is an example of operant conditioning?

giving yourself one piece of candy after you complete one math problem

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages?

in laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.

Pronouns like "I", "me", and "my" are used more often in ________ cultures.

individualistic

Gossip, making up 60-70% of conversations, is argued to be an important part of defining ________ in regulating the social world.

ingroups and outgroups

Baby Aiden is born with an ability to learn any and all languages, but will grow to have a difficult time discriminating between phonemes used in other languages besides his native English at around

12 months old.

The ________ says that memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information.

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of similarity, and proximity?

Gestalt

The day Kim is in Nairobi she notices the honking, engine sounds, yelling, and other street noises. By the second day, however, she no longer notices these. Which of the following is the best explanation?

Sensory Adaptation

What is a major problem with intelligence tests mentioned in the text?

Some ethnic and socioeconomic groups perform better than others on IQ tests.

How does someone who has never been to a Starbucks before know to order and pay at the counter and then wait for their food to be ready?

The individual already has a concept for casual dining restaurants and can apply this concept to Starbucks.

Which is the faster technique for solving a problem?

heuristics

Holly was sitting on her bed when she remembered she needed to call her mom about what to do for her grandma's birthday. She got up and did a few dishes before calling her mom, but then she forgot why she had needed to call. She retraced her steps back to her bed, then suddenly rememberd the purpose of the call. This can be explained by the

encoding specificity principle

The fact that Elon can remember more words on his German test while taking the exam inside his classroom (instead of the testing center) can be explained by the

encoding specificity principle.

Long-term memories you have to consciously think about are

explicit memories

Define originality.

having a low probability, unique

Edward Thorndike's ________ says that behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated.

law of effect

Acquiring knowledge and skills through experience is called ________.

learning

Kyle from Mississippi asks Brandon from Boston if he wants a "coke," and Brandon says, "No thanks, I'll have a Sprite instead," even though Sprite cans were the only drinks Kyle had to offer. Brandon didn't understand that Kyle refers to all sodas and soft drinks and cokes. This is due to differences in

lexicon

Mariah is nervous about giving birth to her first baby, but takes a hypnobirthing class and becomes excited about the possibility of having a pain-free birth. The idea that Mariah can control her pain experience in consistent with the

motivation-decision model.

A stimulus presented below the absolute threshold is called

subliminal

Amira came to the United States for college. She has near perfect English, but her roommates tease her when she accidentally asks, "did you shower yourself today?" instead of, "did you take a shower?" This is an example of incorrect ________ structure.

syntax

At a football game, your friend from ten rows down yells at you to bring them some of your popcorn. At first you couldn't understand what they were asking, but once you saw their mouth, you could make out the request. This is consistent with the

with the results of the Sumby and Pollack study on the audiovisual advantage.