Russell & Austin - Perception
What is the argument for secondary qualities (i.e. Color)
1) Everything we see has color 2) No physical thing is colored 3) Therefore, everything we directly see is non-physical
What is Russell's view of perceptual knowledge?
1) One has sense data 2) One is immediately aware of the sense data 3) One is aware that they know they are perceiving sense data 4) One makes inferences about the physical world to explain the sense data
What are the 3 qualities of sense data?
1) We are aware of the sense data upon perception 2) Sense data is dependent on the mind (mental images, appearances) 3) Sense data has the properties that perpetually appear to us (The object's features)
Illusion
A perceptual experience in which a physical object is actually perceived, but in which the object perpetually appears not what it is
Define Hallucination
A perceptual experience in which no physical object outside the mind is actually being perceived
Malcolm on present grounds for knowing
According to Malcolm our present grounds for knowing that P remains the same even if we forgot what the ground are.
What is the dualistic theory?
Avoids the main problem of the foundation theory. S's memorial belief is justified if and only if S had adequate justification of adopting the belief and retaining the belief Justification should have rational belief acquisition and retention
What is the time gap argument?
Delay between any event in the physical world and our perception of it. During the delay, the physical object doesn't exist and we become aware of mental images and not physical objects.
What is the reply to Frank Jackson?
Fails to apply to dreams
What is the reply to standard?
Fails to incorporate hallucinations
Direct realism
Genuine perception is compromised of a direct relation of awareness between a conscious subject and an object in the real world.
Disjunctivism
Genuine perceptions and hallucinations have different contents - mind independent physical objects
What is the preservation theory?
Memory merely perceives the justification I originally had for my belief
What is sense data?
Mind dependent objects that we are directly aware of in perception, and that have exactly the properties that they appear to have.
What is Double Vision?
One sees 2 of something. 2 Physical objects in this situation. In this case, one sees something non-physical
What is the common sense view?
Perception that gives us direct and immediate access to a mind-independent reality
Intentionalist Theory
Perceptual experience is a form that is intentional and is a mental representation Just because an object has Q quality, doesn't mean we can perceive Q
Define perception
Requires direct and immediate access to the world Hallucinations and Illusions do not therefore true perception is impossible
Memory
Retention of knowledge 1) Not 2 pieces of knowledge but 1 2) Present Knowledge has same grounds as previous knowledge 3) Forgotten grounds still count as grounds
What is factual memory?
S remembers that P if and only if s knows that P because S knew that P 1) The present knowledge that P 2) The previous knowledge that P 3) The relationship between the present and previous knowledge that P expressed by saying S knows that P because S previously knew that P
What is the foundational theory?
Seeming to remember _ makes one feel justified in believing that P
What is indeterminacy?
Sense data has exactly the properties they have. Objects cannot lack certain characteristics. Object of perception is not sense data
Where does Russell say sense data is located?
Sense data is located in the head
Where does the Standard say sense data is located?
Sense data is located wherever the physical object caused them to be located.
Where does Frank Jackson say sense data is located?
Sense data is located wherever they appear to be
What is the rejection to the foundation theory?
That justification for a belief cannot be increased by its passing memory, only lowered
What is the problem with perception?
The possibility of hallucination shows that the common sense view is false
What is adverbial theory?
The properties we are aware of in experience are modifications of our perceptual experience itself.
What is perspectival variation?
The things we are directly aware of change (size and shape) and the real external object does not change. Therefore, the thing that we are perceiving is not the real external object
What is metamerism?
The wavelengths of light appear to be the same color under normal lighting conditions
What is pure factual memory?
Unmixed with inferences or present realization. 1) P is true 2) S is confident and certian that P is true 3) Understanding knowledge does not need grounds
What is the objection to factual memory?
We can remember things we did not know before i.e. cardinal example
What is the object of experience?
What the subject is more of when they are perceiving
What is the reply to Russell?
Your brain's state doesn't have the properties that appear to you
