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A financial services company has recently migrated from on-premises infrastructure to AWS Cloud. The DevOps team wants to implement a solution that allows all resource configurations to be reviewed and make sure that they meet compliance guidelines. Also, the solution should be able to offer the capability to look into the resource configuration history across the application stack. As a solutions architect, which of the following solutions would you recommend to the team?

"Use AWS Config to review resource configurations to meet compliance guidelines and maintain a history of resource configuration changes"

You would like to store a database password in a secure place, and enable automatic rotation of that password every 90 days. What do you recommend?

"Secrets Manager" AWS Secrets Manager helps you protect secrets needed to access your applications, services, and IT resources. The service enables you to easily rotate, manage, and retrieve database credentials, API keys, and other secrets throughout their lifecycle. Users and applications retrieve secrets with a call to Secrets Manager APIs, eliminating the need to hardcode sensitive information in plain text. Secrets Manager offers secret rotation with built-in integration for Amazon RDS, Amazon Redshift, and Amazon DocumentDB. The correct answer here is Secrets Manager

The engineering team at an e-commerce company wants to migrate from SQS Standard queues to FIFO queues with batching. As a solutions architect, which of the following steps would you have in the migration checklist? (Select three)

Delete the existing standard queue and recreate it as a FIFO queue Make sure that the name of the FIFO queue ends with the .fifo suffix Make sure that the throughput for the target FIFO queue does not exceed 3,000 messages per second

A company uses DynamoDB as a data store for various kinds of customer data, such as user profiles, user events, clicks, and visited links. Some of these use-cases require a high request rate (millions of requests per second), low predictable latency, and reliability. The company now wants to add a caching layer to support high read volumes. As a solutions architect, which of the following AWS services would you recommend as a caching layer for this use-case? (Select two)

ElastiCache (Correct) Accelerator (DAX) (Correct)

A retail company has developed a REST API which is deployed in an Auto Scaling group behind an Application Load Balancer. The API stores the user data in DynamoDB and any static content, such as images, are served via S3. On analyzing the usage trends, it is found that 90% of the read requests are for commonly accessed data across all users. As a Solutions Architect, which of the following would you suggest as the MOST efficient solution to improve the application performance?

Enable DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) for DynamoDB and CloudFront for S3

A small business has been running its IT systems on the on-premises infrastructure but the business now plans to migrate to AWS Cloud for operational efficiencies. As a Solutions Architect, can you suggest a cost-effective serverless solution for its flagship application that has both static and dynamic content?

Host the static content on Amazon S3 and use Lambda with DynamoDB for the serverless web application that handles dynamic content. Amazon CloudFront will sit in front of Lambda for distribution across diverse regions - Lambda with DynamoDB is the right answer for a serverless solution. CloudFront will help in enhancing user experience by delivering content, across different geographic locations with low latency. Amazon S3 is a cost-effective and faster way of distributing static content for web applications.

An e-commerce company wants to migrate its on-premises application to AWS. The application consists of application servers and a Microsoft SQL Server database. The solution should result in the maximum possible availability for the database layer while minimizing operational and management overhead. As a solutions architect, which of the following would you recommend to meet the given requirements?

Migrate the data to Amazon RDS for SQL Server database in a Multi-AZ deployment Amazon RDS supports Multi-AZ deployments for Microsoft SQL Server by using either SQL Server Database Mirroring (DBM) or Always On Availability Groups (AGs). Amazon RDS monitors and maintains the health of your Multi-AZ deployment. If problems occur, RDS automatically repairs unhealthy DB instances, reestablishes synchronization, and initiates failovers.

A media company uses Amazon ElastiCache Redis to enhance the performance of its RDS database layer. The company wants a robust disaster recovery strategy for its caching layer that guarantees minimal downtime as well as minimal data loss while ensuring good application performance. Which of the following solutions will you recommend to address the given use-case?

Opt for Multi-AZ configuration with automatic failover functionality to help mitigate failure - Multi-AZ is the best option when data retention, minimal downtime, and application performance are a priority. Data-loss potential - Low. Multi-AZ provides fault tolerance for every scenario, including hardware-related issues.

A financial services company wants to store confidential data in Amazon S3 and it needs to meet the following data security and compliance norms: Encryption key usage must be logged for auditing purposes Encryption Keys must be rotated every year The data must be encrypted at rest Which is the MOST operationally efficient solution?

Server-side encryption with AWS KMS (SSE-KMS) customer master keys (CMKs) with automatic key rotation Server-side encryption is the encryption of data at its destination by the application or service that receives it. Amazon S3 encrypts your data at the object level as it writes it to disks in its data centers and decrypts it for you when you access it.

A junior scientist working with the Deep Space Research Laboratory at NASA is trying to upload a high-resolution image of a nebula into Amazon S3. The image size is approximately 3GB. The junior scientist is using S3 Transfer Acceleration (S3TA) for faster image upload. It turns out that S3TA did not result in an accelerated transfer. Given this scenario, which of the following is correct regarding the charges for this image transfer?

The junior scientist does not need to pay any transfer charges for the image upload

A gaming company uses Amazon Aurora as its primary database service. The company has now deployed 5 multi-AZ read replicas to increase the read throughput and for use as failover target. The replicas have been assigned the following failover priority tiers and corresponding instance sizes are given in parentheses: tier-1 (16TB), tier-1 (32TB), tier-10 (16TB), tier-15 (16TB), tier-15 (32TB). In the event of a failover, Amazon Aurora will promote which of the following read replicas?

Tier-1 (32TB) Amazon Aurora features a distributed, fault-tolerant, self-healing storage system that auto-scales up to 128TB per database instance. It delivers high performance and availability with up to 15 low-latency read replicas, point-in-time recovery, continuous backup to Amazon S3, and replication across three Availability Zones (AZs).

A small rental company had 5 employees, all working under the same AWS cloud account. These employees deployed their applications built for various functions- including billing, operations, finance, etc. Each of these employees has been operating in their own VPC. Now, there is a need to connect these VPCs so that the applications can communicate with each other. Which of the following is the MOST cost-effective solution for this use-case?

A VPC peering connection is a networking connection between two VPCs that enables you to route traffic between them using private IPv4 addresses or IPv6 addresses. Instances in either VPC can communicate with each other as if they are within the same network. You can create a VPC peering connection between your own VPCs, or with a VPC in another AWS account. The VPCs can be in different regions (also known as an inter-region VPC peering connection). VPC Peering helps connect two VPCs and is not transitive. To connect VPCs together, the best available option is to use VPC peering.

You have developed a new REST API leveraging the API Gateway, AWS Lambda and Aurora database services. Most of the workload on the website is read-heavy. The data rarely changes and it is acceptable to serve users outdated data for about 24 hours. Recently, the website has been experiencing high load and the costs incurred on the Aurora database have been very high. How can you easily reduce the costs while improving performance, with minimal changes?

Enable API Gateway Caching - Amazon API Gateway is a fully managed service that makes it easy for developers to create, publish, maintain, monitor, and secure APIs at any scale. APIs act as the "front door" for applications to access data, business logic, or functionality from your backend services. Using API Gateway, you can create RESTful APIs and WebSocket APIs that enable real-time two-way communication applications. API Gateway supports containerized and serverless workloads, as well as web applications.

A company has migrated its application from a monolith architecture to a microservices based architecture. The development team has updated the Route 53 simple record to point "myapp.mydomain.com" from the old Load Balancer to the new one. The users are still not redirected to the new Load Balancer. What has gone wrong in the configuration?

The TTL is still in effect - TTL (time to live), is the amount of time, in seconds, that you want DNS recursive resolvers to cache information about a record. If you specify a longer value (for example, 172800 seconds, or two days), you reduce the number of calls that DNS recursive resolvers must make to Route 53 to get the latest information for the record. This has the effect of reducing latency and reducing your bill for Route 53 service.

A leading online gaming company is migrating its flagship application to AWS Cloud for delivering its online games to users across the world. The company would like to use a Network Load Balancer (NLB) to handle millions of requests per second. The engineering team has provisioned multiple instances in a public subnet and specified these instance IDs as the targets for the NLB. As a solutions architect, can you help the engineering team understand the correct routing mechanism for these target instances?

Traffic is routed to instances using the primary private IP address specified in the primary network interface for the instance A Network Load Balancer functions at the fourth layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It can handle millions of requests per second. After the load balancer receives a connection request, it selects a target from the target group for the default rule. It attempts to open a TCP connection to the selected target on the port specified in the listener configuration.

The development team at a retail company wants to optimize the cost of EC2 instances. The team wants to move certain nightly batch jobs to spot instances. The team has hired you as a solutions architect to provide the initial guidance. Which of the following would you identify as CORRECT regarding the capabilities of spot instances? (Select three)

If a spot request is persistent, then it is opened again after your Spot Instance is interrupted Spot blocks are designed not to be interrupted When you cancel an active spot request, it does not terminate the associated instance A Spot Instance is an unused EC2 instance that is available for less than the On-Demand price. Because Spot Instances enable you to request unused EC2 instances at steep discounts, you can lower your Amazon EC2 costs significantly. The hourly price for a Spot Instance is called a Spot price. The Spot price of each instance type in each Availability Zone is set by Amazon EC2 and adjusted gradually based on the long-term supply of and demand for Spot Instances.

A leading bank has moved its IT infrastructure to AWS Cloud and they have been using Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling for their web servers. This has helped them deal with traffic spikes effectively. But, their MySQL relational database has now become a bottleneck and they urgently need a fully managed auto scaling solution for their relational database to address any unpredictable changes in the traffic. Can you identify the AWS service that is best suited for this use-case?

Amazon Aurora Serverless Amazon Aurora Serverless is an on-demand, auto-scaling configuration for Amazon Aurora (MySQL-compatible and PostgreSQL-compatible editions), where the database will automatically start-up, shut down, and scale capacity up or down based on your application's needs. It enables you to run your database in the cloud without managing any database instances. It's a simple, cost-effective option for infrequent, intermittent, or unpredictable workloads. You pay on a per-second basis for the database capacity you use when the database is active and migrate between standard and serverless configurations with a few clicks in the Amazon RDS Management Console.

A ride-sharing company wants to improve the ride-tracking system that stores GPS coordinates for all rides. The engineering team at the company is looking for a NoSQL database that has single-digit millisecond latency, can scale horizontally, and is serverless, so that they can perform high-frequency lookups reliably. As a Solutions Architect, which database do you recommend for their requirements?

Amazon DynamoDB - Amazon DynamoDB is a key-value and document database that delivers single-digit millisecond performance at any scale. It's a fully managed, multi-Region, multi-master, durable NoSQL database with built-in security, backup and restore, and in-memory caching for internet-scale applications. DynamoDB can handle more than 10 trillion requests per day and can support peaks of more than 20 million requests per second. DynamoDB is serverless, has single-digit millisecond latency and scales horizontally. This is the correct choice for the given requirements.

Your company runs a web portal to match developers to clients who need their help. As a solutions architect, you've designed the architecture of the website to be fully serverless with API Gateway & AWS Lambda. The backend uses a DynamoDB table. You would like to automatically congratulate your developers on important milestones, such as - their first paid contract. All the contracts are stored in DynamoDB. Which DynamoDB feature can you use to implement this functionality such that there is LEAST delay in sending automatic notifications?

Amazon DynamoDB is a key-value and document database that delivers single-digit millisecond performance at any scale. It's a fully managed, multi-Region, multi-master, durable database with built-in security, backup and restore, and in-memory caching for internet-scale applications. DynamoDB Streams + Lambda - A DynamoDB stream is an ordered flow of information about changes to items in a DynamoDB table. When you enable a stream on a table, DynamoDB captures information about every modification to data items in the table. Whenever an application creates, updates, or deletes items in the table, DynamoDB Streams writes a stream record with the primary key attributes of the items that were modified. A stream record contains information about a data modification to a single item in a DynamoDB table. DynamoDB Streams will contain a stream of all the changes that happen to a DynamoDB table. It can be chained with a Lambda function that will be triggered to react to these changes, one of which is the developer's milestone. Therefore, this is the correct option.

A healthcare company has deployed its web application on Amazon ECS container instances running behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB). The website slows down when the traffic spikes and the website availability is also reduced. The development team has configured CloudWatch alarms to receive notifications whenever there is an availability constraint so the team can scale out resources. The company wants an automated solution to respond to such events. Which of the following addresses the given use case?

Configure AWS Auto Scaling to scale out the ECS cluster when the ECS service's CPU utilization rises above a threshold You use the Amazon ECS first-run wizard to create a cluster and a service that runs behind an Elastic Load Balancing load balancer. Then you can configure a target tracking scaling policy that scales your service automatically based on the current application load as measured by the service's CPU utilization (from the ECS, ClusterName, and ServiceName category in CloudWatch).

The engineering team at a company is moving the static content from the company's logistics website hosted on EC2 instances to an S3 bucket. The team wants to use a CloudFront distribution to deliver the static content. The security group used by the EC2 instances allows the website to be accessed by a limited set of IP ranges from the company's suppliers. Post-migration to CloudFront, access to the static content should only be allowed from the aforementioned IP addresses. Which options would you combine to build a solution to meet these requirements? (Select two)

Configure an origin access identity (OAI) and associate it with the CloudFront distribution. Set up the permissions in the S3 bucket policy so that only the OAI can read the objects When you use CloudFront with an Amazon S3 bucket as the origin, you can configure CloudFront and Amazon S3 in a way that provides the following benefits: Restricts access to the Amazon S3 bucket so that it's not publicly accessible Create an AWS WAF ACL and use an IP match condition to allow traffic only from those IPs that are allowed in the EC2 security group. Associate this new WAF ACL with the CloudFront distribution AWS WAF is a web application firewall that lets you monitor the HTTP and HTTPS requests that are forwarded to your protected web application resources. You can protect the following resource types:

You are working as a Solutions Architect for a photo processing company that has a proprietary algorithm to compress an image without any loss in quality. Because of the efficiency of the algorithm, your clients are willing to wait for a response that carries their compressed images back. You also want to process these jobs asynchronously and scale quickly, to cater to the high demand. Additionally, you also want the job to be retried in case of failures. Which combination of choices do you recommend to minimize cost and comply with the requirements? (Select two)

EC2 Spot Instances - A Spot Instance is an unused EC2 instance that is available for less than the On-Demand price. Because Spot Instances enable you to request unused EC2 instances at steep discounts, you can lower your Amazon EC2 costs significantly. The hourly price for a Spot Instance is called a Spot price. The Spot price of each instance type in each Availability Zone is set by Amazon EC2 and adjusted gradually based on the long-term supply of and demand for Spot Instances. Your Spot Instance runs whenever capacity is available and the maximum price per hour for your request exceeds the Spot price.

A biotechnology company has multiple High Performance Computing (HPC) workflows that quickly and accurately process and analyze genomes for hereditary diseases. The company is looking to migrate these workflows from their on-premises infrastructure to AWS Cloud. As a solutions architect, which of the following networking components would you recommend on the EC2 instances running these HPC workflows?

Elastic Fabric Adapter

A systems administrator has created a private hosted zone and associated it with a Virtual Private Cloud (VPC). However, the DNS queries for the private hosted zone remain unresolved. As a Solutions Architect, can you identify the Amazon VPC options to be configured in order to get the private hosted zone to work?

Enable DNS hostnames and DNS resolution for private hosted zones - DNS hostnames and DNS resolution are required settings for private hosted zones. DNS queries for private hosted zones can be resolved by the Amazon-provided VPC DNS server only. As a result, these options must be enabled for your private hosted zone to work.

What does this CloudFormation snippet do? (Select three) SecurityGroupIngress: - IpProtocol: tcp FromPort: 80 ToPort: 80 CidrIp: 0.0.0.0/0 - IpProtocol: tcp FromPort: 22 ToPort: 22 CidrIp: 192.168.1.1/32

It allows any IP to pass through on the HTTP port It configures a security group's inbound rules It lets traffic flow from one IP on port 22

The business analytics team at a company has been running ad-hoc queries on Oracle and PostgreSQL services on Amazon RDS to prepare daily reports for senior management. To facilitate the business analytics reporting, the engineering team now wants to continuously replicate this data and consolidate these databases into a petabyte-scale data warehouse by streaming data to Amazon Redshift. As a solutions architect, which of the following would you recommend as the MOST resource-efficient solution that requires the LEAST amount of development time without the need to manage the underlying infrastructure?

Use AWS Database Migration Service to replicate the data from the databases into Amazon Redshift

An IT consultant is helping a small business revamp their technology infrastructure on the AWS Cloud. The business has two AWS accounts and all resources are provisioned in the us-west-2 region. The IT consultant is trying to launch an EC2 instance in each of the two AWS accounts such that the instances are in the same Availability Zone of the us-west-2 region. Even after selecting the same default subnet (us-west-2a) while launching the instances in each of the AWS accounts, the IT consultant notices that the Availability Zones are still different. As a solutions architect, which of the following would you suggest resolving this issue?

Use AZ ID to uniquely identify the Availability Zones across the two AWS Accounts An Availability Zone is represented by a region code followed by a letter identifier; for example, us-east-1a. To ensure that resources are distributed across the Availability Zones for a region, AWS maps Availability Zones to names for each AWS account. For example, the Availability Zone us-west-2a for one AWS account might not be the same location as us-west-2a for another AWS account.

An IT company has an Access Control Management (ACM) application that uses Amazon RDS for MySQL but is running into performance issues despite using Read Replicas. The company has hired you as a solutions architect to address these performance-related challenges without moving away from the underlying relational database schema. The company has branch offices across the world, and it needs the solution to work on a global scale. Which of the following will you recommend as the MOST cost-effective and high-performance solution?

Use Amazon Aurora Global Database to enable fast local reads with low latency in each region

You started a new job as a solutions architect at a company that has both AWS experts and people learning AWS. Recently, a developer misconfigured a newly created RDS database which resulted in a production outage. How can you ensure that RDS specific best practices are incorporated into a reusable infrastructure template to be used by all your AWS users?

Use CloudFormation to manage RDS databases - AWS CloudFormation provides a common language for you to model and provision AWS and third-party application resources in your cloud environment. AWS CloudFormation allows you to use programming languages or a simple text file to model and provision, in an automated and secure manner, all the resources needed for your applications across all regions and accounts. This gives you a single source of truth for your AWS and third-party resources.

A company has grown from a small startup to an enterprise employing over 1000 people. As the team size has grown, the company has recently observed some strange behavior, with S3 buckets settings being changed regularly. How can you figure out what's happening without restricting the rights of the users?

Use CloudTrail to analyze API calls - AWS CloudTrail is a service that enables governance, compliance, operational auditing, and risk auditing of your AWS account. With CloudTrail, you can log, continuously monitor, and retain account activity related to actions across your AWS infrastructure. CloudTrail provides event history of your AWS account activity, including actions taken through the AWS Management Console, AWS SDKs, command-line tools, and other AWS services.

A social media application is hosted on an EC2 server fleet running behind an Application Load Balancer. The application traffic is fronted by a CloudFront distribution. The engineering team wants to decouple the user authentication process for the application, so that the application servers can just focus on the business logic. As a Solutions Architect, which of the following solutions would you recommend to the development team so that it requires minimal development effort?

Use Cognito Authentication via Cognito User Pools for your Application Load Balancer

A niche social media application allows users to connect with sports athletes. As a solutions architect, you've designed the architecture of the application to be fully serverless using API Gateway & AWS Lambda. The backend uses a DynamoDB table. Some of the star athletes using the application are highly popular, and therefore DynamoDB has increased the RCUs. Still, the application is experiencing a hot partition problem. What can you do to improve the performance of DynamoDB and eliminate the hot partition problem without a lot of application refactoring?

Use DynamoDB DAX - Amazon DynamoDB is a key-value and document database that delivers single-digit millisecond performance at any scale. It's a fully managed, multi-Region, multi-master, durable database with built-in security, backup and restore, and in-memory caching for internet-scale applications. Amazon DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) is a fully managed, highly available, in-memory cache for DynamoDB that delivers up to a 10x performance improvement - from milliseconds to microseconds - even at millions of requests per second. DAX does all the heavy lifting required to add in-memory acceleration to your DynamoDB tables, without requiring developers to manage cache invalidation, data population, or cluster management.

A data analytics company manages an application that stores user data in a DynamoDB table. The development team has observed that once in a while, the application writes corrupted data in the DynamoDB table. As soon as the issue is detected, the team needs to remove the corrupted data at the earliest. What do you recommend?

Use DynamoDB point in time recovery to restore the table to the state just before corrupted data was written

A financial services company is looking to move its on-premises IT infrastructure to AWS Cloud. The company has multiple long-term server bound licenses across the application stack and the CTO wants to continue to utilize those licenses while moving to AWS. As a solutions architect, which of the following would you recommend as the MOST cost-effective solution?

Use EC2 dedicated hosts

A company runs a data processing workflow that takes about 60 minutes to complete. The workflow can withstand disruptions and it can be started and stopped multiple times. Which is the most cost-effective solution to build a solution for the workflow?

Use EC2 spot instances to run the workflow processes

A company wants to improve its gaming application by adding a leaderboard that uses a complex proprietary algorithm based on the participating user's performance metrics to identify the top users on a real-time basis. The technical requirements mandate high elasticity, low latency, and real-time processing to deliver customizable user data for the community of users. The leaderboard would be accessed by millions of users simultaneously. Which of the following options support the case for using ElastiCache to meet the given requirements? (Select two)

Use ElastiCache to improve latency and throughput for read-heavy application workloads Use ElastiCache to improve the performance of compute-intensive workloads

As an e-sport tournament hosting company, you have servers that need to scale and be highly available. Therefore you have deployed an Elastic Load Balancer (ELB) with an Auto Scaling group (ASG) across 3 Availability Zones (AZs). When e-sport tournaments are running, the servers need to scale quickly. And when tournaments are done, the servers can be idle. As a general rule, you would like to be highly available, have the capacity to scale and optimize your costs. What do you recommend? (Select two)

Use Reserved Instances for the minimum capacity Reserved Instances provide you with significant savings on your Amazon EC2 costs compared to On-Demand Instance pricing. Set the minimum capacity to 2 An Auto Scaling group contains a collection of Amazon EC2 instances that are treated as a logical grouping for automatic scaling and management. An Auto Scaling group also enables you to use Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling features such as health check replacements and scaling policies. Both maintaining the number of instances in an Auto Scaling group and automatic scaling are the core functionality of the Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling service.

A healthcare company is evaluating storage options on Amazon S3 to meet regulatory guidelines. The data should be stored in such a way on S3 that it cannot be deleted until the regulatory time period has expired. As a solutions architect, which of the following would you recommend for the given requirement?

Use S3 Object Lock Amazon S3 Object Lock is an Amazon S3 feature that allows you to store objects using a write once, read many (WORM) model. You can use WORM protection for scenarios where it is imperative that data is not changed or deleted after it has been written. Whether your business has a requirement to satisfy compliance regulations in the financial or healthcare sector, or you simply want to capture a golden copy of business records for later auditing and reconciliation, S3 Object Lock is the right tool for you. Object Lock can help prevent objects from being deleted or overwritten for a fixed amount of time or indefinitely.

A Big Data processing company has created a distributed data processing framework that performs best if the network performance between the processing machines is high. The application has to be deployed on AWS, and the company is only looking at performance as the key measure. As a Solutions Architect, which deployment do you recommend?

Use a Cluster placement group - A cluster placement group is a logical grouping of instances within a single Availability Zone. A cluster placement group can span peered VPCs in the same Region. Instances in the same cluster placement group enjoy a higher per-flow throughput limit of up to 10 Gbps for TCP/IP traffic and are placed in the same high-bisection bandwidth segment of the network.

The engineering team at a leading e-commerce company is anticipating a surge in the traffic because of a flash sale planned for the weekend. You have estimated the web traffic to be 10x. The content of your website is highly dynamic and changes very often. As a Solutions Architect, which of the following options would you recommend to make sure your infrastructure scales for that day?

Use an Auto Scaling Group - An Auto Scaling group (ASG) contains a collection of Amazon EC2 instances that are treated as a logical grouping for automatic scaling and management. An Auto Scaling group also enables you to use Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling features such as health check replacements and scaling policies. Both maintaining the number of instances in an Auto Scaling group and automatic scaling are the core functionality of the Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling service.

An IT company wants to review its security best-practices after an incident was reported where a new developer on the team was assigned full access to DynamoDB. The developer accidentally deleted a couple of tables from the production environment while building out a new feature. Which is the MOST effective way to address this issue so that such incidents do not recur?

Use permissions boundary to control the maximum permissions employees can grant to the IAM principals

An e-commerce company is planning to migrate their two-tier application from on-premises infrastructure to AWS Cloud. As the engineering team at the company is new to the AWS Cloud, they are planning to use the Amazon VPC console wizard to set up the networking configuration for the two-tier application having public web servers and private database servers. Can you spot the configuration that is NOT supported by the Amazon VPC console wizard?

VPC with a public subnet only and AWS Site-to-Site VPN access The Amazon VPC console wizard provides the following four configurations: VPC with a single public subnet - The configuration for this scenario includes a virtual private cloud (VPC) with a single public subnet, and an internet gateway to enable communication over the internet. We recommend this configuration if you need to run a single-tier, public-facing web application, such as a blog or a simple website.

A financial services firm has traditionally operated with an on-premise data center and would like to create a disaster recovery strategy leveraging the AWS Cloud. As a Solutions Architect, you would like to ensure that a scaled-down version of a fully functional environment is always running in the AWS cloud, and in case of a disaster, the recovery time is kept to a minimum. Which disaster recovery strategy is that?

Warm Standby - The term warm standby is used to describe a DR scenario in which a scaled-down version of a fully functional environment is always running in the cloud. A warm standby solution extends the pilot light elements and preparation. It further decreases the recovery time because some services are always running. By identifying your business-critical systems, you can fully duplicate these systems on AWS and have them always on.

A company uses Amazon S3 buckets for storing sensitive customer data. The company has defined different retention periods for different objects present in the Amazon S3 buckets, based on the compliance requirements. But, the retention rules do not seem to work as expected. Which of the following options represent a valid configuration for setting up retention periods for objects in Amazon S3 buckets? (Select two)

When you apply a retention period to an object version explicitly, you specify a Retain Until Date for the object version - You can place a retention period on an object version either explicitly or through a bucket default setting. When you apply a retention period to an object version explicitly, you specify a Retain Until Date for the object version. Amazon S3 stores the Retain Until Date setting in the object version's metadata and protects the object version until the retention period expires. Different versions of a single object can have different retention modes and periods - Like all other Object Lock settings, retention periods apply to individual object versions. Different versions of a single object can have different retention modes and periods. For example, suppose that you have an object that is 15 days into a 30-day retention period, and you PUT an object into Amazon S3 with the same name and a 60-day retention period. In this case, your PUT succeeds, and Amazon S3 creates a new version of the object with a 60-day retention period. The older version maintains its original retention period and becomes deletable in 15 days.

An e-commerce company is using an Elastic Load Balancer for its fleet of EC2 instances spread across two Availability Zones, with one instance as a target in Availability Zone A and four instances as targets in Availability Zone B. The company is doing benchmarking for server performance when cross-zone load balancing is enabled compared to the case when cross-zone load balancing is disabled. As a solutions architect, which of the following traffic distribution outcomes would you identify as correct?

With cross-zone load balancing enabled, one instance in Availability Zone A receives 20% traffic and four instances in Availability Zone B receive 20% traffic each. With cross-zone load balancing disabled, one instance in Availability Zone A receives 50% traffic and four instances in Availability Zone B receive 12.5% traffic each The nodes for your load balancer distribute requests from clients to registered targets. When cross-zone load balancing is enabled, each load balancer node distributes traffic across the registered targets in all enabled Availability Zones. Therefore, one instance in Availability Zone A receives 20% traffic and four instances in Availability Zone B receive 20% traffic each. When cross-zone load balancing is disabled, each load balancer node distributes traffic only across the registered targets in its Availability Zone. Therefore, one instance in Availability Zone A receives 50% traffic and four instances in Availability Zone B receive 12.5% traffic each.

An IT company is looking to move its on-premises infrastructure to AWS Cloud. The company has a portfolio of applications with a few of them using server bound licenses that are valid for the next year. To utilize the licenses, the CTO wants to use dedicated hosts for a one year term and then migrate the given instances to default tenancy thereafter. As a solutions architect, which of the following options would you identify as CORRECT for changing the tenancy of an instance after you have launched it? (Select two)

You can change the tenancy of an instance from dedicated to host You can change the tenancy of an instance from host to dedicated Each EC2 instance that you launch into a VPC has a tenancy attribute. This attribute has the following values.

The DevOps team at a multi-national company is helping its subsidiaries standardize EC2 instances by using the same Amazon Machine Image (AMI). Some of these subsidiaries are in the same AWS region but use different AWS accounts whereas others are in different AWS regions but use the same AWS account as the parent company. The DevOps team has hired you as a solutions architect for this project. Which of the following would you identify as CORRECT regarding the capabilities of AMIs? (Select three)

You can copy an AMI across AWS Regions You can share an AMI with another AWS account Copying an AMI backed by an encrypted snapshot cannot result in an unencrypted target snapshot An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) provides the information required to launch an instance. An AMI includes the following: One or more EBS snapshots, or, for instance-store-backed AMIs, a template for the root volume of the instance. Launch permissions that control which AWS accounts can use the AMI to launch instances.

The DevOps team at an IT company has recently migrated to AWS and they are configuring security groups for their two-tier application with public web servers and private database servers. The team wants to understand the allowed configuration options for an inbound rule for a security group. As a solutions architect, which of the following would you identify as an INVALID option for setting up such a configuration?

You can use an Internet Gateway ID as the custom source for the inbound rule A security group acts as a virtual firewall that controls the traffic for one or more instances. When you launch an instance, you can specify one or more security groups; otherwise, you can use the default security group. You can add rules to each security group that allows traffic to or from its associated instances. You can modify the rules for a security group at any time; the new rules are automatically applied to all instances that are associated with the security group.

You are working for a SaaS (Software as a Service) company as a solutions architect and help design solutions for the company's customers. One of the customers is a bank and has a requirement to whitelist up to two public IPs when the bank is accessing external services across the internet. Which architectural choice do you recommend to maintain high availability, support scaling-up to 10 instances and comply with the bank's requirements?

*Use a Network Load Balancer with an Auto Scaling Group (ASG) * - Network Load Balancer is best suited for use-cases involving low latency and high throughput workloads that involve scaling to millions of requests per second. Network Load Balancer operates at the connection level (Layer 4), routing connections to targets - Amazon EC2 instances, microservices, and containers - within Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC) based on IP protocol data. A Network Load Balancer functions at the fourth layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It can handle millions of requests per second.

An e-commerce company operates multiple AWS accounts and has interconnected these accounts in a hub-and-spoke style using the AWS Transit Gateway. VPCs have been provisioned across these AWS accounts to facilitate network isolation. Which of the following solutions would reduce both the administrative overhead and the costs while providing shared access to services required by workloads in each of the VPCs?

Build a shared services VPC Consider an organization that has built a hub-and-spoke network with AWS Transit Gateway. VPCs have been provisioned into multiple AWS accounts, perhaps to facilitate network isolation or to enable delegated network administration. When deploying distributed architectures such as this, a popular approach is to build a "shared services VPC, which provides access to services required by workloads in each of the VPCs. This might include directory services or VPC endpoints. Sharing resources from a central location instead of building them in each VPC may reduce administrative overhead and cost.

A startup has recently moved their monolithic web application to AWS Cloud. The application runs on a single EC2 instance. Currently, the user base is small and the startup does not want to spend effort on elaborate disaster recovery strategies or Auto Scaling Group. The application can afford a maximum downtime of 10 minutes. In case of a failure, which of these options would you suggest as a cost-effective and automatic recovery procedure for the instance?

Configure an Amazon CloudWatch alarm that triggers the recovery of the EC2 instance, in case the instance fails. The instance, however, should only be configured with an EBS volume - If your instance fails a system status check, you can use CloudWatch alarm actions to automatically recover it. The recover option is available for over 90% of deployed customer EC2 instances. The CloudWatch recovery option works only for system check failures, not for instance status check failures. Also, if you terminate your instance, then it can't be recovered.

An IT company is working on a client project to build a Supply Chain Management application. The web-tier of the application runs on an EC2 instance and the database tier is on Amazon RDS MySQL. For beta testing, all the resources are currently deployed in a single Availability Zone. The development team wants to improve application availability before the go-live. Given that all end users of the web application would be located in the US, which of the following would be the MOST resource-efficient solution?

Deploy the web-tier EC2 instances in two Availability Zones, behind an Elastic Load Balancer. Deploy the Amazon RDS MySQL database in Multi-AZ configuration Elastic Load Balancing automatically distributes incoming application traffic across multiple targets, such as Amazon EC2 instances, containers, IP addresses, and Lambda functions. It can handle the varying load of your application traffic in a single Availability Zone or across multiple Availability Zones. Therefore, deploying the web-tier EC2 instances in two Availability Zones, behind an Elastic Load Balancer would improve the availability of the application.

An HTTP application is deployed on an Auto Scaling Group, is accessible from an Application Load Balancer that provides HTTPS termination, and accesses a PostgreSQL database managed by RDS. How should you configure the security groups? (Select three)

The security group of RDS should have an inbound rule from the security group of the EC2 instances in the ASG on port 5432 The security group of the EC2 instances should have an inbound rule from the security group of the ALB on port 80 The security group of the ALB should have an inbound rule from anywhere on port 443 PostgreSQL port = 5432 HTTP port = 80 HTTPS port = 443

An Elastic Load Balancer has marked all the EC2 instances in the target group as unhealthy. Surprisingly, when a developer enters the IP address of the EC2 instances in the web browser, he can access the website. What could be the reason the instances are being marked as unhealthy? (Select two)

The security group of the EC2 instance does not allow for traffic from the security group of the Application Load Balancer The route for the health check is misconfigured

The engineering team at an e-commerce company has been tasked with migrating to a serverless architecture. The team wants to focus on the key points of consideration when using Lambda as a backbone for this architecture. As a Solutions Architect, which of the following options would you identify as correct for the given requirement? (Select three)

By default, Lambda functions always operate from an AWS-owned VPC and hence have access to any public internet address or public AWS APIs. Once a Lambda function is VPC-enabled, it will need a route through a NAT gateway in a public subnet to access public resources - Lambda functions always operate from an AWS-owned VPC. By default, your function has the full ability to make network requests to any public internet address — this includes access to any of the public AWS APIs. Since Lambda functions can scale extremely quickly, its a good idea to deploy a CloudWatch Alarm that notifies your team when function metrics such as ConcurrentExecutions or Invocations exceeds the expected threshold - Since Lambda functions can scale extremely quickly, this means you should have controls in place to notify you when you have a spike in concurrency. A good idea is to deploy a CloudWatch Alarm that notifies your team when function metrics such as ConcurrentExecutions or Invocations exceeds your threshold. You should create an AWS Budget so you can monitor costs on a daily basis. If you intend to reuse code in more than one Lambda function, you should consider creating a Lambda Layer for the reusable code - You can configure your Lambda function to pull in additional code and content in the form of layers. A layer is a ZIP archive that contains libraries, a custom runtime, or other dependencies. With layers, you can use libraries in your function without needing to include them in your deployment package. Layers let you keep your deployment package small, which makes development easier. A function can use up to 5 layers at a time. You can create layers, or use layers published by AWS and other AWS customers. Layers support resource-based policies for granting layer usage permissions to specific AWS accounts, AWS Organizations, or all accounts. The total unzipped size of the function and all layers can't exceed the unzipped deployment package size limit of 250 MB.

A company has recently created a new department to handle their services workload. An IT team has been asked to create a custom VPC to isolate the resources created in this new department. They have set up the public subnet and internet gateway (IGW). However, they are not able to ping the Amazon EC2 instances with Elastic IP launched in the newly created VPC. As a Solutions Architect, the team has requested your help. How will you troubleshoot this scenario? (Select two)

Check if the route table is configured with IGW - An internet gateway (IGW) is a horizontally scaled, redundant, and highly available VPC component that allows communication between instances in your VPC and the internet. Check if the security groups allows ping from the source - A security group acts as a virtual firewall that controls the traffic for one or more instances. When you launch an instance, you can specify one or more security groups; otherwise, AWS uses the default security group. You can add rules to each security group that allow traffic to or from its associated instances. You can modify the rules for a security group at any time; the new rules are automatically applied to all instances that are associated with the security group. To decide whether to allow traffic to reach an instance, all the rules from all the security groups that are associated with the instance are evaluated.

The DevOps team at an IT company is provisioning a two-tier application in a VPC with a public subnet and a private subnet. The team wants to use either a NAT instance or a NAT gateway in the public subnet to enable instances in the private subnet to initiate outbound IPv4 traffic to the internet but needs some technical assistance in terms of the configuration options available for the NAT instance and the NAT gateway. As a solutions architect, which of the following options would you identify as CORRECT? (Select three)

NAT instance can be used as a bastion server Security Groups can be associated with a NAT instance NAT instance supports port forwarding A NAT instance or a NAT Gateway can be used in a public subnet in your VPC to enable instances in the private subnet to initiate outbound IPv4 traffic to the Internet.

A developer has configured inbound traffic for the relevant ports in both the Security Group of the EC2 instance as well as the Network Access Control List (NACL) of the subnet for the EC2 instance. The developer is, however, unable to connect to the service running on the Amazon EC2 instance. As a solutions architect, how will you fix this issue?

The engineering team at a social media company wants to use Amazon CloudWatch alarms to automatically recover EC2 instances if they become impaired. The team has hired you as a solutions architect to provide subject matter expertise. As a solutions architect, which of the following statements would you identify as CORRECT regarding this automatic recovery process? (Select two)

A recovered instance is identical to the original instance, including the instance ID, private IP addresses, Elastic IP addresses, and all instance metadata If your instance has a public IPv4 address, it retains the public IPv4 address after recovery

A leading news aggregation company offers hundreds of digital products and services for customers ranging from law firms to banks to consumers. The company bills its clients based on per unit of clickstream data provided to the clients. As the company operates in a regulated industry, it needs to have the same ordered clickstream data available for auditing within a window of 7 days. As a solutions architect, which of the following AWS services provides the ability to run the billing process and auditing process on the given clickstream data in the same order?

AWS Kinesis Data Streams Amazon Kinesis Data Streams (KDS) is a massively scalable and durable real-time data streaming service. KDS can continuously capture gigabytes of data per second from hundreds of thousands of sources such as website clickstreams, database event streams, financial transactions, social media feeds, IT logs, and location-tracking events. The data collected is available in milliseconds to enable real-time analytics use cases such as real-time dashboards, real-time anomaly detection, dynamic pricing, and more.

Which of the following AWS services provides a highly available and fault-tolerant solution to capture the clickstream events from the source and then provide a concurrent feed of the data stream to the downstream applications?

An e-commerce company uses Microsoft Active Directory to provide users and groups with access to resources on the on-premises infrastructure. The company has extended its IT infrastructure to AWS in the form of a hybrid cloud. The engineering team at the company wants to run directory-aware workloads on AWS for a SQL Server-based application. The team also wants to configure a trust relationship to enable single sign-on (SSO) for its users to access resources in either domain. As a solutions architect, which of the following AWS services would you recommend for this use-case?

AWS Managed Microsoft AD AWS Directory Service provides multiple ways to use Amazon Cloud Directory and Microsoft Active Directory (AD) with other AWS services.

A company wants to migrate its on-premises databases to AWS Cloud. The CTO at the company wants a solution that can handle complex database configurations such as secondary indexes, foreign keys, and stored procedures. As a solutions architect, which of the following AWS services should be combined to handle this use-case? (Select two)

AWS Schema Conversion Tool AWS Database Migration Service AWS Database Migration Service helps you migrate databases to AWS quickly and securely. The source database remains fully operational during the migration, minimizing downtime to applications that rely on the database. AWS Database Migration Service supports homogeneous migrations such as Oracle to Oracle, as well as heterogeneous migrations between different database platforms, such as Oracle or Microsoft SQL Server to Amazon Aurora.

As part of the on-premises data center migration to AWS Cloud, a company is looking at using multiple AWS Snow Family devices to move their on-premises data. Which Snow Family service offers the feature of storage clustering?

AWS Snowball Edge Compute Optimized - AWS Snowball is a data migration and edge computing device that comes in two device options: Compute Optimized and Storage Optimized. Snowball Edge Storage Optimized devices provide 40 vCPUs of compute capacity coupled with 80 terabytes of usable block or Amazon S3-compatible object storage. It is well-suited for local storage and large-scale data transfer. Snowball Edge Compute Optimized devices provide 52 vCPUs, 42 terabytes of usable block or object storage, and an optional GPU for use cases such as advanced machine learning and full-motion video analysis in disconnected environments.

A leading e-commerce company runs its IT infrastructure on AWS Cloud. The company has a batch job running at 7 am daily on an RDS database. It processes shipping orders for the past day, and usually gets around 2000 records that need to be processed sequentially in a batch job via a shell script. The processing of each record takes about 3 seconds. What platform do you recommend to run this batch job?

Amazon EC2 Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) is a web service that provides secure, resizable compute capacity in the cloud. It is designed to make web-scale cloud computing easier for developers.

A financial services company wants to move the Windows file server clusters out of their datacenters. They are looking for cloud file storage offerings that provide full Windows compatibility. Can you identify the AWS storage services that provide highly reliable file storage that is accessible over the industry-standard Server Message Block (SMB) protocol compatible with Windows systems? (Select two)

Amazon FSx for Windows File Server - Amazon FSx for Windows File Server is a fully managed, highly reliable file storage that is accessible over the industry-standard Server Message Block (SMB) protocol. It is built on Windows Server, delivering a wide range of administrative features such as user quotas, end-user file restore, and Microsoft Active Directory (AD) integration. File Gateway Configuration of AWS Storage Gateway - Depending on the use case, Storage Gateway provides 3 types of storage interfaces for on-premises applications: File, Volume, and Tape. The File Gateway enables you to store and retrieve objects in Amazon S3 using file protocols such as Network File System (NFS) and Server Message Block (SMB)

An Internet-of-Things (IoT) company would like to have a streaming system that performs real-time analytics on the ingested IoT data. Once the analytics is done, the company would like to send notifications back to the mobile applications of the IoT device owners. As a solutions architect, which of the following AWS technologies would you recommend to send these notifications to the mobile applications?

Amazon Kinesis with Amazon Simple Notification Service (SNS) - Amazon Kinesis makes it easy to collect, process, and analyze real-time, streaming data so you can get timely insights and react quickly to new information. Amazon Kinesis offers key capabilities to cost-effectively process streaming data at any scale, along with the flexibility to choose the tools that best suit the requirements of your application. With Amazon Kinesis, you can ingest real-time data such as video, audio, application logs, website clickstreams, and IoT telemetry data for machine learning, analytics, and other applications. Amazon Kinesis enables you to process and analyze data as it arrives and respond instantly instead of having to wait until all your data is collected before the processing can begin.

A company's business logic is built on several microservices that are running in the on-premises data center. They currently communicate using a message broker that supports the MQTT protocol. The company is looking at migrating these applications and the message broker to AWS Cloud without changing the application logic. Which technology allows you to get a managed message broker that supports the MQTT protocol?

Amazon MQ - Amazon MQ is a managed message broker service for Apache ActiveMQ that makes it easy to set up and operate message brokers in the cloud. Message brokers allow different software systems-often using different programming languages, and on different platforms-to communicate and exchange information. If an organization is using messaging with existing applications and wants to move the messaging service to the cloud quickly and easily, AWS recommends Amazon MQ for such a use case. Connecting your current applications to Amazon MQ is easy because it uses industry-standard APIs and protocols for messaging, including JMS, NMS, AMQP, STOMP, MQTT, and WebSocket.

The development team at a social media company wants to handle some complicated queries such as "What are the number of likes on the videos that have been posted by friends of a user A?". As a solutions architect, which of the following AWS database services would you suggest as the BEST fit to handle such use cases?

Amazon Neptune - Amazon Neptune is a fast, reliable, fully managed graph database service that makes it easy to build and run applications that work with highly connected datasets. The core of Amazon Neptune is a purpose-built, high-performance graph database engine optimized for storing billions of relationships and querying the graph with milliseconds latency. Neptune powers graph use cases such as recommendation engines, fraud detection, knowledge graphs, drug discovery, and network security.

For security purposes, a development team has decided to deploy the EC2 instances in a private subnet. The team plans to use VPC endpoints so that the instances can access some AWS services securely. The members of the team would like to know about the two AWS services that support Gateway Endpoints. As a solutions architect, which of the following services would you suggest for this requirement? (Select two)

Amazon S3 DynamoDB A VPC endpoint enables you to privately connect your VPC to supported AWS services and VPC endpoint services powered by AWS PrivateLink without requiring an internet gateway, NAT device, VPN connection, or AWS Direct Connect connection. Instances in your VPC do not require public IP addresses to communicate with resources in the service. Traffic between your VPC and the other service does not leave the Amazon network.

A cybersecurity company uses a fleet of EC2 instances to run a proprietary application. The infrastructure maintenance group at the company wants to be notified via an email whenever the CPU utilization for any of the EC2 instances breaches a certain threshold. Which of the following services would you use for building a solution with the LEAST amount of development effort? (Select two)

Amazon SNS - Amazon Simple Notification Service (SNS) is a highly available, durable, secure, fully managed pub/sub messaging service that enables you to decouple microservices, distributed systems, and serverless applications. Amazon SNS provides topics for high-throughput, push-based, many-to-many messaging. Amazon CloudWatch - Amazon CloudWatch is a monitoring and observability service built for DevOps engineers, developers, site reliability engineers (SREs), and IT managers. CloudWatch provides you with data and actionable insights to monitor your applications, respond to system-wide performance changes, optimize resource utilization, and get a unified view of operational health. Amazon CloudWatch allows you to monitor AWS cloud resources and the applications you run on AWS. You can use CloudWatch Alarms to send an email via SNS whenever any of the EC2 instances breaches a certain threshold. Hence both these options are correct.

A developer in your company has set up a classic 2 tier architecture consisting of an Application Load Balancer and an Auto Scaling group (ASG) managing a fleet of EC2 instances. The ALB is deployed in a subnet of size 10.0.1.0/24 and the ASG is deployed in a subnet of size 10.0.4.0/22. As a solutions architect, you would like to adhere to the security pillar of the well-architected framework. How do you configure the security group of the EC2 instances to only allow traffic coming from the ALB?

An Auto Scaling group (ASG) contains a collection of Amazon EC2 instances that are treated as a logical grouping for automatic scaling and management. An Auto Scaling group also enables you to use Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling features such as health check replacements and scaling policies. Both maintaining the number of instances in an Auto Scaling group and automatic scaling are the core functionality of the Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling service. Add a rule to authorize the security group of the ALB

An IT training company hosted its website on Amazon S3 a couple of years ago. Due to COVID-19 related travel restrictions, the training website has suddenly gained traction. With an almost 300% increase in the requests served per day, the company's AWS costs have sky-rocketed for just the S3 outbound data costs. As a Solutions Architect, can you suggest an alternate method to reduce costs while keeping the latency low?

Configure Amazon CloudFront to distribute the data hosted on Amazon S3, cost-effectively - Storing content with S3 provides a lot of advantages. But to help optimize your application's performance and security while effectively managing cost, AWS recommends that you also set up Amazon CloudFront to work with your S3 bucket to serve and protect the content.

A legacy application is built using a tightly-coupled monolithic architecture. Due to a sharp increase in the number of users, the application performance has degraded. The company now wants to decouple the architecture and adopt AWS microservices architecture. Some of these microservices need to handle fast running processes whereas other microservices need to handle slower processes. Which of these options would you identify as the right way of connecting these microservices?

Configure Amazon SQS queue to decouple microservices running faster processes from the microservices running slower ones Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS) is a fully managed message queuing service that enables you to decouple and scale microservices, distributed systems, and serverless applications. SQS eliminates the complexity and overhead associated with managing and operating message-oriented middleware and empowers developers to focus on differentiating work. Using SQS, you can send, store, and receive messages between software components at any volume, without losing messages or requiring other services to be available.

A retail company uses AWS Cloud to manage its technology infrastructure. The company has deployed its consumer-focused web application on EC2-based web servers and uses RDS PostgreSQL DB as the data store. The PostgreSQL DB is set up in a private subnet that allows inbound traffic from selected EC2 instances. The DB also uses AWS KMS for encrypting data at rest. Which of the following steps would you recommend to facilitate secure access to the database?

Configure RDS to use SSL for data in transit You can use Secure Socket Layer / Transport Layer Security (SSL/TLS) connections to encrypt data in transit. Amazon RDS creates an SSL certificate and installs the certificate on the DB instance when the instance is provisioned. For MySQL, you launch the MySQL client using the --ssl_ca parameter to reference the public key to encrypt connections. Using SSL, you can encrypt a PostgreSQL connection between your applications and your PostgreSQL DB instances. You can also force all connections to your PostgreSQL DB instance to use SSL.

A company has its application servers in the public subnet that connect to the RDS instances in the private subnet. For regular maintenance, the RDS instances need patch fixes that need to be downloaded from the internet. Considering the company uses only IPv4 addressing and is looking for a fully managed service, which of the following would you suggest as an optimal solution?

Configure a NAT Gateway in the public subnet of the VPC - You can use a network address translation (NAT) gateway to enable instances in a private subnet to connect to the internet or other AWS services, but prevent the internet from initiating a connection with those instances. To create a NAT gateway, you must specify the public subnet in which the NAT gateway should reside.

A retail company has its flagship application running on a fleet of EC2 instances behind an Elastic Load Balancer (ELB). The engineering team has been seeing recurrent issues wherein the in-flight requests from the ELB to the EC2 instances are getting dropped when an instance becomes unhealthy. Which of the following features can be used to address this issue?

Connection Draining To ensure that an Elastic Load Balancer stops sending requests to instances that are de-registering or unhealthy while keeping the existing connections open, use connection draining. This enables the load balancer to complete in-flight requests made to instances that are de-registering or unhealthy. The maximum timeout value can be set between 1 and 3,600 seconds (the default is 300 seconds). When the maximum time limit is reached, the load balancer forcibly closes connections to the de-registering instance.

A company has noticed that its EBS storage volume (io1) accounts for 90% of the cost and the remaining 10% cost can be attributed to the EC2 instance. The CloudWatch metrics report that both the EC2 instance and the EBS volume are under-utilized. The CloudWatch metrics also show that the EBS volume has occasional I/O bursts. The entire infrastructure is managed by AWS CloudFormation. As a Solutions Architect, what do you propose to reduce the costs?

Convert the Amazon EC2 instance EBS volume to gp2 - General Purpose SSD (gp2) volumes offer cost-effective storage that is ideal for a broad range of workloads. These volumes deliver single-digit millisecond latencies and the ability to burst to 3,000 IOPS for an extended duration. Between a minimum of 100 IOPS (at 33.33 GiB and below) and a maximum of 16,000 IOPS (at 5,334 GiB and above), baseline performance scales linearly at 3 IOPS per GiB of volume size. AWS designs gp2 volumes to deliver a provisioned performance of 99% uptime. A gp2 volume can range in size from 1 GiB to 16 TiB. Therefore, gp2 is the right choice as it is more cost-effective than io1, and it also allows a burst in performance when needed.

An e-commerce company has copied 1 PB of data from its on-premises data center to an Amazon S3 bucket in the us-west-1 Region using an AWS Direct Connect link. The company now wants to copy the data to another S3 bucket in the us-east-1 Region. The on-premises data center does not allow the use of AWS Snowball. As a Solutions Architect, which of the following options can be used to accomplish this goal? (Select two)

Copy data from the source bucket to the destination bucket using the aws S3 sync command The aws S3 sync command uses the CopyObject APIs to copy objects between S3 buckets. Set up S3 batch replication to copy objects across S3 buckets in different Regions using S3 console S3 Batch Replication provides you a way to replicate objects that existed before a replication configuration was in place, objects that have previously been replicated, and objects that have failed replication. This is done through the use of a Batch Operations job.

Your application is hosted by a provider on yourapp.provider.com. You would like to have your users access your application using www.your-domain.com, which you own and manage under Route 53. What Route 53 record should you create?

Create a CNAME record A CNAME record maps DNS queries for the name of the current record, such as acme.example.com, to another domain (example.com or example.net) or subdomain (acme.example.com or zenith.example.org). CNAME records can be used to map one domain name to another. Although you should keep in mind that the DNS protocol does not allow you to create a CNAME record for the top node of a DNS namespace, also known as the zone apex. For example, if you register the DNS name example.com, the zone apex is example.com. You cannot create a CNAME record for example.com, but you can create CNAME records for www.example.com, newproduct.example.com, and so on.

A photo hosting service publishes a collection of beautiful mountain images, every month, that aggregate over 50 GB in size and downloaded all around the world. The content is currently hosted on EFS and distributed by Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) and Amazon EC2 instances. The website is experiencing high load each month and very high network costs. As a Solutions Architect, what can you recommend that won't force an application refactor and reduce network costs and EC2 load drastically?

Create a CloudFront distribution - Amazon CloudFront is a fast content delivery network (CDN) service that securely delivers data, videos, applications, and APIs to customers globally with low latency, high transfer speeds, all within a developer-friendly environment. CloudFront points of presence (POPs) (edge locations) make sure that popular content can be served quickly to your viewers. CloudFront also has regional edge caches that bring more of your content closer to your viewers, even when the content is not popular enough to stay at a POP, to help improve performance for that content.

Your company is deploying a website running on Elastic Beanstalk. The website takes over 45 minutes for the installation and contains both static as well as dynamic files that must be generated during the installation process. As a Solutions Architect, you would like to bring the time to create a new instance in your Elastic Beanstalk deployment to be less than 2 minutes. Which of the following options should be combined to build a solution for this requirement? (Select two)

Create a Golden AMI with the static installation components already setup - A Golden AMI is an AMI that you standardize through configuration, consistent security patching, and hardening. It also contains agents you approve for logging, security, performance monitoring, etc. For the given use-case, you can have the static installation components already setup via the golden AMI. Use EC2 user data to customize the dynamic installation parts at boot time - EC2 instance user data is the data that you specified in the form of a configuration script while launching your instance. You can use EC2 user data to customize the dynamic installation parts at boot time, rather than installing the application itself at boot time.

You have an S3 bucket that contains files in two different folders - s3://my-bucket/images and s3://my-bucket/thumbnails. When an image is first uploaded and new, it is viewed several times. But after 45 days, analytics prove that image files are on average rarely requested, but the thumbnails still are. After 180 days, you would like to archive the image files and the thumbnails. Overall you would like the solution to remain highly available to prevent disasters happening against a whole AZ. How can you implement an efficient cost strategy for your S3 bucket? (Select two)

Create a Lifecycle Policy to transition objects to S3 Standard IA using a prefix after 45 days S3 Standard-IA is for data that is accessed less frequently but requires rapid access when needed. S3 Standard-IA offers high durability, high throughput, and low latency of S3 Standard, with a low per GB storage price and per GB retrieval fee. Create a Lifecycle Policy to transition all objects to Glacier after 180 days Amazon S3 Glacier and S3 Glacier Deep Archive are secure, durable, and extremely low-cost Amazon S3 cloud storage classes for data archiving and long-term backup. They are designed to deliver 99.999999999% durability, and provide comprehensive security and compliance capabilities that can help meet even the most stringent regulatory requirements.

You would like to use Snowball to move on-premises backups into a long term archival tier on AWS. Which solution provides the MOST cost savings? Create a Snowball job and target a Glacier Deep Archive Vault Create a Snowball job and target an S3 bucket. Create a lifecycle policy to transition this data to Glacier on the same day Create a Snowball job and target a Glacier Vault Create a Snowball job and target an S3 bucket. Create a lifecycle policy to transition this data to Glacier Deep Archive on the same day (Correct)

Create a Snowball job and target an S3 bucket. Create a lifecycle policy to transition this data to Glacier Deep Archive on the same day

A retail organization is moving some of its on-premises data to AWS Cloud. The DevOps team at the organization has set up an AWS Managed IPSec VPN Connection between their remote on-premises network and their Amazon VPC over the internet. Which of the following represents the correct configuration for the IPSec VPN Connection?

Create a Virtual Private Gateway on the AWS side of the VPN and a Customer Gateway on the on-premises side of the VPN Amazon VPC provides the facility to create an IPsec VPN connection (also known as site-to-site VPN) between remote customer networks and their Amazon VPC over the internet. The following are the key concepts for a site-to-site VPN: Virtual private gateway: A Virtual Private Gateway (also known as a VPN Gateway) is the endpoint on the AWS VPC side of your VPN connection. VPN connection: A secure connection between your on-premises equipment and your VPCs. VPN tunnel: An encrypted link where data can pass from the customer network to or from AWS. Customer Gateway: An AWS resource that provides information to AWS about your Customer Gateway device. Customer Gateway device: A physical device or software application on the customer side of the Site-to-Site VPN connection.

The application maintenance team at a company has noticed that the production application is very slow when the business reports are run on the RDS database. These reports fetch a large amount of data and have complex queries with multiple joins, spanning across multiple business-critical core tables. CPU, memory, and storage metrics are around 50% of the total capacity. Can you recommend an improved and cost-effective way of generating the business reports while keeping the production application unaffected?

Create a read replica and connect the report generation tool/application to it - Amazon RDS Read Replicas provide enhanced performance and durability for RDS database (DB) instances. They make it easy to elastically scale out beyond the capacity constraints of a single DB instance for read-heavy database workloads. You can create one or more replicas of a given source DB Instance and serve high-volume application read traffic from multiple copies of your data, thereby increasing aggregate read throughput. Read replicas can also be promoted when needed to become standalone DB instances. There are a variety of scenarios where deploying one or more read replicas for a given source DB instance may make sense. Common reasons for deploying a read replica include: Scaling beyond the compute or I/O capacity of a single DB instance for read-heavy database workloads. This excess read traffic can be directed to one or more read replicas. Serving read traffic while the source DB instance is unavailable. If your source DB Instance cannot take I/O requests (e.g. due to I/O suspension for backups or scheduled maintenance), you can direct read traffic to your read replica(s). For this use case, keep in mind that the data on the read replica may be "stale" since the source DB Instance is unavailable. Business reporting or data warehousing scenarios; you may want business reporting queries to run against a read replica, rather than your primary, production DB Instance. You may use a read replica for disaster recovery of the source DB instance, either in the same AWS Region or in another Region.

A retail company is using AWS Site-to-Site VPN connections for secure connectivity to its AWS cloud resources from its on-premises data center. Due to a surge in traffic across the VPN connections to the AWS cloud, users are experiencing slower VPN connectivity. Which of the following options will improve the VPN throughput?

Create a transit gateway with equal cost multipath routing and add additional VPN tunnels VPN connection is a secure connection between your on-premises equipment and your VPCs. Each VPN connection has two VPN tunnels which you can use for high availability. A VPN tunnel is an encrypted link where data can pass from the customer network to or from AWS. The following diagram shows the high-level connectivity with virtual private gateways.

The engineering team at a global e-commerce company is currently reviewing their disaster recovery strategy. The team has outlined that they need to be able to quickly recover their application stack with a Recovery Time Objective (RTO) of 5 minutes, in all of the AWS Regions that the application runs. The application stack currently takes over 45 minutes to install on a Linux system. As a Solutions architect, which of the following options would you recommend as the disaster recovery strategy?

Create an AMI after installing the software and copy the AMI across all Regions. Use this Region-specific AMI to run the recovery process in the respective Regions - An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) provides the information required to launch an instance. You must specify an AMI when you launch an instance. You can launch multiple instances from a single AMI when you need multiple instances with the same configuration. You can use different AMIs to launch instances when you need instances with different configurations.

A startup has created a new web application for users to complete a risk assessment survey for COVID-19 symptoms via a self-administered questionnaire. The startup has purchased the domain covid19survey.com using Route 53. The web development team would like to create a Route 53 record so that all traffic for covid19survey.com is routed to www.covid19survey.com. As a solutions architect, which of the following is the MOST cost-effective solution that you would recommend to the web development team?

Create an alias record for covid19survey.com that routes traffic to www.covid19survey.com Alias records provide a Route 53-specific extension to DNS functionality. Alias records let you route traffic to selected AWS resources, such as CloudFront distributions and Amazon S3 buckets.

A retail company has connected its on-premises data center to the AWS Cloud via AWS Direct Connect. The company wants to be able to resolve DNS queries for any resources in the on-premises network from the AWS VPC and also resolve any DNS queries for resources in the AWS VPC from the on-premises network. As a solutions architect, which of the following solutions can be combined to address the given use case? (Select two)

Create an inbound endpoint on Route 53 Resolver and then DNS resolvers on the on-premises network can forward DNS queries to Route 53 Resolver via this endpoint Create an outbound endpoint on Route 53 Resolver and then Route 53 Resolver can conditionally forward queries to resolvers on the on-premises network via this endpoint

A media streaming company is looking to migrate its on-premises infrastructure into the AWS Cloud. The engineering team is looking for a fully managed NoSQL persistent data store with in-memory caching to maintain low latency that is critical for real-time scenarios such as video streaming and interactive content. The team expects the number of concurrent users to touch up to a million so the database should be able to scale elastically. As a solutions architect, which of the following AWS services would you recommend for this use-case?

DynamoDB Amazon DynamoDB is a key-value and document database that delivers single-digit millisecond performance at any scale. It's a fully managed, multi-region, multi-master, durable database with built-in security, backup and restore, and in-memory caching for internet-scale applications. DAX is a DynamoDB-compatible caching service that enables you to benefit from fast in-memory performance for demanding applications. Companies use caching through DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) when they have high read volumes or need submillisecond read latency.

Amazon Route 53 is configured to route traffic to two Network Load Balancer (NLB) nodes belonging to two Availability Zones (AZs): AZ-A and AZ-B. Cross-zone load balancing is disabled. AZ-A has four targets and AZ-B has six targets. Which of the below statements is true about traffic distribution to the target instances from Route 53?

Each of the four targets in AZ-A receives 12.5% of the traffic - The nodes for your load balancer distribute requests from clients to registered targets. When cross-zone load balancing is enabled, each load balancer node distributes traffic across the registered targets in all enabled Availability Zones. When cross-zone load balancing is disabled, each load balancer node distributes traffic only across the registered targets in its Availability Zone. Route 53 will distribute traffic such that each load balancer node receives 50% of the traffic from the clients. If cross-zone load balancing is disabled: 1. Each of the four targets in AZ-A receives 12.5% of the traffic. 2. Each of the six targets in AZ-B receives 8.3% of the traffic. This is because each load balancer node can route its 50% of the client traffic only to targets in its Availability Zone.

A social media company wants the capability to dynamically alter the size of a geographic area from which traffic is routed to a specific server resource. Which feature of Route 53 can help achieve this functionality?

Geoproximity routing - Geoproximity routing lets Amazon Route 53 route traffic to your resources based on the geographic location of your users and your resources. You can also optionally choose to route more traffic or less to a given resource by specifying a value, known as a bias. A bias expands or shrinks the size of the geographic region from which traffic is routed to a resource.

An AWS Organization is using Service Control Policies (SCP) for central control over the maximum available permissions for all accounts in their organization. This allows the organization to ensure that all accounts stay within the organization's access control guidelines. Which of the given scenarios are correct regarding the permissions described below? (Select three)

If a user or role has an IAM permission policy that grants access to an action that is either not allowed or explicitly denied by the applicable SCPs, the user or role can't perform that action SCPs affect all users and roles in attached accounts, including the root user SCPs do not affect service-linked role Service control policies (SCPs) are one type of policy that can be used to manage your organization. SCPs offer central control over the maximum available permissions for all accounts in your organization, allowing you to ensure your accounts stay within your organization's access control guidelines.

What is true about RDS Read Replicas encryption?

If the master database is encrypted, the read replicas are encrypted Amazon RDS Read Replicas provide enhanced performance and durability for RDS database (DB) instances. They make it easy to elastically scale out beyond the capacity constraints of a single DB instance for read-heavy database workloads. For the MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, Oracle, and SQL Server database engines, Amazon RDS creates a second DB instance using a snapshot of the source DB instance. It then uses the engines' native asynchronous replication to update the read replica whenever there is a change to the source DB instance. read replicas can be within an Availability Zone, Cross-AZ, or Cross-Region.

As a Solutions Architect, you are tasked to design a distributed application that will run on various EC2 instances. This application needs to have the highest performance local disk to cache data. Also, data is copied through an EC2 to EC2 replication mechanism. It is acceptable if the instance loses its data when stopped or terminated. Which storage solution do you recommend?

Instance Store - An instance store provides temporary block-level storage for your instance. This storage is located on disks that are physically attached to the host computer. Instance store is ideal for the temporary storage of information that changes frequently, such as buffers, caches, scratch data, and other temporary content, or for data that is replicated across a fleet of instances, such as a load-balanced pool of web servers. Instance store volumes are included as part of the instance's usage cost. Some instance types use NVMe or SATA-based solid-state drives (SSD) to deliver high random I/O performance. This is a good option when you need storage with very low latency, but you don't need the data to persist when the instance terminates.

The DevOps team at an IT company has created a custom VPC (V1) and attached an Internet Gateway (I1) to the VPC. The team has also created a subnet (S1) in this custom VPC and added a route to this subnet's route table (R1) that directs internet-bound traffic to the Internet Gateway. Now the team launches an EC2 instance (E1) in the subnet S1 and assigns a public IPv4 address to this instance. Next the team also launches a NAT instance (N1) in the subnet S1. Under the given infrastructure setup, which of the following entities is doing the Network Address Translation for the EC2 instance E1?

Internet Gateway (I1) An Internet Gateway is a horizontally scaled, redundant, and highly available VPC component that allows communication between your VPC and the internet.

A junior developer has downloaded a sample Amazon S3 bucket policy to make changes to it based on new company-wide access policies. He has requested your help in understanding this bucket policy. As a Solutions Architect, which of the following would you identify as the correct description for the given policy? { "Version": "2012-10-17", "Id": "S3PolicyId1", "Statement": [ { "Sid": "IPAllow", "Effect": "Allow", "Principal": "*", "Action": "s3:*", "Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::examplebucket/*", "Condition": { "IpAddress": {"aws:SourceIp": "54.240.143.0/24"}, "NotIpAddress": {"aws:SourceIp": "54.240.143.188/32"} } } ] }

It authorizes an entire CIDR except one IP address to access the S3 bucket - You manage access in AWS by creating policies and attaching them to IAM identities (users, groups of users, or roles) or AWS resources. A policy is an object in AWS that, when associated with an identity or resource, defines their permissions. AWS evaluates these policies when an IAM principal (user or role) makes a request. Permissions in the policies determine whether the request is allowed or denied. Most policies are stored in AWS as JSON documents. AWS supports six types of policies: identity-based policies, resource-based policies, permissions boundaries, AWS Organizations SCPs, ACLs, and session policies.

An IT company is working on client engagement to build a real-time data analytics tool for the Internet of Things (IoT) data. The IoT data is funneled into Kinesis Data Streams which further acts as the source of a delivery stream for Kinesis Firehose. The engineering team has now configured a Kinesis Agent to send IoT data from another set of devices to the same Firehose delivery stream. They noticed that data is not reaching Firehose as expected. As a solutions architect, which of the following options would you attribute as the MOST plausible root cause behind this issue?

Kinesis Agent cannot write to a Kinesis Firehose for which the delivery stream source is already set as Kinesis Data Streams Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose is the easiest way to reliably load streaming data into data lakes, data stores, and analytics tools. It is a fully managed service that automatically scales to match the throughput of your data and requires no ongoing administration. It can also batch, compress, transform, and encrypt the data before loading it, minimizing the amount of storage used at the destination and increasing security.

A gaming company uses Application Load Balancers (ALBs) in front of Amazon EC2 instances for different services and microservices. The architecture has now become complex with too many ALBs in multiple AWS Regions. Security updates, firewall configurations, and traffic routing logic have become complex with too many IP addresses and configurations. The company is looking at an easy and effective way to bring down the number of IP addresses allowed by the firewall and easily manage the entire network infrastructure. Which of these options represents an appropriate solution for this requirement?

Launch AWS Global Accelerator and create endpoints for all the Regions. Register the ALBs of each Region to the corresponding endpoints - AWS Global Accelerator is a networking service that sends your user's traffic through Amazon Web Service's global network infrastructure, improving your internet user performance by up to 60%. When the internet is congested, Global Accelerator's automatic routing optimizations will help keep your packet loss, jitter, and latency consistently low.

A financial services company has deployed its flagship application on EC2 instances. Since the application handles sensitive customer data, the security team at the company wants to ensure that any third-party SSL/TLS certificates configured on EC2 instances via the AWS Certificate Manager (ACM) are renewed before their expiry date. The company has hired you as an AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate to build a solution that notifies the security team 30 days before the certificate expiration. The solution should require the least amount of scripting and maintenance effort. What will you recommend?

Leverage AWS Config managed rule to check if any third-party SSL/TLS certificates imported into ACM are marked for expiration within 30 days. Configure the rule to trigger an SNS notification to the security team if any certificate expires within 30 days AWS Certificate Manager is a service that lets you easily provision, manage, and deploy public and private Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security (SSL/TLS) certificates for use with AWS services and your internal connected resources. SSL/TLS certificates are used to secure network communications and establish the identity of websites over the Internet as well as resources on private networks.

A Big Data analytics company writes data and log files in Amazon S3 buckets. The company now wants to stream the existing data files as well as any ongoing file updates from Amazon S3 to Amazon Kinesis Data Streams. As a Solutions Architect, which of the following would you suggest as the fastest possible way of building a solution for this requirement?

Leverage AWS Database Migration Service (AWS DMS) as a bridge between Amazon S3 and Amazon Kinesis Data Streams - You can achieve this by using AWS Database Migration Service (AWS DMS). AWS DMS enables you to seamlessly migrate data from supported sources to relational databases, data warehouses, streaming platforms, and other data stores in AWS cloud.

An e-commerce company tracks user clicks on its flagship website and performs analytics to provide near-real-time product recommendations. An EC2 instance receives data from the website and sends the data to an Aurora DB instance. Another EC2 instance continuously checks the changes in the database and executes SQL queries to provide recommendations. Now, the company wants a redesign to decouple and scale the infrastructure. The solution must ensure that data can be analyzed in real-time without any data loss even when the company sees huge traffic spikes. What would you recommend as an AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate?

Leverage Amazon Kinesis Data Streams to capture the data from the website and feed it into Amazon Kinesis Data Analytics which can query the data in real time. Lastly, the analyzed feed is output into Kinesis Data Firehose to persist the data on Amazon S3 You can use Kinesis Data Streams to build custom applications that process or analyze streaming data for specialized needs. Kinesis Data Streams manages the infrastructure, storage, networking, and configuration needed to stream your data at the level of your data throughput. You don't have to worry about provisioning, deployment, or ongoing maintenance of hardware, software, or other services for your data streams.

You are working as an AWS architect for a weather tracking facility. You are asked to set up a Disaster Recovery (DR) mechanism with minimum costs. In case of failure, the facility can only bear data loss of a few minutes without jeopardizing the forecasting models. As a Solutions Architect, which DR method will you suggest?

Pilot Light - The term pilot light is often used to describe a DR scenario in which a minimal version of an environment is always running in the cloud. The idea of the pilot light is an analogy that comes from the gas heater. In a gas heater, a small flame that's always on can quickly ignite the entire furnace to heat up a house. This scenario is similar to a backup-and-restore scenario. For example, with AWS you can maintain a pilot light by configuring and running the most critical core elements of your system in AWS. For the given use-case, a small part of the backup infrastructure is always running simultaneously syncing mutable data (such as databases or documents) so that there is no loss of critical data. When the time comes for recovery, you can rapidly provision a full-scale production environment around the critical core. For Pilot light, RPO is in minutes, so this is the correct solution.

A global manufacturing company with facilities in the US, Europe, and Asia is designing a new distributed application to optimize its procurement workflow. The orders booked in one AWS Region should be visible to all AWS Regions in a second or less. The database should be able to facilitate failover with a short Recovery Time Objective (RTO). The uptime of the application is critical to ensure that the manufacturing processes are not impacted. As a solutions architect, which of the following will you recommend as the MOST cost-effective solution?

Provision Amazon Aurora Global Database An Aurora global database provides more comprehensive failover capabilities than the failover provided by a default Aurora DB cluster. By using an Aurora global database, you can plan for and recover from disaster fairly quickly. Recovery from disaster is typically measured using values for RTO and RPO. Recovery time objective (RTO) - The time it takes a system to return to a working state after a disaster. In other words, RTO measures downtime. For an Aurora global database, RTO can be in the order of minutes. Recovery point objective (RPO) - The amount of data that can be lost (measured in time). For an Aurora global database, RPO is typically measured in seconds. With an Aurora global database, you can choose from two different approaches to failover: Managed planned failover - This feature is intended for controlled environments, such as disaster recovery (DR) testing scenarios, operational maintenance, and other planned operational procedures. Managed planned failover allows you to relocate the primary DB cluster of your Aurora global database to one of the secondary Regions. Because this feature synchronizes secondary DB clusters with the primary before making any other changes, RPO is 0 (no data loss). Unplanned failover ("detach and promote") - To recover from an unplanned outage, you can perform a cross-Region failover to one of the secondaries in your Aurora global database. The RTO for this manual process depends on how quickly you can perform the tasks listed in Recovering an Amazon Aurora global database from an unplanned outage. The RPO is typically measured in seconds, but this depends on the Aurora storage replication lag across the network at the time of the failure.

A big data analytics company is working on a real-time vehicle tracking solution. The data processing workflow involves both I/O intensive and throughput intensive database workloads. The development team needs to store this real-time data in a NoSQL database hosted on an EC2 instance and needs to support up to 25,000 IOPS per volume. As a solutions architect, which of the following EBS volume types would you recommend for this use-case?

Provisioned IOPS SSD (io1) Provisioned IOPS SSD (io1) is backed by solid-state drives (SSDs) and is a high-performance EBS storage option designed for critical, I/O intensive database and application workloads, as well as throughput-intensive database workloads. io1 is designed to deliver a consistent baseline performance of up to 50 IOPS/GB to a maximum of 64,000 IOPS and provide up to 1,000 MB/s of throughput per volume. Therefore, the io1 volume type would be able to meet the requirement of 25,000 IOPS per volume for the given use-case.

An application runs big data workloads on EC2 instances. The application runs 24x7 all round the year and needs at least 20 instances to maintain a minimum acceptable performance threshold and the application needs 300 instances to handle spikes in the workload. Based on historical workloads processed by the application, it needs 80 instances 80% of the time. As a solutions architect, which of the following would you recommend as the MOST cost-optimal solution so that it can meet the workload demand in a steady state?

Purchase 80 reserved instances. Provision additional on-demand and spot instances per the workload demand (Use Auto Scaling Group with launch template to provision the mix of on-demand and spot instances) As the steady-state workload demand is 80 instances, we can save on costs by purchasing 80 reserved instances. Based on additional workload demand, we can specify a mix of on-demand and spot instances using Application Load Balancer with a launch template to provision the mix of on-demand and spot instances.

A social media startup uses AWS Cloud to manage its IT infrastructure. The engineering team at the startup wants to perform weekly database rollovers for a MySQL database server using a serverless cron job that typically takes about 5 minutes to execute the database rollover script written in Python. The database rollover will archive the past week's data from the production database to keep the database small while still keeping its data accessible. As a solutions architect, which of the following would you recommend as the MOST cost-efficient and reliable solution?

Schedule a weekly EventBridge event cron expression to invoke a Lambda function that runs the database rollover job AWS Lambda lets you run code without provisioning or managing servers. You pay only for the compute time you consume. AWS Lambda supports standard rate and cron expressions for frequencies of up to once per minute.

The engineering team at a company is running batch workloads on AWS Cloud. The team has embedded RDS database connection strings within each web server hosting the flagship application. After failing a security audit, the team is looking at a different approach to store the database secrets securely and automatically rotate the database credentials. Which of the following solutions would you recommend to meet this requirement?

Secrets Manager AWS Secrets Manager enables you to easily rotate, manage, and retrieve database credentials, API keys, and other secrets throughout their lifecycle. Users and applications retrieve secrets with a call to Secrets Manager APIs, eliminating the need to hardcode sensitive information in plain text. Secrets Manager offers secret rotation with built-in integration for Amazon RDS, Amazon Redshift, and Amazon DocumentDB.

An IT company runs a high-performance computing (HPC) workload on AWS. The workload requires high network throughput and low-latency network performance along with tightly coupled node-to-node communications. The EC2 instances are properly sized for compute and storage capacity and are launched using default options. Which of the following solutions can be used to improve the performance of the workload?

Select a cluster placement group while launching EC2 instances - When you launch a new EC2 instance, the EC2 service attempts to place the instance in such a way that all of your instances are spread out across underlying hardware to minimize correlated failures. You can use placement groups to influence the placement of a group of interdependent instances to meet the needs of your workload.

A financial services company has developed its flagship application on AWS Cloud with data security requirements such that the encryption key must be stored in a custom application running on-premises. The company wants to offload the data storage as well as the encryption process to Amazon S3 but continue to use the existing encryption key. Which of the following S3 encryption options allows the company to leverage Amazon S3 for storing data with given constraints?

Server-Side Encryption with Customer-Provided Keys (SSE-C) You have the following options for protecting data at rest in Amazon S3: Server-Side Encryption - Request Amazon S3 to encrypt your object before saving it on disks in its data centers and then decrypt it when you download the objects. Client-Side Encryption - Encrypt data client-side and upload the encrypted data to Amazon S3. In this case, you manage the encryption process, the encryption keys, and related tools.

A junior DevOps engineer wants to change the default configuration for EBS volume termination. By default, the root volume of an EC2 instance for an EBS-backed AMI is deleted when the instance terminates. Which option below helps change this default behavior to ensure that the volume persists even after the instance terminates?

Set the DeleteOnTermination attribute to false An EC2 instance can be launched from either an instance store-backed AMI or an Amazon EBS-backed AMI. Instances that use Amazon EBS for the root device automatically have an Amazon EBS volume attached. By default, the root volume for an AMI backed by Amazon EBS is deleted when the instance terminates.<br/> The default behavior can be changed to ensure that the volume persists after the instance terminates. To change the default behavior, set the DeleteOnTermination attribute to false using a block device mapping.

A company uses Application Load Balancers (ALBs) in multiple AWS Regions. The ALBs receive inconsistent traffic that varies throughout the year. The engineering team at the company needs to allow the IP addresses of the ALBs in the on-premises firewall to enable connectivity. Which of the following represents the MOST scalable solution with minimal configuration changes?

Set up AWS Global Accelerator. Register the ALBs in different Regions to the Global Accelerator. Configure the on-premises firewall's rule to allow static IP addresses associated with the Global Accelerator - AWS Global Accelerator is a networking service that helps you improve the availability and performance of the applications that you offer to your global users. AWS Global Accelerator is easy to set up, configure, and manage. It provides static IP addresses that provide a fixed entry point to your applications and eliminate the complexity of managing specific IP addresses for different AWS Regions and Availability Zones.

A ride-sharing company wants to use an Amazon DynamoDB table for data storage. The table will not be used during the night hours whereas the read and write traffic will often be unpredictable during day hours. When traffic spikes occur they will happen very quickly. Which of the following will you recommend as the best-fit solution?

Set up a DynamoDB table in the on-demand capacity mode Amazon DynamoDB has two read/write capacity modes for processing reads and writes on your tables: On-demand Provisioned (default, free-tier eligible) Amazon DynamoDB on-demand is a flexible billing option capable of serving thousands of requests per second without capacity planning. DynamoDB on-demand offers pay-per-request pricing for read and write requests so that you pay only for what you use.

An e-commerce company has deployed its application on several EC2 instances that are configured in a private subnet using IPv4. These EC2 instances read and write a huge volume of data to and from Amazon S3 in the same AWS region. The company has set up subnet routing to direct all the internet-bound traffic through a NAT gateway. The company wants to build the most cost-optimal solution without impacting the application's ability to communicate with Amazon S3 or the internet. As an AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate, which of the following would you recommend?

Set up a VPC gateway endpoint for Amazon S3. Attach an endpoint policy to the endpoint. Update the route table to direct the S3-bound traffic to the VPC endpoint Gateway endpoints provide reliable connectivity to Amazon S3 without requiring an internet gateway or a NAT device for your VPC. After you create the gateway endpoint, you can add it as a target in your route table for traffic destined from your VPC to Amazon S3. There is no additional charge for using gateway endpoints. The VPC endpoint policy for the gateway endpoint controls access to Amazon S3 from the VPC through the endpoint. The default policy allows full access.

An e-commerce application uses an Amazon Aurora Multi-AZ deployment for its database. While analyzing the performance metrics, the engineering team has found that the database reads are causing high I/O and adding latency to the write requests against the database. As an AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate, what would you recommend to separate the read requests from the write requests?

Set up a read replica and modify the application to use the appropriate endpoint An Amazon Aurora DB cluster consists of one or more DB instances and a cluster volume that manages the data for those DB instances. An Aurora cluster volume is a virtual database storage volume that spans multiple Availability Zones, with each Availability Zone having a copy of the DB cluster data. Two types of DB instances make up an Aurora DB cluster

A company recently experienced a database outage in its on-premises data center. The company now wants to migrate to a reliable database solution on AWS that minimizes data loss and stores every transaction on at least two nodes. Which of the following solutions meets these requirements?

Set up an RDS MySQL DB instance with Multi-AZ functionality enabled to synchronously replicate the data

The database backend for a retail company's website is hosted on Amazon RDS for MySQL having a primary instance and three read replicas to support read scalability. The company has mandated that the read replicas should lag no more than 1 second behind the primary instance to provide the best possible user experience. The read replicas are falling further behind during periods of peak traffic spikes, resulting in a bad user experience as the searches produce inconsistent results. You have been hired as an AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate to reduce the replication lag as much as possible with minimal changes to the application code or the effort required to manage the underlying resources. Which of the following will you recommend?

Set up database migration from RDS MySQL to Aurora MySQL. Swap out the MySQL read replicas with Aurora Replicas. Configure Aurora Auto Scaling Aurora features a distributed, fault-tolerant, and self-healing storage system that is decoupled from compute resources and auto-scales up to 128 TiB per database instance. It delivers high performance and availability with up to 15 low-latency read replicas, point-in-time recovery, continuous backup to Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3), and replication across three Availability Zones (AZs).

An engineering lead is designing a VPC with public and private subnets. The VPC and subnets use IPv4 CIDR blocks. There is one public subnet and one private subnet in each of three Availability Zones (AZs) for high availability. An internet gateway is used to provide internet access for the public subnets. The private subnets require access to the internet to allow EC2 instances to download software updates. Which of the following options represents the correct solution to set up internet access for the private subnets?

Set up three NAT gateways, one in each public subnet in each AZ. Create a custom route table for each AZ that forwards non-local traffic to the NAT gateway in its AZ

The engineering team at a logistics company has noticed that the Auto Scaling group (ASG) is not terminating an unhealthy Amazon EC2 instance. As a Solutions Architect, which of the following options would you suggest to troubleshoot the issue? (Select three)

The health check grace period for the instance has not expired - Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling doesn't terminate an instance that came into service based on EC2 status checks and ELB health checks until the health check grace period expires. The instance maybe in Impaired status - Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling does not immediately terminate instances with an Impaired status. Instead, Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling waits a few minutes for the instance to recover. Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling might also delay or not terminate instances that fail to report data for status checks. This usually happens when there is insufficient data for the status check metrics in Amazon CloudWatch. The instance has failed the ELB health check status - By default, Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling doesn't use the results of ELB health checks to determine an instance's health status when the group's health check configuration is set to EC2. As a result, Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling doesn't terminate instances that fail ELB health checks. If an instance's status is OutofService on the ELB console, but the instance's status is Healthy on the Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling console, confirm that the health check type is set to ELB.

As a solutions architect, you have created a solution that utilizes an Application Load Balancer with stickiness and an Auto Scaling Group (ASG). The ASG spawns across 2 Availability Zones (AZ). AZ-A has 3 EC2 instances and AZ-B has 4 EC2 instances. The ASG is about to go into a scale-in event due to the triggering of a CloudWatch alarm. What will happen under the default ASG configuration?

The instance with the oldest launch configuration will be terminated in AZ-B - Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling helps you ensure that you have the correct number of Amazon EC2 instances available to handle the load for your application. You create collections of EC2 instances, called Auto Scaling groups. You can specify the minimum number of instances in each Auto Scaling group, and Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling ensures that your group never goes below this size.

A DevOps engineer at an IT company just upgraded an EC2 instance type from t2.nano (0.5G of RAM, 1 vCPU) to u-12tb1.metal (12.3 TB of RAM, 448 vCPUs). How would you categorize this upgrade?

This is a scale-up example of vertical scalability Vertical scalability means increasing the size of the instance. For example, your application runs on a t2.micro. Scaling up that application vertically means running it on a larger instance such as t2.large. Scaling down that application vertically means running it on a smaller instance such as t2.nano. Scalability is very common for non-distributed systems, such as a database. There's usually a limit to how much you can vertically scale (hardware limit). In this case, as the instance type was upgraded from t2.nano to u-12tb1.metal, this is a scale-up example of vertical scalability.

A systems administrator is creating IAM policies and attaching them to IAM identities. After creating the necessary identity-based policies, the administrator is now creating resource-based policies. Which is the only resource-based policy that the IAM service supports?

Trust policy - Trust policies define which principal entities (accounts, users, roles, and federated users) can assume the role. An IAM role is both an identity and a resource that supports resource-based policies. For this reason, you must attach both a trust policy and an identity-based policy to an IAM role. The IAM service supports only one type of resource-based policy called a role trust policy, which is attached to an IAM role.

A company has set up "AWS Organizations" to manage several departments running their own AWS accounts. The departments operate from different countries and are spread across various AWS Regions. The company wants to set up a consistent resource provisioning process across departments so that each resource follows pre-defined configurations such as using a specific type of EC2 instances, specific IAM roles for Lambda functions, etc. As a solutions architect, which of the following options would you recommend for this use-case?

Use AWS CloudFormation StackSets to deploy the same template across AWS accounts and regions AWS CloudFormation StackSet extends the functionality of stacks by enabling you to create, update, or delete stacks across multiple accounts and regions with a single operation. A stack set lets you create stacks in AWS accounts across regions by using a single AWS CloudFormation template. Using an administrator account of an "AWS Organization", you define and manage an AWS CloudFormation template, and use the template as the basis for provisioning stacks into selected target accounts of an "AWS Organization" across specified regions.

A startup's cloud infrastructure consists of a few Amazon EC2 instances, Amazon RDS instances and Amazon S3 storage. A year into their business operations, the startup is incurring costs that seem too high for their business requirements. Which of the following options represents a valid cost-optimization solution?

Use AWS Cost Explorer Resource Optimization to get a report of EC2 instances that are either idle or have low utilization and use AWS Compute Optimizer to look at instance type recommendations - AWS Cost Explorer helps you identify under-utilized EC2 instances that may be downsized on an instance by instance basis within the same instance family, and also understand the potential impact on your AWS bill by taking into account your Reserved Instances and Savings Plans.

A global pharmaceutical company wants to move most of the on-premises data into Amazon S3, Amazon EFS, and Amazon FSx for Windows File Server easily, quickly, and cost-effectively. As a solutions architect, which of the following solutions would you recommend as the BEST fit to automate and accelerate online data transfers to these AWS storage services?

Use AWS DataSync to automate and accelerate online data transfers to the given AWS storage services

A Pharmaceuticals company is looking for a simple solution to connect its VPCs and on-premises networks through a central hub. As a Solutions Architect, which of the following would you suggest as the solution that requires the LEAST operational overhead?

Use AWS Transit Gateway to connect the Amazon VPCs to the on-premises networks - The AWS Transit Gateway allows customers to connect their Amazon VPCs and their on-premises networks to a single gateway. As your number of workloads running on AWS increases, you need to be able to scale your networks across multiple accounts and Amazon VPCs to keep up with the growth. With AWS Transit Gateway, you only have to create and manage a single connection from the central gateway into each Amazon VPC, on-premises data center, or remote office across your network. AWS Transit Gateway acts as a hub that controls how traffic is routed among all the connected networks, which act like spokes. This hub and spoke model simplifies management and reduces operational costs because each network only has to connect to the Transit Gateway and not to every other network.

A company has a hybrid cloud structure for its on-premises data center and AWS Cloud infrastructure. The company wants to build a web log archival solution such that only the most frequently accessed logs are available as cached data locally while backing up all logs on Amazon S3. As a solutions architect, which of the following solutions would you recommend for this use-case?

Use AWS Volume Gateway - Cached Volume - to store the most frequently accessed logs locally for low-latency access while storing the full volume with all logs in its Amazon S3 service bucket

An online gaming application has a large chunk of its traffic coming from users who download static assets such as historic leaderboard reports and the game tactics for various games. The current infrastructure and design are unable to cope up with the traffic and application freezes on most of the pages. Which of the following is a cost-optimal solution that does not need provisioning of infrastructure?

Use Amazon CloudFront with S3 as the storage solution for the static assets

An IT company has a large number of clients opting to build their APIs by using Docker containers. To facilitate the hosting of these containers, the company is looking at various orchestration services available with AWS. As a Solutions Architect, which of the following solutions will you suggest? (Select two)

Use Amazon EKS with AWS Fargate for serverless orchestration of the containerized services Use Amazon ECS with AWS Fargate for serverless orchestration of the containerized services

A CRM company has a SaaS (Software as a Service) application that feeds updates to other in-house and third-party applications. The SaaS application and the in-house applications are being migrated to use AWS services for this inter-application communication. As a Solutions Architect, which of the following would you suggest to asynchronously decouple the architecture?

Use Amazon EventBridge to decouple the system architecture - Both Amazon EventBridge and Amazon SNS can be used to develop event-driven applications, but for this use case, EventBridge is the right fit.

An IT company hosts windows based applications on its on-premises data center. The company is looking at moving the business to the AWS Cloud. The cloud solution should offer shared storage space that multiple applications can access without a need for replication. Also, the solution should integrate with the company's self-managed Active Directory domain. Which of the following solutions addresses these requirements with the minimal integration effort?

Use Amazon FSx for Windows File Server as a shared storage solution - Amazon FSx for Windows File Server provides fully managed, highly reliable, and scalable file storage that is accessible over the industry-standard Server Message Block (SMB) protocol. It is built on Windows Server, delivering a wide range of administrative features such as user quotas, end-user file restore, and Microsoft Active Directory (AD) integration. It offers single-AZ and multi-AZ deployment options, fully managed backups, and encryption of data at rest and in transit. You can optimize cost and performance for your workload needs with SSD and HDD storage options; and you can scale storage and change the throughput performance of your file system at any time.

A financial services company wants to identify any sensitive data stored on its Amazon S3 buckets. The company also wants to monitor and protect all data stored on S3 against any malicious activity. As a solutions architect, which of the following solutions would you recommend to help address the given requirements?

Use Amazon GuardDuty to monitor any malicious activity on data stored in S3. Use Amazon Macie to identify any sensitive data stored on S3

A health care application processes the real-time health data of the patients into an analytics workflow. With a sharp increase in the number of users, the system has become slow and sometimes even unresponsive as it does not have a retry mechanism. The startup is looking at a scalable solution that has minimal implementation overhead. Which of the following would you recommend as a scalable alternative to the current solution?

Use Amazon Kinesis Data Streams to ingest the data, process it using AWS Lambda or run analytics using Kinesis Data Analytics - Amazon Kinesis Data Streams (KDS) is a massively scalable and durable real-time data streaming service with support for retry mechanism. KDS can continuously capture gigabytes of data per second from hundreds of thousands of sources such as website clickstreams, database event streams, financial transactions, social media feeds, IT logs, and location-tracking events. The data collected is available in milliseconds to enable real-time analytics use cases such as real-time dashboards, real-time anomaly detection, dynamic pricing, and more.

A company has developed a popular photo-sharing website using a serverless pattern on the AWS Cloud using API Gateway and AWS Lambda. The backend uses an RDS PostgreSQL database. The website is experiencing high read traffic and the Lambda functions are putting an increased read load on the RDS database. The architecture team is planning to increase the read throughput of the database, without changing the application's core logic. As a Solutions Architect, what do you recommend?

Use Amazon RDS Read Replicas - Amazon RDS Read Replicas provide enhanced performance and durability for RDS database (DB) instances. They make it easy to elastically scale out beyond the capacity constraints of a single DB instance for read-heavy database workloads. You can create one or more replicas of a given source DB Instance and serve high-volume application read traffic from multiple copies of your data, thereby increasing aggregate read throughput. Read replicas can also be promoted when needed to become standalone DB instances.

An IT company provides S3 bucket access to specific users within the same account for completing project specific work. With changing business requirements, cross-account S3 access requests are also growing every month. The company is looking for a solution that can offer user level as well as account-level access permissions for the data stored in S3 buckets. As a Solutions Architect, which of the following would you suggest as the MOST optimized way of controlling access for this use-case?

Use Amazon S3 Bucket Policies Bucket policies in Amazon S3 can be used to add or deny permissions across some or all of the objects within a single bucket. Policies can be attached to users, groups, or Amazon S3 buckets, enabling centralized management of permissions. With bucket policies, you can grant users within your AWS Account or other AWS Accounts access to your Amazon S3 resources.

A media startup is looking at hosting their web application on AWS Cloud. The application will be accessed by users from different geographic regions of the world. The main feature of the application requires the upload and download of video files that can reach a maximum size of 10GB. The startup wants the solution to be cost-effective and scalable with the lowest possible latency for a great user experience. As a Solutions Architect, which of the following will you suggest as an optimal solution to meet the given requirements?

Use Amazon S3 for hosting the web application and use S3 Transfer Acceleration to reduce the latency that geographically dispersed users might face

A company has built a serverless application using API Gateway and AWS Lambda. The backend is leveraging an RDS Aurora MySQL database. The web application was initially launched in the Americas and the company would now like to expand it to Europe, where a read-only version will be available to improve latency. You plan on deploying the API Gateway and AWS Lambda using CloudFormation, but would like to have a read-only copy of your data in Europe as well. As a Solutions Architect, what do you recommend?

Use Aurora Read Replicas Amazon Aurora features a distributed, fault-tolerant, self-healing storage system that auto-scales up to 64TB per database instance. It delivers high performance and availability with up to 15 low-latency read replicas, point-in-time recovery, continuous backup to Amazon S3, and replication across three Availability Zones (AZs). Aurora Replicas are independent endpoints in an Aurora DB cluster, best used for scaling read operations. Up to 15 Aurora Replicas can be distributed across the Availability Zones that a DB cluster spans within an AWS Region. The DB cluster volume is made up of multiple copies of the data for the DB cluster. However, the data in the cluster volume is represented as a single, logical volume to the primary instance and Aurora Replicas in the DB cluster. You can also set up two Aurora MySQL DB clusters in different AWS Regions, by creating an Aurora Read Replica of an Aurora MySQL DB cluster in a different AWS Region. In this way, Aurora Read Replicas can be deployed globally.

A company wants to adopt a hybrid cloud infrastructure where it uses some AWS services such as S3 alongside its on-premises data center. The company wants a dedicated private connection between the on-premise data center and AWS. In case of failures though, the company needs to guarantee uptime and is willing to use the public internet for an encrypted connection. What do you recommend? (Select two)

Use Direct Connect as a primary connection - AWS Direct Connect lets you establish a dedicated network connection between your network and one of the AWS Direct Connect locations. Using industry-standard 802.1q VLANs, this dedicated connection can be partitioned into multiple virtual interfaces. AWS Direct Connect does not involve the Internet; instead, it uses dedicated, private network connections between your intranet and Amazon VPC. Use Site to Site VPN as a backup connection - AWS Site-to-Site VPN enables you to securely connect your on-premises network or branch office site to your Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC). You can securely extend your data center or branch office network to the cloud with an AWS Site-to-Site VPN connection. A VPC VPN Connection utilizes IPSec to establish encrypted network connectivity between your intranet and Amazon VPC over the Internet. VPN Connections can be configured in minutes and are a good solution if you have an immediate need, have low to modest bandwidth requirements, and can tolerate the inherent variability in Internet-based connectivity.

A media company wants a low-latency way to distribute live sports results which are delivered via a proprietary application using UDP protocol. As a solutions architect, which of the following solutions would you recommend such that it offers the BEST performance for this use case?

Use Global Accelerator to provide a low latency way to distribute live sports results AWS Global Accelerator is a networking service that helps you improve the availability and performance of the applications that you offer to your global users. AWS Global Accelerator is easy to set up, configure, and manage.

A company runs a popular dating website on the AWS Cloud. As a Solutions Architect, you've designed the architecture of the website to follow a serverless pattern on the AWS Cloud using API Gateway and AWS Lambda. The backend uses an RDS PostgreSQL database. Currently, the application uses a username and password combination to connect the Lambda function to the RDS database. You would like to improve the security at the authentication level by leveraging short-lived credentials. What will you choose? (Select two)

Use IAM authentication from Lambda to RDS PostgreSQL Attach an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) role to AWS Lambda You can authenticate to your DB instance using AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) database authentication. IAM database authentication works with MySQL and PostgreSQL. With this authentication method, you don't need to use a password when you connect to a DB instance. Instead, you use an authentication token.

Your company runs a website for evaluating coding skills. As a Solutions Architect, you've designed the architecture of the website to follow a serverless pattern on the AWS Cloud using API Gateway and AWS Lambda. The backend is using an RDS PostgreSQL database. Caching is implemented using a Redis ElastiCache cluster. You would like to increase the security of your authentication to Redis from the Lambda function, leveraging a username and password combination. As a solutions architect, which of the following options would you recommend?

Use Redis Auth - Amazon ElastiCache for Redis is a blazing fast in-memory data store that provides sub-millisecond latency to power internet-scale real-time applications.

A financial services company is migrating their messaging queues from self-managed message-oriented middleware systems to Amazon SQS. The development team at the company wants to minimize the costs of using SQS. As a solutions architect, which of the following options would you recommend for the given use-case?

Use SQS long polling to retrieve messages from your Amazon SQS queues Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS) is a fully managed message queuing service that enables you to decouple and scale microservices, distributed systems, and serverless applications.

A CRM web application was written as a monolith in PHP and is facing scaling issues because of performance bottlenecks. The CTO wants to re-engineer towards microservices architecture and expose their website from the same load balancer, linked to different target groups with different URLs: checkout.mycorp.com, www.mycorp.com, mycorp.com/profile and mycorp.com/search. The CTO would like to expose all these URLs as HTTPS endpoints for security purposes. As a solutions architect, which of the following would you recommend as a solution that requires MINIMAL configuration effort?

Use SSL certificates with SNI You can host multiple TLS secured applications, each with its own TLS certificate, behind a single load balancer. To use SNI, all you need to do is bind multiple certificates to the same secure listener on your load balancer. ALB will automatically choose the optimal TLS certificate for each client.

An enterprise has decided to move its secondary workloads such as backups and archives to AWS cloud. The CTO wishes to move the data stored on physical tapes to Cloud, without changing their current tape backup workflows. The company holds petabytes of data on tapes and needs a cost-optimized solution to move this data to cloud. What is an optimal solution that meets these requirements while keeping the costs to a minimum?

Use Tape Gateway, which can be used to move on-premises tape data onto AWS Cloud. Then, Amazon S3 archiving storage classes can be used to store data cost-effectively for years

The engineering team at a company wants to use Amazon SQS to decouple components of the underlying application architecture. However, the team is concerned about the VPC-bound components accessing SQS over the public internet. As a solutions architect, which of the following solutions would you recommend to address this use-case?

Use VPC endpoint to access Amazon SQS AWS customers can access Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) from their Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC) using VPC endpoints, without using public IPs, and without needing to traverse the public internet. VPC endpoints for Amazon SQS are powered by AWS PrivateLink, a highly available, scalable technology that enables you to privately connect your VPC to supported AWS services.

A retail company uses AWS Cloud to manage its IT infrastructure. The company has set up "AWS Organizations" to manage several departments running their AWS accounts and using resources such as EC2 instances and RDS databases. The company wants to provide shared and centrally-managed VPCs to all departments using applications that need a high degree of interconnectivity. As a solutions architect, which of the following options would you choose to facilitate this use-case?

Use VPC sharing to share one or more subnets with other AWS accounts belonging to the same parent organization from AWS Organizations VPC sharing (part of Resource Access Manager) allows multiple AWS accounts to create their application resources such as EC2 instances, RDS databases, Redshift clusters, and Lambda functions, into shared and centrally-managed Amazon Virtual Private Clouds (VPCs). To set this up, the account that owns the VPC (owner) shares one or more subnets with other accounts (participants) that belong to the same organization from AWS Organizations. After a subnet is shared, the participants can view, create, modify, and delete their application resources in the subnets shared with them. Participants cannot view, modify, or delete resources that belong to other participants or the VPC owner.

A music-sharing company uses a Network Load Balancer to direct traffic to 5 EC2 instances managed by an Auto Scaling group. When a very popular song is released, the Auto Scaling Group scales to 100 instances and the company incurs high network and compute fees. The company wants a solution to reduce the costs without changing any of the application code. What do you recommend?

Use a CloudFront distribution - Amazon CloudFront is a fast content delivery network (CDN) service that securely delivers data, videos, applications, and APIs to customers globally with low latency, high transfer speeds, all within a developer-friendly environment.

A company wants to grant access to an S3 bucket to users in its own AWS account as well as to users in another AWS account. Which of the following options can be used to meet this requirement?

Use a bucket policy to grant permission to users in its account as well as to users in another account A bucket policy is a type of resource-based policy that can be used to grant permissions to the principal that is specified in the policy. Principals can be in the same account as the resource or in other accounts. For cross-account permissions to other AWS accounts or users in another account, you must use a bucket policy.

An e-commerce company runs its web application on EC2 instances in an Auto Scaling group and it's configured to handle consumer orders in an SQS queue for downstream processing. The DevOps team has observed that the performance of the application goes down in case of a sudden spike in orders received. As a solutions architect, which of the following solutions would you recommend to address this use-case?

Use a target tracking scaling policy based on a custom Amazon SQS queue metric If you use a target tracking scaling policy based on a custom Amazon SQS queue metric, dynamic scaling can adjust to the demand curve of your application more effectively.

An IT company is using SQS queues for decoupling the various components of application architecture. As the consuming components need additional time to process SQS messages, the company wants to postpone the delivery of new messages to the queue for a few seconds. As a solutions architect, which of the following solutions would you suggest to the company?

Use delay queues to postpone the delivery of new messages to the queue for a few seconds Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS) is a fully managed message queuing service that enables you to decouple and scale microservices, distributed systems, and serverless applications. SQS offers two types of message queues.

The engineering team at a social media company has recently migrated to AWS Cloud from its on-premises data center. The team is evaluating CloudFront to be used as a CDN for its flagship application. The team has hired you as an AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate to advise on CloudFront capabilities on routing, security, and high availability. Which of the following would you identify as correct regarding CloudFront? (Select three)

Use field level encryption in CloudFront to protect sensitive data for specific content Field-level encryption allows you to enable your users to securely upload sensitive information to your web servers. Use an origin group with primary and secondary origins to configure CloudFront for high availability and failover You can set up CloudFront with origin failover for scenarios that require high availability. CloudFront can route to multiple origins based on the content type You can configure a single CloudFront web distribution to serve different types of requests from multiple origins. For example, if you are building a website that serves static content from an Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) bucket and dynamic content from a load balancer, you can serve both types of content from a CloudFront web distribution.

A digital media company needs to manage uploads of around 1TB from an application being used by a partner company. As a Solutions Architect, how will you handle the upload of these files to Amazon S3?

Use multi-part upload feature of Amazon S3 - Multi-part upload allows you to upload a single object as a set of parts. Each part is a contiguous portion of the object's data. You can upload these object parts independently and in any order. If transmission of any part fails, you can retransmit that part without affecting other parts. After all parts of your object are uploaded, Amazon S3 assembles these parts and creates the object.

An engineering team wants to examine the feasibility of the user data feature of Amazon EC2 for an upcoming project. Which of the following are true about the EC2 user data configuration? (Select two)

User Data is generally used to perform common automated configuration tasks and even run scripts after the instance starts. When you launch an instance in Amazon EC2, you can pass two types of user data - shell scripts and cloud-init directives. You can also pass this data into the launch wizard as plain text or as a file. By default, scripts entered as user data are executed with root user privileges - Scripts entered as user data are executed as the root user, hence do not need the sudo command in the script. Any files you create will be owned by root; if you need non-root users to have file access, you should modify the permissions accordingly in the script. By default, user data runs only during the boot cycle when you first launch an instance - By default, user data scripts and cloud-init directives run only during the boot cycle when you first launch an instance. You can update your configuration to ensure that your user data scripts and cloud-init directives run every time you restart your instance

Consider the following policy associated with an IAM group containing several users: { "Version":"2012-10-17", "Id":"EC2TerminationPolicy", "Statement":[ { "Effect":"Deny", "Action":"ec2:*", "Resource":"*", "Condition":{ "StringNotEquals":{ "ec2:Region":"us-west-1" } } }, { "Effect":"Allow", "Action":"ec2:TerminateInstances", "Resource":"*", "Condition":{ "IpAddress":{ "aws:SourceIp":"10.200.200.0/24" } } } ] }

Users belonging to the IAM group can terminate an EC2 instance in the us-west-1 region when the user's source IP is 10.200.200.200 The given policy denies all EC2 specification actions on all resources when the region of the underlying resource is not us-west-1. The policy allows the terminate EC2 action on all resources when the source IP address is in the CIDR range 10.200.200.0/24, therefore it would allow the user with the source IP 10.200.200.200 to terminate the EC2 instance.

A media company has its corporate headquarters in Los Angeles with an on-premises data center using an AWS Direct Connect connection to the AWS VPC. The branch offices in San Francisco and Miami use Site-to-Site VPN connections to connect to the AWS VPC. The company is looking for a solution to have the branch offices send and receive data with each other as well as with their corporate headquarters. As a solutions architect, which of the following AWS services would you recommend addressing this use-case?

VPN CloudHub

A development team has configured an Elastic Load Balancer for host-based routing. The idea is to support multiple subdomains and different top-level domains. The rule *.example.com matches which of the following?

test.example.com - You can use host conditions to define rules that route requests based on the hostname in the host header (also known as host-based routing). This enables you to support multiple subdomains and different top-level domains using a single load balancer. A hostname is not case-sensitive, can be up to 128 characters in length, and can contain any of the following characters: 1. A-Z, a-z, 0-9 2. - . 3. * (matches 0 or more characters) 4. ? (matches exactly 1 character) You must include at least one "." character. You can include only alphabetical characters after the final "." character.

An analytics company wants to improve the performance of its big data processing workflows running on Amazon EFS. Which of the following performance modes should be used for EFS to address this requirement?

Max I/O

The solo founder at a tech startup has just created a brand new AWS account. The founder has provisioned an EC2 instance 1A which is running in region A. Later, he takes a snapshot of the instance 1A and then creates a new AMI in region A from this snapshot. This AMI is then copied into another region B. The founder provisions an instance 1B in region B using this new AMI in region B. At this point in time, what entities exist in region B?

1 EC2 instance, 1 AMI and 1 snapshot exist in region B

The product team at a startup has figured out a market need to support both stateful and stateless client-server communications via the APIs developed using its platform. You have been hired by the startup as a solutions architect to build a solution to fulfill this market need using AWS API Gateway. Which of the following would you identify as correct?

API Gateway creates RESTful APIs that enable stateless client-server communication and API Gateway also creates WebSocket APIs that adhere to the WebSocket protocol, which enables stateful, full-duplex communication between client and server

A retail company wants to rollout and test a blue-green deployment for its global application in the next 48 hours. Most of the customers use mobile phones which are prone to DNS caching. The company has only two days left for the annual Thanksgiving sale to commence. As a Solutions Architect, which of the following options would you recommend to test the deployment on as many users as possible in the given time frame?

Blue/green deployment is a technique for releasing applications by shifting traffic between two identical environments running different versions of the application: "Blue" is the currently running version and "green" the new version. This type of deployment allows you to test features in the green environment without impacting the currently running version of your application. When you're satisfied that the green version is working properly, you can gradually reroute the traffic from the old blue environment to the new green environment. Blue/green deployments can mitigate common risks associated with deploying software, such as downtime and rollback capability. Use AWS Global Accelerator to distribute a portion of traffic to a particular deployment - AWS Global Accelerator is a network layer service that directs traffic to optimal endpoints over the AWS global network, this improves the availability and performance of your internet applications. It provides two static anycast IP addresses that act as a fixed entry point to your application endpoints in a single or multiple AWS Regions, such as your Application Load Balancers, Network Load Balancers, Elastic IP addresses or Amazon EC2 instances, in a single or in multiple AWS regions.

A Hollywood studio is planning a series of promotional events leading up to the launch of the trailer of its next sci-fi thriller. The executives at the studio want to create a static website with lots of animations in line with the theme of the movie. The studio has hired you as a solutions architect to build a scalable serverless solution. Which of the following represents the MOST cost-optimal and high-performance solution?

Build the website as a static website hosted on Amazon S3. Create a CloudFront distribution with Amazon S3 as the origin. Use Amazon Route 53 to create an alias record that points to your CloudFront distribution

Which of the following features of an Amazon S3 bucket can only be suspended once they have been enabled?

Versioning Once you version-enable a bucket, it can never return to an unversioned state. Versioning can only be suspended once it has been enabled.

A Big Data analytics company wants to set up an AWS cloud architecture that throttles requests in case of sudden traffic spikes. The company is looking for AWS services that can be used for buffering or throttling to handle such traffic variations. Which of the following services can be used to support this requirement? Amazon SQS, Amazon SNS and AWS Lambda Amazon Gateway Endpoints, Amazon SQS and Amazon Kinesis Amazon API Gateway, Amazon SQS and Amazon Kinesis (Correct) Elastic Load Balancer, Amazon SQS, AWS Lambda

Amazon API Gateway, Amazon SQS and Amazon Kinesis

A health-care solutions company wants to run their applications on single-tenant hardware to meet regulatory guidelines. Which of the following is the MOST cost-effective way of isolating their Amazon EC2 instances to a single tenant?

Dedicated Instances - Dedicated Instances are Amazon EC2 instances that run in a virtual private cloud (VPC) on hardware that's dedicated to a single customer. Dedicated Instances that belong to different AWS accounts are physically isolated at a hardware level, even if those accounts are linked to a single-payer account. However, Dedicated Instances may share hardware with other instances from the same AWS account that are not Dedicated Instances. A Dedicated Host is also a physical server that's dedicated for your use. With a Dedicated Host, you have visibility and control over how instances are placed on the server.

A leading social media analytics company is contemplating moving its dockerized application stack into AWS Cloud. The company is not sure about the pricing for using Elastic Container Service (ECS) with the EC2 launch type compared to the Elastic Container Service (ECS) with the Fargate launch type. Which of the following is correct regarding the pricing for these two services?

ECS with EC2 launch type is charged based on EC2 instances and EBS volumes used. ECS with Fargate launch type is charged based on vCPU and memory resources that the containerized application requests

The IT department at a consulting firm is conducting a training workshop for new developers. As part of an evaluation exercise on Amazon S3, the new developers were asked to identify the invalid storage class lifecycle transitions for objects stored on S3. Can you spot the INVALID lifecycle transitions from the options below? (Select two)

S3 Intelligent-Tiering => S3 Standard S3 One Zone-IA => S3 Standard-IA Following are the unsupported life cycle transitions for S3 storage classes - Any storage class to the S3 Standard storage class. Any storage class to the Reduced Redundancy storage class. The S3 Intelligent-Tiering storage class to the S3 Standard-IA storage class. The S3 One Zone-IA storage class to the S3 Standard-IA or S3 Intelligent-Tiering storage classes.

A manufacturing company receives unreliable service from its data center provider because the company is located in an area prone to natural disasters. The company is not ready to fully migrate to the AWS Cloud, but it wants a failover environment on AWS in case the on-premises data center fails. The company runs web servers that connect to external vendors. The data available on AWS and on-premises must be uniform. Which of the following solutions would have the LEAST amount of downtime?

Set up a Route 53 failover record. Run application servers on EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer in an Auto Scaling group. Set up AWS Storage Gateway with stored volumes to back up data to S3

A big data consulting firm needs to set up a data lake on Amazon S3 for a Health-Care client. The data lake is split in raw and refined zones. For compliance reasons, the source data needs to be kept for a minimum of 5 years. The source data arrives in the raw zone and is then processed via an AWS Glue based ETL job into the refined zone. The business analysts run ad-hoc queries only on the data in the refined zone using AWS Athena. The team is concerned about the cost of data storage in both the raw and refined zones as the data is increasing at a rate of 1TB daily in each zone. As a solutions architect, which of the following would you recommend as the MOST cost-optimal solution? (Select two)

Setup a lifecycle policy to transition the raw zone data into Glacier Deep Archive after 1 day of object creation Use Glue ETL job to write the transformed data in the refined zone using a compressed file format

A leading video streaming service delivers billions of hours of content from Amazon S3 to customers around the world. Amazon S3 also serves as the data lake for its big data analytics solution. The data lake has a staging zone where intermediary query results are kept only for 24 hours. These results are also heavily referenced by other parts of the analytics pipeline. Which of the following is the MOST cost-effective strategy for storing this intermediary query data?

Store the intermediary query results in S3 Standard storage class

An ivy-league university is assisting NASA to find potential landing sites for exploration vehicles of unmanned missions to our neighboring planets. The university uses High Performance Computing (HPC) driven application architecture to identify these landing sites. Which of the following EC2 instance topologies should this application be deployed on?

The EC2 instances should be deployed in a cluster placement group so that the underlying workload can benefit from low network latency and high network throughput

The sourcing team at the US headquarters of a global e-commerce company is preparing a spreadsheet of the new product catalog. The spreadsheet is saved on an EFS file system created in us-east-1 region. The sourcing team counterparts from other AWS regions such as Asia Pacific and Europe also want to collaborate on this spreadsheet. As a solutions architect, what is your recommendation to enable this collaboration with the LEAST amount of operational overhead?

The spreadsheet on the EFS file system can be accessed in other AWS regions by using an inter-region VPC peering connection

The engineering manager for a content management application wants to set up RDS read replicas to provide enhanced performance and read scalability. The manager wants to understand the data transfer charges while setting up RDS read replicas. Which of the following would you identify as correct regarding the data transfer charges for RDS read replicas?

There are data transfer charges for replicating data across AWS Regions RDS Read Replicas provide enhanced performance and durability for RDS database (DB) instances. They make it easy to elastically scale out beyond the capacity constraints of a single DB instance for read-heavy database workloads. A read replica is billed as a standard DB Instance and at the same rates. You are not charged for the data transfer incurred in replicating data between your source DB instance and read replica within the same AWS Region.

A company has many VPC in various accounts, that need to be connected in a star network with one another and connected with on-premises networks through Direct Connect. What do you recommend?

Transit Gateway AWS Transit Gateway is a service that enables customers to connect their Amazon Virtual Private Clouds (VPCs) and their on-premises networks to a single gateway. With AWS Transit Gateway, you only have to create and manage a single connection from the central gateway into each Amazon VPC, on-premises data center, or remote office across your network. Transit Gateway acts as a hub that controls how traffic is routed among all the connected networks which act like spokes. So, this is a perfect use-case for the Transit Gateway.

A retail company uses Amazon EC2 instances, API Gateway, Amazon RDS, Elastic Load Balancer and CloudFront services. To improve the security of these services, the Risk Advisory group has suggested a feasibility check for using the Amazon GuardDuty service. Which of the following would you identify as data sources supported by GuardDuty?

VPC Flow Logs, DNS logs, CloudTrail events - Amazon GuardDuty is a threat detection service that continuously monitors for malicious activity and unauthorized behavior to protect your AWS accounts, workloads, and data stored in Amazon S3. With the cloud, the collection and aggregation of account and network activities is simplified, but it can be time-consuming for security teams to continuously analyze event log data for potential threats. With GuardDuty, you now have an intelligent and cost-effective option for continuous threat detection in AWS. The service uses machine learning, anomaly detection, and integrated threat intelligence to identify and prioritize potential threats.

A company has recently launched a new mobile gaming application that the users are adopting rapidly. The company uses RDS MySQL as the database. The engineering team wants an urgent solution to this issue where the rapidly increasing workload might exceed the available database storage. As a solutions architect, which of the following solutions would you recommend so that it requires minimum development and systems administration effort to address this requirement?

Enable storage auto-scaling for RDS MySQL If your workload is unpredictable, you can enable storage autoscaling for an Amazon RDS DB instance. With storage autoscaling enabled, when Amazon RDS detects that you are running out of free database space it automatically scales up your storage. Amazon RDS starts a storage modification for an autoscaling-enabled DB instance when these factors apply: Free available space is less than 10 percent of the allocated storage.

A file-hosting service uses Amazon S3 under the hood to power its storage offerings. Currently all the customer files are uploaded directly under a single S3 bucket. The engineering team has started seeing scalability issues where customer file uploads have started failing during the peak access hours with more than 5000 requests per second. Which of the following is the MOST resource efficient and cost-optimal way of addressing this issue?

Change the application architecture to create customer-specific custom prefixes within the single bucket and then upload the daily files into those prefixed locations

An organization wants to delegate access to a set of users from the development environment so that they can access some resources in the production environment which is managed under another AWS account. As a solutions architect, which of the following steps would you recommend?

Create a new IAM role with the required permissions to access the resources in the production environment. The users can then assume this IAM role while accessing the resources from the production environment IAM roles allow you to delegate access to users or services that normally don't have access to your organization's AWS resources. IAM users or AWS services can assume a role to obtain temporary security credentials that can be used to make AWS API calls. Consequently, you don't have to share long-term credentials for access to a resource. Using IAM roles, it is possible to access cross-account resources.

You have a team of developers in your company, and you would like to ensure they can quickly experiment with AWS Managed Policies by attaching them to their accounts, but you would like to prevent them from doing an escalation of privileges, by granting themselves the AdministratorAccess managed policy. How should you proceed?

For each developer, define an IAM permission boundary that will restrict the managed policies they can attach to themselves AWS supports permissions boundaries for IAM entities (users or roles). A permissions boundary is an advanced feature for using a managed policy to set the maximum permissions that an identity-based policy can grant to an IAM entity. An entity's permissions boundary allows it to perform only the actions that are allowed by both its identity-based policies and its permissions boundaries. Here we have to use an IAM permission boundary. They can only be applied to roles or users, not IAM groups.

What does this IAM policy do? { "Version": "2012-10-17", "Statement": [ { "Sid": "Mystery Policy", "Action": [ "ec2:RunInstances" ], "Effect": "Allow", "Resource": "*", "Condition": { "IpAddress": { "aws:SourceIp": "34.50.31.0/24" } } } ] }

It allows starting EC2 instances only when the IP where the call originates is within the 34.50.31.0/24 CIDR block You manage access in AWS by creating policies and attaching them to IAM identities (users, groups of users, or roles) or AWS resources. A policy is an object in AWS that, when associated with an identity or resource, defines their permissions. AWS evaluates these policies when an IAM principal (user or role) makes a request. Permissions in the policies determine whether the request is allowed or denied. Most policies are stored in AWS as JSON documents. AWS supports six types of policies: identity-based policies, resource-based policies, permissions boundaries, Organizations SCPs, ACLs, and session policies.

The development team at an e-commerce startup has set up multiple microservices running on EC2 instances under an Application Load Balancer. The team wants to route traffic to multiple back-end services based on the URL path of the HTTP header. So it wants requests for https://www.example.com/orders to go to a specific microservice and requests for https://www.example.com/products to go to another microservice. Which of the following features of Application Load Balancers can be used for this use-case?

Path-based Routing

A company is developing a healthcare application that cannot afford any downtime for database write operations. The company has hired you as an AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate to build a solution using Amazon Aurora. Which of the following options would you recommend?

Set up an Aurora multi-master DB cluster

A data analytics company measures what the consumers watch and what advertising they're exposed to. This real-time data is ingested into its on-premises data center and subsequently, the daily data feed is compressed into a single file and uploaded on Amazon S3 for backup. The typical compressed file size is around 2 GB. Which of the following is the fastest way to upload the daily compressed file into S3?

Upload the compressed file using multipart upload with S3 transfer acceleration

An IT security consultancy is working on a solution to protect data stored in S3 from any malicious activity as well as check for any vulnerabilities on EC2 instances. As a solutions architect, which of the following solutions would you suggest to help address the given requirement?

Use Amazon GuardDuty to monitor any malicious activity on data stored in S3. Use security assessments provided by Amazon Inspector to check for vulnerabilities on EC2 instances

A gaming company is looking at improving the availability and performance of its global flagship application which utilizes UDP protocol and needs to support fast regional failover in case an AWS Region goes down. The company wants to continue using its own custom DNS service. Which of the following AWS services represents the best solution for this use-case?

AWS Global Accelerator - AWS Global Accelerator utilizes the Amazon global network, allowing you to improve the performance of your applications by lowering first-byte latency (the round trip time for a packet to go from a client to your endpoint and back again) and jitter (the variation of latency), and increasing throughput (the amount of time it takes to transfer data) as compared to the public internet

A company is looking at storing their less frequently accessed files on AWS that can be concurrently accessed by hundreds of EC2 instances. The company needs the most cost-effective file storage service that provides immediate access to data whenever needed. Which of the following options represents the best solution for the given requirements? Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) Amazon Elastic File System (EFS) Standard-IA storage class (Correct) Amazon Elastic File System (EFS) Standard storage class Amazon S3 Standard-Infrequent Access (S3 Standard-IA) storage class

Amazon Elastic File System (EFS) Standard-IA storage class - Amazon EFS is a file storage service for use with Amazon compute (EC2, containers, serverless) and on-premises servers. Amazon EFS provides a file system interface, file system access semantics (such as strong consistency and file locking), and concurrently accessible storage for up to thousands of Amazon EC2 instances. The Standard-IA storage class reduces storage costs for files that are not accessed every day. It does this without sacrificing the high availability, high durability, elasticity, and POSIX file system access that Amazon EFS provides. AWS recommends Standard-IA storage if you need your full dataset to be readily accessible and want to automatically save on storage costs for files that are less frequently accessed.

An Electronic Design Automation (EDA) application produces massive volumes of data that can be divided into two categories. The 'hot data' needs to be both processed and stored quickly in a parallel and distributed fashion. The 'cold data' needs to be kept for reference with quick access for reads and updates at a low cost. Which of the following AWS services is BEST suited to accelerate the aforementioned chip design process?

Amazon FSx for Lustre Amazon FSx for Lustre makes it easy and cost-effective to launch and run the world's most popular high-performance file system. It is used for workloads such as machine learning, high-performance computing (HPC), video processing, and financial modeling. The open-source Lustre file system is designed for applications that require fast storage - where you want your storage to keep up with your compute. FSx for Lustre integrates with Amazon S3, making it easy to process data sets with the Lustre file system. When linked to an S3 bucket, an FSx for Lustre file system transparently presents S3 objects as files and allows you to write changed data back to S3. FSx for Lustre provides the ability to both process the 'hot data' in a parallel and distributed fashion as well as easily store the 'cold data' on Amazon S3. Therefore this option is the BEST fit for the given problem statement.

A telecom company operates thousands of hardware devices like switches, routers, cables, etc. The real-time status data for these devices must be fed into a communications application for notifications. Simultaneously, another analytics application needs to read the same real-time status data and analyze all the connecting lines that may go down because of any device failures. As a Solutions Architect, which of the following solutions would you suggest, so that both the applications can consume the real-time status data concurrently?

Amazon Kinesis Data Streams - Amazon Kinesis Data Streams enables real-time processing of streaming big data. It provides ordering of records, as well as the ability to read and/or replay records in the same order to multiple Amazon Kinesis Applications. The Amazon Kinesis Client Library (KCL) delivers all records for a given partition key to the same record processor, making it easier to build multiple applications reading from the same Amazon Kinesis data stream (for example, to perform counting, aggregation, and filtering).

An audit department generates and accesses the audit reports only twice in a financial year. The department uses AWS Step Functions to orchestrate the report creating process that has failover and retry scenarios built into the solution. The underlying data to create these audit reports is stored on S3, runs into hundreds of Terabytes and should be available with millisecond latency. As a solutions architect, which is the MOST cost-effective storage class that you would recommend to be used for this use-case?

Amazon S3 Standard-Infrequent Access (S3 Standard-IA)

The engineering team at a Spanish professional football club has built a notification system for its website using Amazon SNS notifications which are then handled by a Lambda function for end-user delivery. During the off-season, the notification systems need to handle about 100 requests per second. During the peak football season, the rate touches about 5000 requests per second and it is noticed that a significant number of the notifications are not being delivered to the end-users on the website. As a solutions architect, which of the following would you suggest as the BEST possible solution to this issue?

Amazon SNS message deliveries to AWS Lambda have crossed the account concurrency quota for Lambda, so the team needs to contact AWS support to raise the account limit

A social photo-sharing company uses Amazon S3 to store the images uploaded by the users. These images are kept encrypted in S3 by using AWS-KMS and the company manages its own Customer Master Key (CMK) for encryption. A member of the DevOps team accidentally deleted the CMK a day ago, thereby rendering the user's photo data unrecoverable. You have been contacted by the company to consult them on possible solutions to this crisis. As a solutions architect, which of the following steps would you recommend to solve this issue?

As the CMK was deleted a day ago, it must be in the 'pending deletion' status and hence you can just cancel the CMK deletion and recover the key

A social photo-sharing web application is hosted on EC2 instances behind an Elastic Load Balancer. The app gives the users the ability to upload their photos and also shows a leaderboard on the homepage of the app. The uploaded photos are stored in S3 and the leaderboard data is maintained in DynamoDB. The EC2 instances need to access both S3 and DynamoDB for these features. As a solutions architect, which of the following solutions would you recommend as the MOST secure option?

Attach the appropriate IAM role to the EC2 instance profile so that the instance can access S3 and DynamoDB Applications that run on an EC2 instance must include AWS credentials in their AWS API requests. You could have your developers store AWS credentials directly within the EC2 instance and allow applications in that instance to use those credentials. But developers would then have to manage the credentials and ensure that they securely pass the credentials to each instance and update each EC2 instance when it's time to rotate the credentials.

An IT company has built a solution wherein a Redshift cluster writes data to an Amazon S3 bucket belonging to a different AWS account. However, it is found that the files created in the S3 bucket using the UNLOAD command from the Redshift cluster are not even accessible to the S3 bucket owner. What could be the reason for this denial of permission for the bucket owner?

By default, an S3 object is owned by the AWS account that uploaded it. So the S3 bucket owner will not implicitly have access to the objects written by Redshift cluster - By default, an S3 object is owned by the AWS account that uploaded it. This is true even when the bucket is owned by another account. Because the Amazon Redshift data files from the UNLOAD command were put into your bucket by another account, you (the bucket owner) don't have default permission to access those files. To get access to the data files, an AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) role with cross-account permissions must run the UNLOAD command again. Follow these steps to set up the Amazon Redshift cluster with cross-account permissions to the bucket: From the account of the S3 bucket, create an IAM role (Bucket Role) with permissions to the bucket. From the account of the Amazon Redshift cluster, create another IAM role (Cluster Role) with permissions to assume the Bucket Role. Update the Bucket Role to grant bucket access and create a trust relationship with the Cluster Role. From the Amazon Redshift cluster, run the UNLOAD command using the Cluster Role and Bucket Role. This solution doesn't apply to Amazon Redshift clusters or S3 buckets that use server-side encryption with AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS).

A media company runs a photo-sharing web application that is accessed across three different countries. The application is deployed on several Amazon EC2 instances running behind an Application Load Balancer. With new government regulations, the company has been asked to block access from two countries and allow access only from the home country of the company. Which configuration should be used to meet this changed requirement?

Configure AWS WAF on the Application Load Balancer in a VPC

A media agency stores its re-creatable assets on Amazon S3 buckets. The assets are accessed by a large number of users for the first few days and the frequency of access falls down drastically after a week. Although the assets would be accessed occasionally after the first week, but they must continue to be immediately accessible when required. The cost of maintaining all the assets on S3 storage is turning out to be very expensive and the agency is looking at reducing costs as much as possible. As a Solutions Architect, can you suggest a way to lower the storage costs while fulfilling the business requirements?

Configure a lifecycle policy to transition the objects to Amazon S3 One Zone-Infrequent Access (S3 One Zone-IA) after 30 days

The engineering team at a data analytics company has observed that its flagship application functions at its peak performance when the underlying EC2 instances have a CPU utilization of about 50%. The application is built on a fleet of EC2 instances managed under an Auto Scaling group. The workflow requests are handled by an internal Application Load Balancer that routes the requests to the instances. As a solutions architect, what would you recommend so that the application runs near its peak performance state?

Configure the Auto Scaling group to use target tracking policy and set the CPU utilization as the target metric with a target value of 50%

The payroll department at a company initiates several computationally intensive workloads on EC2 instances at a designated hour on the last day of every month. The payroll department has noticed a trend of severe performance lag during this hour. The engineering team has figured out a solution by using Auto Scaling Group for these EC2 instances and making sure that 10 EC2 instances are available during this peak usage hour. For normal operations only 2 EC2 instances are enough to cater to the workload. As a solutions architect, which of the following steps would you recommend to implement the solution?

Configure your Auto Scaling group by creating a scheduled action that kicks-off at the designated hour on the last day of the month. Set the desired capacity of instances to 10. This causes the scale-out to happen before peak traffic kicks in at the designated hour

A financial services company recently launched an initiative to improve the security of its AWS resources and it had enabled AWS Shield Advanced across multiple AWS accounts owned by the company. Upon analysis, the company has found that the costs incurred are much higher than expected. Which of the following would you attribute as the underlying reason for the unexpectedly high costs for AWS Shield Advanced service?

Consolidated billing has not been enabled. All the AWS accounts should fall under a single consolidated billing for the monthly fee to be charged only once - If your organization has multiple AWS accounts, then you can subscribe multiple AWS Accounts to AWS Shield Advanced by individually enabling it on each account using the AWS Management Console or API. You will pay the monthly fee once as long as the AWS accounts are all under a single consolidated billing, and you own all the AWS accounts and resources in those accounts.

A technology blogger wants to write a review on the comparative pricing for various storage types available on AWS Cloud. The blogger has created a test file of size 1GB with some random data. Next he copies this test file into AWS S3 Standard storage class, provisions an EBS volume (General Purpose SSD (gp2)) with 100GB of provisioned storage and copies the test file into the EBS volume, and lastly copies the test file into an EFS Standard Storage filesystem. At the end of the month, he analyses the bill for costs incurred on the respective storage types for the test file. What is the correct order of the storage charges incurred for the test file on these three storage types?

Cost of test file storage on S3 Standard < Cost of test file storage on EFS < Cost of test file storage on EBS

A company has historically operated only in the us-east-1 region and stores encrypted data in S3 using SSE-KMS. As part of enhancing its security posture as well as improving the backup and recovery architecture, the company wants to store the encrypted data in S3 that is replicated into the us-west-1 AWS region. The security policies mandate that the data must be encrypted and decrypted using the same key in both AWS regions. Which of the following represents the best solution to address these requirements?

Create a new S3 bucket in the us-east-1 region with replication enabled from this new bucket into another bucket in us-west-1 region. Enable SSE-KMS encryption on the new bucket in us-east-1 region by using an AWS KMS multi-region key. Copy the existing data from the current S3 bucket in us-east-1 region into this new S3 bucket in us-east-1 region AWS KMS supports multi-region keys, which are AWS KMS keys in different AWS regions that can be used interchangeably - as though you had the same key in multiple regions. Each set of related multi-region keys has the same key material and key ID, so you can encrypt data in one AWS region and decrypt it in a different AWS region without re-encrypting or making a cross-region call to AWS KMS. You can use multi-region AWS KMS keys in Amazon S3. However, Amazon S3 currently treats multi-region keys as though they were single-region keys, and does not use the multi-region features of the key.

An IT consultant is helping the owner of a medium-sized business set up an AWS account. What are the security recommendations he must follow while creating the AWS account root user? (Select two) Enable Multi Factor Authentication (MFA) for the AWS account root user account (Correct) Send an email to the business owner with details of the login username and password for the AWS root user. This will help the business owner to troubleshoot any login issues in future Create AWS account root user access keys and share those keys only with the business owner Encrypt the access keys and save them on Amazon S3 Create a strong password for the AWS account root user (Correct)

Create a strong password for the AWS account root user Enable Multi Factor Authentication (MFA) for the AWS account root user account

A developer needs to implement a Lambda function in AWS account A that accesses an Amazon S3 bucket in AWS account B. As a Solutions Architect, which of the following will you recommend to meet this requirement?

Create an IAM role for the Lambda function that grants access to the S3 bucket. Set the IAM role as the Lambda function's execution role. Make sure that the bucket policy also grants access to the Lambda function's execution role

To improve the performance and security of the application, the engineering team at a company has created a CloudFront distribution with an Application Load Balancer as the custom origin. The team has also set up a Web Application Firewall (WAF) with CloudFront distribution. The security team at the company has noticed a surge in malicious attacks from a specific IP address to steal sensitive data stored on the EC2 instances. As a solutions architect, which of the following actions would you recommend to stop the attacks?

Create an IP match condition in the WAF to block the malicious IP address AWS WAF is a web application firewall that helps protect your web applications or APIs against common web exploits that may affect availability, compromise security, or consume excessive resources. AWS WAF gives you control over how traffic reaches your applications by enabling you to create security rules that block common attack patterns, such as SQL injection or cross-site scripting, and rules that filter out specific traffic patterns you define.

A retail company wants to share sensitive accounting data that is stored in an Amazon RDS DB instance with an external auditor. The auditor has its own AWS account and needs its own copy of the database. Which of the following would you recommend to securely share the database with the auditor?

Create an encrypted snapshot of the database, share the snapshot, and allow access to the AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) encryption key You can share the AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) customer master key (CMK) that was used to encrypt the snapshot with any accounts that you want to be able to access the snapshot. You can share AWS KMS CMKs with another AWS account by adding the other account to the AWS KMS key policy.

A financial services company uses Amazon GuardDuty for analyzing its AWS account metadata to meet the compliance guidelines. However, the company has now decided to stop using GuardDuty service. All the existing findings have to be deleted and cannot persist anywhere on AWS Cloud. Which of the following techniques will help the company meet this requirement?

Disable the service in the general settings - Disabling the service will delete all remaining data, including your findings and configurations before relinquishing the service permissions and resetting the service. So, this is the correct option for our use case.

CloudFront offers a multi-tier cache in the form of regional edge caches that improve latency. However, there are certain content types that bypass the regional edge cache, and go directly to the origin. Which of the following content types skip the regional edge cache? (Select two)

Dynamic content, as determined at request time (cache-behavior configured to forward all headers) Proxy methods PUT/POST/PATCH/OPTIONS/DELETE go directly to the origin

You would like to mount a network file system on Linux instances, where files will be stored and accessed frequently at first, and then infrequently. What solution is the MOST cost-effective?

EFS IA Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS) provides a simple, scalable, fully managed elastic NFS file system for use with AWS Cloud services and on-premises resources. Amazon EFS is a regional service storing data within and across multiple Availability Zones (AZs) for high availability and durability. Amazon EFS Infrequent Access (EFS IA) is a storage class that provides price/performance that is cost-optimized for files, not accessed every day, with storage prices up to 92% lower compared to Amazon EFS Standard. Therefore, this is the correct option.

A new DevOps engineer has joined a large financial services company recently. As part of his onboarding, the IT department is conducting a review of the checklist for tasks related to AWS Identity and Access Management. As a solutions architect, which best practices would you recommend (Select two)?

Enable MFA for privileged users - As per the AWS best practices, it is better to enable Multi Factor Authentication (MFA) for privileged users via an MFA-enabled mobile device or hardware MFA token. Configure AWS CloudTrail to record all account activity - AWS recommends to turn on CloudTrail to log all IAM actions for monitoring and audit purposes.

A healthcare startup needs to enforce compliance and regulatory guidelines for objects stored in Amazon S3. One of the key requirements is to provide adequate protection against accidental deletion of objects. As a solutions architect, what are your recommendations to address these guidelines? (Select two)

Enable versioning on the bucket Enable MFA delete on the bucket -

A silicon valley based startup has a two-tier architecture using EC2 instances for its flagship application. The web servers (listening on port 443), which have been assigned security group A, are in public subnets across two Availability Zones and the MSSQL based database instances (listening on port 1433), which have been assigned security group B, are in two private subnets across two Availability Zones. The DevOps team wants to review the security configurations of the application architecture. As a solutions architect, which of the following options would you select as the MOST secure configuration? (Select two)

For security group A: Add an inbound rule that allows traffic from all sources on port 443. Add an outbound rule with the destination as security group B on port 1433 For security group B: Add an inbound rule that allows traffic only from security group A on port 1433

A geological research agency maintains the seismological data for the last 100 years. The data has a velocity of 1GB per minute. You would like to store the data with only the most relevant attributes to build a predictive model for earthquakes. What AWS services would you use to build the most cost-effective solution with the LEAST amount of infrastructure maintenance?

Ingest the data in Kinesis Data Firehose and use an intermediary Lambda function to filter and transform the incoming stream before the output is dumped on S3

A leading carmaker would like to build a new car-as-a-sensor service by leveraging fully serverless components that are provisioned and managed automatically by AWS. The development team at the carmaker does not want an option that requires the capacity to be manually provisioned, as it does not want to respond manually to changing volumes of sensor data. Given these constraints, which of the following solutions is the BEST fit to develop this car-as-a-sensor service?

Ingest the sensor data in an Amazon SQS standard queue, which is polled by a Lambda function in batches and the data is written into an auto-scaled DynamoDB table for downstream processing AWS Lambda lets you run code without provisioning or managing servers. You pay only for the compute time you consume. Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS) is a fully managed message queuing service that enables you to decouple and scale microservices, distributed systems, and serverless applications. SQS offers two types of message queues. Standard queues offer maximum throughput, best-effort ordering, and at-least-once delivery. SQS FIFO queues are designed to guarantee that messages are processed exactly once, in the exact order that they are sent. AWS manages all ongoing operations and underlying infrastructure needed to provide a highly available and scalable message queuing service. With SQS, there is no upfront cost, no need to acquire, install, and configure messaging software, and no time-consuming build-out and maintenance of supporting infrastructure. SQS queues are dynamically created and scale automatically so you can build and grow applications quickly and efficiently. As there is no need to manually provision the capacity, so this is the correct option

Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling needs to terminate an instance from Availability Zone (AZ) us-east-1a as it has the most number of instances amongst the AZs being used currently. There are 4 instances in the AZ us-east-1a like so: Instance A has the oldest launch template, Instance B has the oldest launch configuration, Instance C has the newest launch configuration and Instance D is closest to the next billing hour. Which of the following instances would be terminated per the default termination policy?

Instance B Per the default termination policy, the first priority is given to any allocation strategy for On-Demand vs Spot instances. As no such information has been provided for the given use-case, so this criterion can be ignored. The next priority is to consider any instance with the oldest launch template unless there is an instance that uses a launch configuration. So this rules out Instance A. Next, you need to consider any instance which has the oldest launch configuration. This implies Instance B will be selected for termination and Instance C will also be ruled out as it has the newest launch configuration. Instance D, which is closest to the next billing hour, is not selected as this criterion is last in the order of priority.

What does this IAM policy do? { "Version": "2012-10-17", "Statement": [ { "Sid": "Mystery Policy", "Action": [ "ec2:RunInstances" ], "Effect": "Allow", "Resource": "*", "Condition": { "StringEquals": { "aws:RequestedRegion": "eu-west-1" } } } ] }

It allows running EC2 instances only in the eu-west-1 region, and the API call can be made from anywhere in the world. You manage access in AWS by creating policies and attaching them to IAM identities (users, groups of users, or roles) or AWS resources. A policy is an object in AWS that, when associated with an identity or resource, defines their permissions. AWS evaluates these policies when an IAM principal (user or role) makes a request. Permissions in the policies determine whether the request is allowed or denied. Most policies are stored in AWS as JSON documents. AWS supports six types of policies: identity-based policies, resource-based policies, permissions boundaries, Organizations SCPs, ACLs, and session policies. You can use the aws:RequestedRegion key to compare the AWS Region that was called in the request with the Region that you specify in the policy. You can use this global condition key to control which Regions can be requested. aws:RequestedRegion represents the target of the API call. So in this example, we can only launch EC2 instances in eu-west-1, and we can do this API call from anywhere.

A financial services company wants a single log processing model for all the log files (consisting of system logs, application logs, database logs, etc) that can be processed in a serverless fashion and then durably stored for downstream analytics. The company wants to use an AWS managed service that automatically scales to match the throughput of the log data and requires no ongoing administration. As a solutions architect, which of the following AWS services would you recommend solving this problem?

Kinesis Data Firehose Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose is the easiest way to reliably load streaming data into data lakes, data stores, and analytics tools. It can capture, transform, and load streaming data into Amazon S3, Amazon Redshift, Amazon Elasticsearch Service, and Splunk, enabling near real-time analytics with existing business intelligence tools and dashboards you're already using today. It is a fully managed service that automatically scales to match the throughput of your data and requires no ongoing administration. Therefore, this is the correct option.

A weather forecast agency collects key weather metrics across multiple cities in the US and sends this data in the form of key-value pairs to AWS Cloud at a one-minute frequency. As a solutions architect, which of the following AWS services would you use to build a solution for processing and then reliably storing this data with high availability? (Select two)

Lambda - With AWS Lambda, you can run code without provisioning or managing servers. You pay only for the compute time that you consume—there's no charge when your code isn't running. You can run code for virtually any type of application or backend service—all with zero administration. DynamoDB - Amazon DynamoDB is a key-value and document database that delivers single-digit millisecond performance at any scale. It's a fully managed, multi-region, multi-master, durable database with built-in security, backup and restore, and in-memory caching for internet-scale applications. DynamoDB is a NoSQL database and it's best suited to store data in key-value pairs. AWS Lambda can be combined with DynamoDB to process and capture the key-value data from the IoT sources described in the use-case. So both these options are correct.

A logistics company is building a multi-tier application to track the location of its trucks during peak operating hours. The company wants these data points to be accessible in real-time in its analytics platform via a REST API. The company has hired you as an AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate to build a multi-tier solution to store and retrieve this location data for analysis. Which of the following options addresses the given use case?

Leverage Amazon API Gateway with Kinesis Data Analytics

A media company is migrating its flagship application from its on-premises data center to AWS for improving the application's read-scaling capability as well as its availability. The existing architecture leverages a Microsoft SQL Server database that sees a heavy read load. The engineering team does a full copy of the production database every 5 hours to populate a dev database. During this period, application users face high latency leading to a bad user experience. The company is looking at alternate database options and migrating database engines if required. What would you suggest?

Leverage Amazon Aurora MySQL with Multi-AZ Aurora Replicas and create the dev database by restoring from the automated backups of Amazon Aurora

A healthcare company uses its on-premises infrastructure to run legacy applications that require specialized customizations to the underlying Oracle database as well as its host operating system (OS). The company also wants to improve the availability of the Oracle database layer. The company has hired you as an AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate to build a solution on AWS that meets these requirements while minimizing the underlying infrastructure maintenance effort. Which of the following options represents the best solution for this use case?

Leverage multi-AZ configuration of RDS Custom for Oracle that allows the database administrators to access and customize the database environment and the underlying operating system

A video analytics organization has been acquired by a leading media company. The analytics organization has 10 independent applications with an on-premises data footprint of about 70TB for each application. The CTO of the media company has set a timeline of two weeks to carry out the data migration from on-premises data center to AWS Cloud and establish connectivity. Which of the following are the MOST cost-effective options for completing the data transfer and establishing connectivity? (Select two)

Order 10 Snowball Edge Storage Optimized devices to complete the one-time data transfer Snowball Edge Storage Optimized is the optimal choice if you need to securely and quickly transfer dozens of terabytes to petabytes of data to AWS. It provides up to 80 TB of usable HDD storage, 40 vCPUs, 1 TB of SATA SSD storage, and up to 40 Gb network connectivity to address large scale data transfer and pre-processing use cases. As each Snowball Edge Storage Optimized device can handle 80TB of data, you can order 10 such devices to take care of the data transfer for all applications. Exam Alert: The original Snowball devices were transitioned out of service and Snowball Edge Storage Optimized are now the primary devices used for data transfer. You may see the Snowball device on the exam, just remember that the original Snowball device had 80TB of storage space. Setup Site-to-Site VPN to establish on-going connectivity between the on-premises data center and AWS Cloud AWS Site-to-Site VPN enables you to securely connect your on-premises network or branch office site to your Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC). You can securely extend your data center or branch office network to the cloud with an AWS Site-to-Site VPN connection. A VPC VPN Connection utilizes IPSec to establish encrypted network connectivity between your intranet and Amazon VPC over the Internet. VPN Connections can be configured in minutes and are a good solution if you have an immediate need, have low to modest bandwidth requirements, and can tolerate the inherent variability in Internet-based connectivity. Therefore this option is the right fit for the given use-case as the connectivity can be easily established within the given timeframe.

A big-data consulting firm is working on a client engagement where the ETL workloads are currently handled via a Hadoop cluster deployed in the on-premises data center. The client wants to migrate their ETL workloads to AWS Cloud. The AWS Cloud solution needs to be highly available with about 50 EC2 instances per Availability Zone. As a solutions architect, which of the following EC2 placement groups would you recommend handling the distributed ETL workload?

Partition placement group You can use placement groups to influence the placement of a group of interdependent instances to meet the needs of your workload. Depending on the type of workload, you can create a placement group using one of the following placement strategies: Partition - spreads your instances across logical partitions such that groups of instances in one partition do not share the underlying hardware with groups of instances in different partitions. This strategy is typically used by large distributed and replicated workloads, such as Hadoop, Cassandra, and Kafka. Therefore, this is the correct option for the given use-case.

The engineering team at an in-home fitness company is evaluating multiple in-memory data stores with the ability to power its on-demand, live leaderboard. The company's leaderboard requires high availability, low latency, and real-time processing to deliver customizable user data for the community of users working out together virtually from the comfort of their home. As a solutions architect, which of the following solutions would you recommend? (Select two)

Power the on-demand, live leaderboard using ElastiCache Redis as it meets the in-memory, high availability, low latency requirements. Amazon ElastiCache for Redis is a blazing fast in-memory data store that provides sub-millisecond latency to power internet-scale real-time applications. Amazon ElastiCache for Redis is a great choice for real-time transactional and analytical processing use cases such as caching, chat/messaging, gaming leaderboards, geospatial, machine learning, media streaming, queues, real-time analytics, and session store. ElastiCache for Redis can be used to power the live leaderboard, so this option is correct. Power the on-demand, live leaderboard using DynamoDB with DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) as it meets the in-memory, high availability, low latency requirements Amazon DynamoDB is a key-value and document database that delivers single-digit millisecond performance at any scale. It's a fully managed, multiregion, multimaster, durable database with built-in security, backup and restore, and in-memory caching for internet-scale applications. DAX is a DynamoDB-compatible caching service that enables you to benefit from fast in-memory performance for demanding applications. So DynamoDB with DAX can be used to power the live leaderboard.

A financial services company wants to implement a solution that ensures that the order of financial transactions is preserved and no duplicate transactions are created. As a solutions architect, which of the following solutions would you recommend?

Publish transaction updates using SNS FIFO topic, which is subscribed by SQS FIFO queue for further processing The two most common forms of asynchronous service-to-service communication are message queues and publish/subscribe messaging: With message queues, messages are stored on the queue until they are processed and deleted by a consumer. On AWS, Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS) provides a fully managed message queuing service with no administrative overhead. With pub/sub messaging, a message published to a topic is delivered to all subscribers to the topic. On AWS, Amazon Simple Notification Service (SNS) is a fully managed pub/sub messaging service that enables message delivery to a large number of subscribers. Each subscriber can also set a filter policy to receive only the messages that it cares about. Per the use-case, the financial transactions have to be processed and stored in the exact order they take place. So SNS FIFO is the right choice, subscribed b SQS FIFO. With SQS, you can use FIFO (First-In-First-Out) queues to preserve the order in which messages are sent and received and to avoid that a message is processed more than once. Similar capabilities for pub/sub messaging is achieved through SNS FIFO topics, providing strict message ordering and deduplicated message delivery to one or more subscribers.

An IT company wants to optimize the costs incurred on its fleet of 100 EC2 instances for the next year. Based on historical analyses, the engineering team observed that 70 of these instances handle the compute services of its flagship application and need to be always available. The other 30 instances are used to handle batch jobs that can afford a delay in processing. As a solutions architect, which of the following would you recommend as the MOST cost-optimal solution?

Purchase 70 reserved instances and 30 spot instances

A gaming company is developing a mobile game that streams score updates to a backend processor and then publishes results on a leaderboard. The company has hired you as an AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate to design a solution that can handle major traffic spikes, process the mobile game updates in the order of receipt, and store the processed updates in a highly available database. The company wants to minimize the management overhead required to maintain the solution. Which of the following will you recommend to meet these requirements?

Push score updates to Kinesis Data Streams which uses a Lambda function to process these updates and then store these processed updates in DynamoDB

The DevOps team at an e-commerce company wants to perform some maintenance work on a specific EC2 instance that is part of an Auto Scaling group using a step scaling policy. The team is facing a maintenance challenge - every time the team deploys a maintenance patch, the instance health check status shows as out of service for a few minutes. This causes the Auto Scaling group to provision another replacement instance immediately. As a solutions architect, which are the MOST time/resource efficient steps that you would recommend so that the maintenance work can be completed at the earliest? (Select two)

Put the instance into the Standby state and then update the instance by applying the maintenance patch. Once the instance is ready, you can exit the Standby state and then return the instance to service - You can put an instance that is in the InService state into the Standby state, update some software or troubleshoot the instance, and then return the instance to service. Instances that are on standby are still part of the Auto Scaling group, but they do not actively handle application traffic. Suspend the ReplaceUnhealthy process type for the Auto Scaling group and apply the maintenance patch to the instance. Once the instance is ready, you can manually set the instance's health status back to healthy and activate the ReplaceUnhealthy process type again - The ReplaceUnhealthy process terminates instances that are marked as unhealthy and then creates new instances to replace them. Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling stops replacing instances that are marked as unhealthy. Instances that fail EC2 or Elastic Load Balancing health checks are still marked as unhealthy. As soon as you resume the ReplaceUnhealthly process, Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling replaces instances that were marked unhealthy while this process was suspended.

You would like to migrate an AWS account from an AWS Organization A to an AWS Organization B. What are the steps do to it?

Remove the member account from the old organization. Send an invite to the member account from the new Organization. Accept the invite to the new organization from the member account AWS Organizations helps you centrally govern your environment as you grow and scale your workloads on AWS. Using AWS Organizations, you can automate account creation, create groups of accounts to reflect your business needs, and apply policies for these groups for governance. You can also simplify billing by setting up a single payment method for all of your AWS accounts. Through integrations with other AWS services, you can use Organizations to define central configurations and resource sharing across accounts in your organization.

A retail company has set up a Network Load Balancer (NLB) having a target group that is configured to use an Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling group with multiple EC2 instances (across 3 Availability Zones) that run the web service. The company is getting poor feedback from its customers regarding the application's availability as the NLB is unable to detect HTTP errors for the application. These HTTP errors require a manual restart of the EC2 instances that run the web service. The company has hired you as an AWS Certified Solutions Architect Associate to build the best-fit solution that does not require custom development/scripting effort. Which of the following will you suggest?

Replace the Network Load Balancer (NLB) with an Application Load Balancer (ALB) and configure HTTP health checks on the ALB by pointing to the URL of the application. Leverage the Auto Scaling group to replace unhealthy instances

Your company has a monthly big data workload, running for about 2 hours, which can be efficiently distributed across multiple servers of various sizes, with a variable number of CPUs. The solution for the workload should be able to withstand server failures. Which is the MOST cost-optimal solution for this workload?

Run the workload on a Spot Fleet The Spot Fleet selects the Spot Instance pools that meet your needs and launches Spot Instances to meet the target capacity for the fleet. By default, Spot Fleets are set to maintain target capacity by launching replacement instances after Spot Instances in the fleet are terminated.

Security Groups are stateful, so allowing inbound traffic to the necessary ports enables the connection. Network ACLs are stateless, so you must allow both inbound and outbound traffic - Security groups are stateful, so allowing inbound traffic to the necessary ports enables the connection. Network ACLs are stateless, so you must allow both inbound and outbound traffic. To enable the connection to a service running on an instance, the associated network ACL must allow both inbound traffic on the port that the service is listening on as well as allow outbound traffic from ephemeral ports. When a client connects to a server, a random port from the ephemeral port range (1024-65535) becomes the client's source port.

A silicon valley based startup has a content management application with the web-tier running on EC2 instances and the database tier running on Amazon Aurora. Currently, the entire infrastructure is located in us-east-1 region. The startup has 90% of its customers in the US and Europe. The engineering team is getting reports of deteriorated application performance from customers in Europe with high application load time. As a solutions architect, which of the following would you recommend addressing these performance issues? (Select two)

Setup another fleet of EC2 instances for the web tier in the eu-west-1 region. Enable latency routing policy in Route 53 Create Amazon Aurora read replicas in the eu-west-1 region

A software engineering intern at an e-commerce company is documenting the process flow to provision EC2 instances via the Amazon EC2 API. These instances are to be used for an internal application that processes HR payroll data. He wants to highlight those volume types that cannot be used as a boot volume. Can you help the intern by identifying those storage volume types that CANNOT be used as boot volumes while creating the instances? (Select two)

Throughput Optimized HDD (st1) Cold HDD (sc1) The EBS volume types fall into two categories: SSD-backed volumes optimized for transactional workloads involving frequent read/write operations with small I/O size, where the dominant performance attribute is IOPS. HDD-backed volumes optimized for large streaming workloads where throughput (measured in MiB/s) is a better performance measure than IOPS. Throughput Optimized HDD (st1) and Cold HDD (sc1) volume types CANNOT be used as a boot volume, so these two options are correct. Please see this detailed overview of the volume types for EBS volumes.

The engineering team at an e-commerce company wants to establish a dedicated, encrypted, low latency, and high throughput connection between its data center and AWS Cloud. The engineering team has set aside sufficient time to account for the operational overhead of establishing this connection. As a solutions architect, which of the following solutions would you recommend to the company?

Use AWS Direct Connect plus VPN to establish a connection between the data center and AWS Cloud

A retail company's dynamic website is hosted using on-premises servers in its data center in the United States. The company is launching its website in Asia, and it wants to optimize the website loading times for new users in Asia. The website's backend must remain in the United States. The website is being launched in a few days, and an immediate solution is needed. What would you recommend?

Use Amazon CloudFront with a custom origin pointing to the on-premises servers

You have been hired as a Solutions Architect to advise a company on the various authentication/authorization mechanisms that AWS offers to authorize an API call within the API Gateway. The company would prefer a solution that offers built-in user management. Which of the following solutions would you suggest as the best fit for the given use-case?

Use Amazon Cognito User Pools - A user pool is a user directory in Amazon Cognito. You can leverage Amazon Cognito User Pools to either provide built-in user management or integrate with external identity providers, such as Facebook, Twitter, Google+, and Amazon. Whether your users sign-in directly or through a third party, all members of the user pool have a directory profile that you can access through a Software Development Kit (SDK). User pools provide: 1. Sign-up and sign-in services. 2. A built-in, customizable web UI to sign in users. 3. Social sign-in with Facebook, Google, Login with Amazon, and Sign in with Apple, as well as sign-in with SAML identity providers from your user pool. 4. User directory management and user profiles. 5. Security features such as multi-factor authentication (MFA), checks for compromised credentials, account takeover protection, and phone and email verification. 6. Customized workflows and user migration through AWS Lambda triggers. After creating an Amazon Cognito user pool, in API Gateway, you must then create a COGNITO_USER_POOLS authorizer that uses the user pool.

A company is in the process of migrating its on-premises SMB file shares to AWS so the company can get out of the business of managing multiple file servers across dozens of offices. The company has 200TB of data in its file servers. The existing on-premises applications and native Windows workloads should continue to have low latency access to this data without any disruptions after the migration. The company also wants any new applications deployed on AWS to have access to this migrated data. Which of the following is the best solution to meet this requirement?

Use Amazon FSx File Gateway to provide low-latency, on-premises access to fully managed file shares in Amazon FSx for Windows File Server. The applications deployed on AWS can access this data directly from Amazon FSx in AWS

A major bank is using SQS to migrate several core banking applications to the cloud to ensure high availability and cost efficiency while simplifying administrative complexity and overhead. The development team at the bank expects a peak rate of about 1000 messages per second to be processed via SQS. It is important that the messages are processed in order. Which of the following options can be used to implement this system?

Use Amazon SQS FIFO queue in batch mode of 4 messages per operation to process the messages at the peak rate Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS) is a fully managed message queuing service that enables you to decouple and scale microservices, distributed systems, and serverless applications. SQS offers two types of message queues - Standard queues vs FIFO queues.

A company manages a multi-tier social media application that runs on EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer. The instances run in an EC2 Auto Scaling group across multiple Availability Zones and use an Amazon Aurora database. As a solutions architect, you have been tasked to make the application more resilient to periodic spikes in request rates. Which of the following solutions would you recommend for the given use-case? (Select two)

Use Aurora Replica (Correct) Use CloudFront distribution in front of the Application Load Balancer (Correct)

A Machine Learning research group uses a proprietary computer vision application hosted on an EC2 instance. Every time the instance needs to be stopped and started again, the application takes about 3 minutes to start as some auxiliary software programs need to be executed so that the application can function. The research group would like to minimize the application boostrap time whenever the system needs to be stopped and then started at a later point in time. As a solutions architect, which of the following solutions would you recommend for this use-case?

Use EC2 Instance Hibernate When you hibernate an instance, AWS signals the operating system to perform hibernation (suspend-to-disk). Hibernation saves the contents from the instance memory (RAM) to your Amazon EBS root volume. AWS then persists the instance's Amazon EBS root volume and any attached Amazon EBS data volumes. When you start your instance: The Amazon EBS root volume is restored to its previous state The RAM contents are reloaded The processes that were previously running on the instance are resumed Previously attached data volumes are reattached and the instance retains its instance ID Overview of EC2 hibernation:

A research group needs a fleet of EC2 instances for a specialized task that must deliver high random I/O performance. Each instance in the fleet would have access to a dataset that is replicated across the instances. Because of the resilient application architecture, the specialized task would continue to be processed even if any instance goes down, as the underlying application architecture would ensure the replacement instance has access to the required dataset. Which of the following options is the MOST cost-optimal and resource-efficient solution to build this fleet of EC2 instances?

Use Instance Store based EC2 instances

A US-based healthcare startup is building an interactive diagnostic tool for COVID-19 related assessments. The users would be required to capture their personal health records via this tool. As this is sensitive health information, the backup of the user data must be kept encrypted in S3. The startup does not want to provide its own encryption keys but still wants to maintain an audit trail of when an encryption key was used and by whom. Which of the following is the BEST solution for this use-case?

Use SSE-KMS to encrypt the user data on S3

The flagship application for a gaming company connects to an Amazon Aurora database and the entire technology stack is currently deployed in the United States. Now, the company has plans to expand to Europe and Asia for its operations. It needs the games table to be accessible globally but needs the users and games_played tables to be regional only. How would you implement this with minimal application refactoring?

Use an Amazon Aurora Global Database for the games table and use Amazon Aurora for the users and games_played tables Amazon Aurora is a MySQL and PostgreSQL-compatible relational database built for the cloud, that combines the performance and availability of traditional enterprise databases with the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of open source databases. Amazon Aurora features a distributed, fault-tolerant, self-healing storage system that auto-scales up to 128TB per database instance. Aurora is not an in-memory database. Amazon Aurora Global Database is designed for globally distributed applications, allowing a single Amazon Aurora database to span multiple AWS regions. It replicates your data with no impact on database performance, enables fast local reads with low latency in each region, and provides disaster recovery from region-wide outages. Amazon Aurora Global Database is the correct choice for the given use-case. For the given use-case, we, therefore, need to have two Aurora clusters, one for the global table (games table) and the other one for the local tables (users and games_played tables).

An e-commerce company is looking for a solution with high availability, as it plans to migrate its flagship application to a fleet of Amazon EC2 instances. The solution should allow for content-based routing as part of the architecture. As a Solutions Architect, which of the following will you suggest for the company?

Use an Application Load Balancer for distributing traffic to the EC2 instances spread across different Availability Zones. Configure Auto Scaling group to mask any failure of an instance

You are establishing a monitoring solution for desktop systems, that will be sending telemetry data into AWS every 1 minute. Data for each system must be processed in order, independently, and you would like to scale the number of consumers to be possibly equal to the number of desktop systems that are being monitored. What do you recommend?

Use an SQS FIFO queue, and make sure the telemetry data is sent with a Group ID attribute representing the value of the Desktop ID Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS) is a fully managed message queuing service that enables you to decouple and scale microservices, distributed systems, and serverless applications. SQS offers two types of message queues. Standard queues offer maximum throughput, best-effort ordering, and at-least-once delivery. SQS FIFO queues are designed to guarantee that messages are processed exactly once, in the exact order that they are sent.

A company has a web application that runs 24*7 in the production environment. The development team at the company runs a clone of the same application in the dev environment for up to 8 hours every day. The company wants to build the MOST cost-optimal solution by deploying these applications using the best-fit pricing options for EC2 instances. What would you recommend?

Use reserved EC2 instances for the production application and on-demand instances for the dev application

A startup has just developed a video backup service hosted on a fleet of EC2 instances. The EC2 instances are behind an Application Load Balancer and the instances are using EBS volumes for storage. The service provides authenticated users the ability to upload videos that are then saved on the EBS volume attached to a given instance. On the first day of the beta launch, users start complaining that they can see only some of the videos in their uploaded videos backup. Every time the users log into the website, they claim to see a different subset of their uploaded videos. Which of the following is the MOST optimal solution to make sure that users can view all the uploaded videos? (Select two)

Write a one time job to copy the videos from all EBS volumes to S3 and then modify the application to use Amazon S3 standard for storing the videos Mount EFS on all EC2 instances. Write a one time job to copy the videos from all EBS volumes to EFS. Modify the application to use EFS for storing the videos Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) is an easy to use, high-performance block storage service designed for use with Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) for both throughput and transaction-intensive workloads at any scale. Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS) provides a simple, scalable, fully managed elastic NFS file system for use with AWS Cloud services and on-premises resources. It is built to scale on-demand to petabytes without disrupting applications, growing and shrinking automatically as you add and remove files, eliminating the need to provision and manage capacity to accommodate growth.

The engineering team at an e-commerce company is working on cost optimizations for EC2 instances. The team wants to manage the workload using a mix of on-demand and spot instances across multiple instance types. They would like to create an Auto Scaling group with a mix of these instances. Which of the following options would allow the engineering team to provision the instances for this use-case?

You can only use a launch template to provision capacity across multiple instance types using both On-Demand Instances and Spot Instances to achieve the desired scale, performance, and cost A launch template is similar to a launch configuration, in that it specifies instance configuration information such as the ID of the Amazon Machine Image (AMI), the instance type, a key pair, security groups, and the other parameters that you use to launch EC2 instances. Also, defining a launch template instead of a launch configuration allows you to have multiple versions of a template.

Which of the following IAM policies provides read-only access to the S3 bucket mybucket and its content?

{ "Version":"2012-10-17", "Statement":[ { "Effect":"Allow", "Action":[ "s3:ListBucket", "s3:GetObject" ], "Resource":"arn:aws:s3:::mybucket" } ] } You manage access in AWS by creating policies and attaching them to IAM identities (users, groups of users, or roles) or AWS resources. A policy is an object in AWS that, when associated with an identity or resource, defines their permissions. AWS evaluates these policies when an IAM principal (user or role) makes a request. Permissions in the policies determine whether the request is allowed or denied. Most policies are stored in AWS as JSON documents. AWS supports six types of policies: identity-based policies, resource-based policies, permissions boundaries, Organizations SCPs, ACLs, and session policies. s3:ListBucket is applied to buckets, so the ARN is in the form "Resource":"arn:aws:s3:::mybucket", without a trailing / s3:GetObject is applied to objects within the bucket, so the ARN is in the form "Resource":"arn:aws:s3:::mybucket/*", with a trailing /* to indicate all objects within the bucket mybucket Therefore, this is the correct option.

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